NO. 07-01-350-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
JUNE 24, 2002
______________________________
DANIEL MARTINEZ,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
_________________________________
FROM THE 140TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;
NO. 2001-435,628; HON. JIM BOB DARNELL, PRESIDING
_______________________________
Before BOYD, C.J., QUINN and REAVIS, JJ.
Daniel Martinez (appellant) appeals his conviction for aggravated robbery. Via eight
issues, he claims that the trial court erred by 1) failing to grant a mistrial after a State’s
witness commented on appellant’s silence during questioning, 2) wrongfully admitting
evidence regarding extraneous offenses, 3) failing to give a limiting instruction at the time
the extraneous matters were admitted, 4) allowing the State to question a witness about
matters outside the record and 5) failing to grant a mistrial when the State questioned a
witness about matters intended to inflame the jury. For the following reasons, we affirm.
Background
Appellant was charged by indictment with the aggravated robbery of an E-Z Mart
store in Lubbock, Texas. The accusation was enhanced by two prior felonies. At trial, the
clerk testified that the robber was a Hispanic male who wore a cap, dark sunglasses and
a blue plaid jacket or shirt, demanded money from the register, and directed him to “hurry
up.” So too did the clerk identify appellant as the robber. From pictures or video of the
robbery, appellant’s uncle also identified appellant as the robber. Furthermore, a search
of appellant’s home lead to the discovery of clothing which matched that worn by the
robber during his commission of the crime.
Upon cross examination, defense counsel interrogated the clerk about his
identification of appellant as the robber. So too was appellant’s uncle cross-examined.
Thereafter, the State requested permission from the trial court to introduce evidence of
several other robberies allegedly akin to the E-Z Mart crime and occurring within seven
days of it. Approval was granted the State. The evidence subsequently presented evinced
robberies of two other convenience stores (a 7-11 and a Phillips 66) and one fast food
restaurant (a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant or KFC). Like the one who committed the
E-Z Mart crime, the individual who robbed the 7-11 and Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant
(KFC) was 1) Hispanic, 2) with facial hair possibly resembling a goatee but constituting less
than “a full-grown beard,” 3) wearing a blue plaid flannel shirt or jacket, gloves, and
sunglasses and 4) brandishing a handgun. In the third (the Phillips 66 store), the robber
wore a Dallas Cowboys jacket and a Halloween mask; furthermore, plastic bags covered
his hands which may or may not have held a handgun, according to the clerk.
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So too did the State obtain permission from the trial court to present syringes and
metal spoons with a white powdery residue into evidence. It also questioned appellant’s
uncle, with whom appellant lived, about his feelings regarding the presence of those
syringes and spoons in the vicinity of his children.
Eventually, the jury convicted appellant of aggravated robbery. However, it did not
set punishment. That task was left to the trial court, which sentenced appellant to 75 years
in prison.
Issue One - Improper Comment on Appellant’s Post-Arrest Silence
Via his first issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion
for mistrial “after a witness for the State alluded to appellant’s silence following his arrest,
thereby violating appellant’s constitutional right against self-incrimination under the fifth and
fourteenth amendments” to the United States constitution, “and art. one, §10, of the Texas
constitution.” We overrule the point.
At trial, the following exchange occurred between the prosecution, an officer
testifying for the State, and defense counsel.
Prosecutor: Have you seen any evidence that was possibly gathered as a result
of this?
Witness: Only after the arrest was made. Actually, it wasn’t the arrest. He was
questioned and brought to the detective division before the arrest
warrants. It was just still under investigation.
Prosecutor: And did you speak with the suspect [appellant] at that time?
Witness: Yes, I did.
Prosecutor: Is that part of your responsibility as being Detective on these cases?
Witness: Yes, it is.
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Prosecutor: And what can you tell us from that? Did you give the suspect any
Miranda warnings?
Witness: Yes, I did.
Prosecutor: And did you ask the suspect if he wished to speak with you?
Witness: Yes. And he refused to talk about --
Def. Att. Objection, I am going to object to this, your Honor, as violating my
client’s right to remain silent under the Fifth Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States, and article one, section 10 of the
Texas Constitution.
Court: Sustained.
Def. Att. Ask that the jury be instructed to disregard.
Court: The jury will disregard the last question and answer.
Def. Att. Move for mistrial, Your Honor.
Court: Overruled.
(Emphasis added).
