James Edward Perkins v. State

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-09-00012-CR
______________________________

JAMES EDWARD PERKINS, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the Sixth Judicial District Court
Lamar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 22711

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
 MEMORANDUM OPINION

James Edward Perkins, also known as "Cadillac," entered a Paris, Texas, motel carrying a

food container and accompanied by an unidentified Hispanic man. The Hispanic man was stationed

just inside the door into the room and, while there, smoked crack cocaine. As previously arranged,

Perkins met in that room with James Liggins, who at the time (unknown to Perkins) was a

confidential informant working with the Paris Police Department; the meeting was ostensibly for the

purpose of Perkins' sale of crack cocaine to Liggins. Another key fact unknown to Perkins at the

time was that police officials had set up video and audio monitoring equipment in the adjoining room

and recorded the ensuing transaction between Perkins and Liggins.

After a jury trial, Perkins was convicted of delivery of a controlled substance, 1.05 grams of

crack cocaine, in a drug-free zone and sentenced to thirty-five years' imprisonment in the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice–Institutional Division.

On appeal, Perkins contends the evidence is legally insufficient because Liggins' testimony

was not sufficiently corroborated. Perkins further contends the trial court erred in admitting

evidence, over his objection, that Liggins worked successfully in the past on other cases for the

police. We affirm the trial court's judgment because (1) sufficient evidence corroborates Liggins'

testimony, and (2) error was not preserved with respect to testimony regarding Liggins' credibility.

2
 The Sting

Earlier on the day of the meeting in the motel, Liggins had contacted Shane Stone, a police

officer serving in the narcotics division for the City of Paris, to inform Stone that he could buy drugs

from somebody known as "Cadillac."1 At Stone's direction, Liggins rented two rooms at a local

motel. Liggins was to meet Perkins in one of the rooms; Stone used the second room to set up an

audio and video monitoring system in order to simultaneously record and observe the transaction.

Before the meeting, Stone searched both Liggins and the room in which Liggins would meet with

Perkins to ensure no drugs were present. Stone then gave Liggins $160.00 to purchase the narcotics

and the call was placed to Perkins. Liggins did not leave the room, and no one entered the room

during the thirty to forty-five minutes spent awaiting Perkins' arrival.

Perkins arrived at the motel room carrying a food container and had with him an Hispanic

man who was unfamiliar to Liggins. It appears that the Hispanic man acted as a lookout. Perkins

and Liggins then conversed for a short time, during which time the Hispanic man smoked crack

cocaine and Perkins smoked either a cigarette or crack cocaine. Stone was unable to observe the

actual transaction, but believes the drugs were brought into the room in the food container and the

1
Initially, Perkins' true identity was unknown to Stone and to Liggins; he was known only as
"Cadillac." Stone was able to verify that Perkins was employed at Waste Management—information
Perkins disclosed to Liggins during the narcotics transaction. In addition, Stone was able to verify
Perkins' identity through a fellow officer who was familiar with Perkins. Stone was then able to
locate a photograph of Perkins and identify him as the person from whom Liggins purchased the
narcotics.

3
transaction took place while Liggins and Perkins were talking.2 After Perkins and his Hispanic

companion left, Stone retrieved the narcotics from Liggins and documented the recovery of same on

tape. Perkins was arrested several months later on the charge of delivery of a controlled substance.3

As a result of the foregoing events, Perkins was indicted May 15, 2008, on the charge of

delivery of more than one gram but less than four grams of cocaine within a drug-free zone.4

The State filed a notice of consolidation and joinder of this charge with another drug charge

which arose on a different date. Perkins did not object to the joinder, and the two matters were tried

together.5 After a finding of guilt was returned by the jury, the trial court sentenced Perkins to thirty-

five years' imprisonment.6

2
Because the audio recording was extremely poor, the conversation between Perkins and
Liggins was not discernible.
3
Stone explained that Perkins was not arrested immediately because to do so would
compromise Liggins' status as a confidential informant.
4
This offense took place within 1,000 feet of North Lamar High School.
5
Perkins was indicted on an additional charge of delivery of a controlled substance in April
2008, and these matters were consolidated for trial. The conviction resulting from the April
indictment is the subject of a separate appeal before this Court, styled James Edward Perkins v.
State, cause number 06-09-00013-CR, the opinion in which is issued of even date herewith.
6
The indictment charged delivery of one gram or more but less than four grams of cocaine.
This offense is punishable as a second-degree felony. See TEX . HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN .
§ 481.112(c) (Vernon Supp. 2009). Because it was shown at the punishment phase of the trial that
the offense was committed within 1,000 feet of a school (North Lamar High School), the penalty for
the offense becomes that of a first-degree felony. See TEX . HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
ANN . § 481.134(b) (Vernon Supp. 2009). The punishment range for a first-degree felony is life or
five to ninety-nine years in prison. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 12.32 (Vernon 2003). Because

4
(1) Sufficient Evidence Corroborates Liggins' Testimony

Perkins maintains on appeal that there is no evidence to corroborate Liggins' testimony.

Article 38.141 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides:

(a) A defendant may not be convicted of an offense under Chapter 481,
Health and Safety Code, on the testimony of a person who is not a licensed peace
officer or a special investigator but who is acting covertly on behalf of a law
enforcement agency or under the color of law enforcement unless the testimony is
corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense
committed.

(b) Corroboration is not sufficient for the purposes of this article if the
corroboration only shows the commission of the offense.

TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 38.141(a), (b) (Vernon 2005).

Legal and factual sufficiency standards of review are not applicable to a review of covert

witness testimony under Article 38.141 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, because

corroboration of such testimony is a statutory requirement imposed by the Texas Legislature. See

TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 38.141 (Vernon 2005); Malone v. State, 253 S.W.3d 253, 257

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (holding that standard for evaluating sufficiency of evidence for

corroboration under accomplice-witness rule applies when evaluating sufficiency of evidence for

corroboration under covert-agent rule); Brown v. State, 159 S.W.3d 703, 707 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2004, pet. ref'd). Thus, a challenge of insufficient corroboration is not the same as a challenge of

this offense was committed in a drug-free zone, the punishment range is further increased by five
years and the maximum fine is doubled. See TEX . HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN . § 481.134(c)
(Vernon Supp. 2009).

5
insufficient evidence to support the verdict as a whole. Cathey v. State, 992 S.W.2d 460, 462–63

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Accordingly, we must exclude the testimony of the covert witness from

consideration when weighing the sufficiency of corroborating evidence under Article 38.141(a) of

the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and examine the remaining evidence to determine whether

this evidence tends to connect the defendant to the commission of the offense. Malone, 253 S.W.3d

at 258. The tends-to-connect standard does not present a high threshold. See Cantelon v. State, 85

S.W.3d 457, 461 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.).

In determining the quantum of evidence required to corroborate covert-agent testimony, each

case must be judged on its own facts, and even insignificant circumstances may satisfy the test. Id.

Evidence is insufficient to corroborate covert-agent testimony if it shows merely that the defendant

was present during the commission of the offense. McAfee v. State, 204 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 2006, pet. ref'd). Although evidence tending to connect a defendant to an

offense may not be sufficient for a conviction, it need not rise to such a high threshold for purposes

of corroboration. Gill v. State, 873 S.W.2d 45, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). With these precepts in

mind, we shall examine the evidence to determine whether it tends to connect Perkins with the

offenses committed.

The evidence here, absent confidential-informant testimony, establishes the following:

(1) Liggins was a willing and cooperative informant acting at Stone's direction, (2) both Liggins and

the hotel room in which the narcotics transaction was to take place were searched before the

6
transaction to ensure that Liggins did not have any narcotics or other drugs before his contact with

Perkins, (3) Stone provided Liggins with $160.00 to purchase the narcotics, (4) Liggins did not leave

the room and no one entered the room while Liggins awaited Perkins' arrival, (5) Perkins arrived at

the motel room carrying a food container and bringing with him an unidentified Hispanic

man, (6) Perkins and Liggins engaged in a conversation while the Hispanic man stood by the door,

(7) after Perkins and the Hispanic man left the hotel room, Stone retrieved the narcotics from the

room where the deal took place and documented recovery of same on a recording, (8) Liggins did

not leave the room before the narcotics were retrieved, (9) Stone observed the scene in real time via

pre-placed video equipment, and (10) it appeared to Stone that the drugs were brought into the room

in the food container and that the transaction took place while Liggins and Perkins were talking.

Here, we have direct eyewitness testimony from a law enforcement agent tending to connect

Perkins' participation in this transaction that had been orchestrated and monitored by local law

enforcement. While the audio recording of the meeting was not viable, the jury was able to observe

the video recording of the entire meeting between Perkins and Liggins. The sequence of events was

before the jury with Stone's testimony. Stone identified Perkins and placed him at the scene of the

transaction.

Moreover, the State introduced evidence of "suspicious circumstances" tending to connect

Perkins to the transaction. While Perkins entered the room with a food container, he did not

consume any food during his meeting with Liggins. Perkins and Liggins conversed while an

7
unidentified Hispanic man stood at the door. This evidence, when combined with the fact that

Liggins presented Stone with crack cocaine after Perkins' departure, is sufficient to corroborate

Liggins' testimony. Perkins was not "merely present" during the commission of the offense; this

expression denotes "an element of innocent coincidence" that is lacking in this case. McAfee, 204

S.W.3d at 872. Added to these "suspicious circumstances" is the fact that crack cocaine was being

smoked in the hotel room (by the Hispanic companion and perhaps by Perkins) at the time of, and

in the same immediate space as, Perkins' meeting with Liggins. Taken as a whole, the noncovert-

agent evidence shows more than Perkins' mere presence at the scene.

Perkins argues that evidence of suspicious circumstances tending to connect him to the

commission of this offense is entirely lacking. He points out that the audio recording is of no value,

and we agree that it establishes nothing due to the poor quality of the recording. Perkins further

points out that Stone cannot point to a particular portion of the video recording as depicting the

actual exchange of cocaine for money. Further, Stone did not retrieve the container within which

he suspected cocaine had been transported into the hotel. While each of these observations is

accurate, they do not carry the day. Long-standing Texas law holds that the tends-to-connect

standard does not present a high threshold. Cantelon, 85 S.W.3d at 461. As the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals has indicated, in order to corroborate confidential-informant testimony, "all the

law requires is that there be some [noncovert] evidence which tends to connect the accused to the

commission of the offense." Hernandez v. State, 939 S.W.2d 173, 178–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

8
While individually these circumstances might not be sufficient to corroborate Liggins' testimony,

taken together, rational jurors could conclude that this evidence sufficiently tended to connect

Perkins to the offense. See id.

We overrule this contention of error.

(2) Error Was Not Preserved with Respect to Testimony Regarding Liggins' Credibility

Perkins also claims the trial court erred in overruling his relevance objection to evidence

showing Liggins to have successfully worked other cases for the police. The testimony with which

Perkins takes issue is as follows:

Q.[STATE] Some CIs are better than others?

A.[WITNESS] Sure.

Q. In February of 2008, were you using a confidential informant?

A. Yes, we were.

Q. And who were you using?

A. James Liggins.

Q. Mr. Liggins do a good job for Paris PD and the City of Paris?

A. He made several cases, yes.

Q. Approximately how many cases did he make?

A. Fifteen to twenty, I would say, at least.

Q. And do you have any idea how many people are in prison now as
a result of Mr. Liggins?

9
 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, relevancy to the other cases.

THE COURT: Overrule the objection.

A. I would say most of them, as far as I know.

We review the trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse of discretion

standard. McCarty v. State, 257 S.W.3d 238, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). We will not reverse a

trial court whose ruling was within the "zone of reasonable disagreement." Montgomery v. State,

810 S.W.2d 372, 379–80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh'g).

This testimony establishes that Liggins successfully worked other cases for the police and

was a good and reliable confidential informant. No objection was lodged until the number of

imprisonments attributable to Liggins' work was sought. Because there was no objection to the

previous testimony regarding Liggins' past successful work as a confidential informant for the Paris

Police Department, any complaints regarding the admission of that testimony were not preserved for

appellate review. TEX . R. APP . P. 33.1.

Perkins did, however, object on relevancy grounds to the admission of evidence regarding

the number of people imprisoned as a result of Liggins' work as a confidential informant. Rule 401

of the Texas Rules of Evidence defines relevant evidence as "evidence having any tendency to make

the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or

less probable than it would be without the evidence." TEX . R. EVID . 401. Given the definition of

relevance, we agree that testimony regarding the number of people imprisoned as a result of Liggins'

10
work is not relevant to the issue of Perkins' guilt. See Roberts v. State, 866 S.W.2d 773 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref'd) (reliability and accuracy of informant's information has

no bearing on offense of delivery of controlled substance). Thus, its admission was error.

An error in the admission of evidence is cured when the same evidence comes in elsewhere

without objection. Ethington v. State, 819 S.W.2d 854, 858 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Massey v.

State, 933 S.W.2d 141, 149 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (if defendant objects to admission of evidence,

but same evidence is subsequently introduced from another source without objection, defendant

waives his or her earlier objection). Thus, when the impression is created that the objection has been

abandoned, the initial objection is insufficient to preserve the error for appeal. See Purtell v. State,

761 S.W.2d 360, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Cole v. State, 194 S.W.3d 538, 545 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref'd). Texas law thus requires a party to continue to object

each time objectionable evidence is offered, except where a running objection has been requested

or when an objection has been made outside the presence of the jury to all testimony deemed by that

party to be objectionable on a particular issue. Ethington, 819 S.W.2d at 858–59.

In this case, Perkins objected to the State's initial attempt to elicit testimony regarding the

number of individuals imprisoned as a result of Liggins' work as a confidential informant. Perkins

failed, however, to request a running objection or to otherwise make an objection outside the

presence of the jury on this issue. Additional testimony was offered on this issue by Liggins without

11
objection.7 In light of the record before this Court, we conclude that Perkins abandoned his objection

and thus failed to preserve error for appeal. Even if error resulted from the admission of this

evidence, any such error was cured or rendered harmless when other evidence that did not draw

objection proved the same thing. See Rivera-Reyes v. State, 252 S.W.3d 781, 787 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.).

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice

Date Submitted: November 13, 2009
Date Decided: November 18, 2009

Do Not Publish

7
The record reflects testimony from Liggins regarding his past work for the Paris Police
Department, the number of people imprisoned as a result of this work, as well as Liggins' work as
a confidential informant in Oklahoma. This testimony was admitted into evidence without objection.

12