Assuming arguendo that the State’s witness improperly commented upon the
appellant’s silence1, we see that the trial court sustained the objection and instructed the
jury to disregard the particular question and answer. Given the lack of evidence indicating
that the prosecutor ever raised the subject again, the large quantum of evidence
establishing appellant’s guilt, and the fact that the court (as opposed to the jury) set
appellant’s punishment at 75 years, we conclude that the instruction to disregard cured the
1
The Court of Criminal Appeals stated in W aldo v. State, 746 S.W .2d 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) that
“[p]rearrest silence is a constitutionally permissible area of inquiry.” Id. at 755. The witness at bar testified
that appellant had not been arreste d at the tim e appellant allegedly refused to ta lk about something. And, we
say “something” because the witness was prevented from com pleting his answer by appellant’s objection.
So, we do not know with certainty what the suspect allegedly refused to ta lk about wh ile purportedly
und ergo ing qu estion ing be fore his arrest.
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supposed error.2 See Waldo v. State, 746 S.W.2d 750, 755-56 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)
(discussing the factors to consider in determining whether an instruction to disregard was
sufficient to cure the purported comment on the defendant’s silence); Peters v. State, 997
S.W.2d 377, 388 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 1999, no pet.) (finding the instruction to disregard
sufficient to cure the alleged comment upon the defendant’s pre-arrest silence).
Issues Two and Four — Evidence of Drug Use
Through issues two and four, appellant contends that the trial court erred in
admitting evidence of the presence of drugs in the home searched by the police officers
and of appellant’s use of same. The evidence consisted of seven syringes, three metal
spoons containing a white powdery residue, and “track marks” on appellant’s arm which
were allegedly indicative of drug use. Furthermore, the court admitted the items and
testimony, at the State’s insistence, as evidence illustrating appellant’s motive to commit
aggravated robbery. That is, the court permitted the State to refer to the evidence as proof
that appellant committed the robbery to pay for his purported drug habit. We overrule the
issues.
Both this court and the Court of Criminal Appeals have rejected the notion that
evidence of drug use is generally admissible to show motive to commit burglary. Rogers
v. State, 853 S.W.2d 29, 34 n.8 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Young v. State, 837 S.W.2d 185,
188 (Tex. App.--Amarillo), rev'd on other grounds, 843 S.W.2d 570 (1992). This is
2
That the trial co urt se nten ced app ellant, as opp ose d to the jury, is of consequence. This is so
because an indicia considered in determining whe ther the instruction to disregard sufficed to cure harm
involves the likelihood that the comm ent affected th e sentence imposed by the jury. W aldo v. State, 746
S.W .2d at 757. If the jury did not levy the punishment, then the comment could not have affected a sentence
it did not levy. Furthermore, without evidence to the contrary appearing of record, we will not infer that the trial
cou rt ignored its o wn a dm onishm ent to disregard whe n it determ ined pun ishm ent.
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especially so when nothing appears of record establishing an affirmative link between the
drug use and burglary, such as evidence indicating how often the defendant used drugs,
the financial cost experienced by the defendant in maintaining his alleged habit, and the
availability (or lack thereof) of other financial resources to pay for the contraband. Rogers
v. State, 853 S.W.2d at 34 n.8, quoting Powell v. State, 478 S.W.2d 95 (Tex. Crim. App.
1972).
Here, the State offered no evidence illustrative of the affirmative link to which we
refer. Other than allusion to “tracks” appearing on appellant’s arm, nothing was said about
the extent of appellant’s alleged drug habit, its cost to him, or the availability of other
resources to pay for the drugs, assuming he had a drug habit. Consequently, the evidence
was not admissible to show motive to commit robbery, and the court erred in admitting it.
Nevertheless, we find the error harmless. Again, the evidence of appellant’s guilt
was overwhelming. Additionally, drug usage was not mentioned until the trial court granted
the State permission to broach it. So, it cannot be said that the prosecutor’s conduct
exemplified bad faith warranting redress by this court. Hastings v. State, 20 S.W.3d 786,
792 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 2000, pet. ref’d) (considering this as a factor when assessing
harm). Moreover, the State mentioned the evidence during its summation once and only
after appellant’s counsel broached the subject. Thus, we cannot say that the inadmissible
evidence had a substantial and injurious affect upon the jury’s decision thereby harming
appellant under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(b). See Hastings v. State, 20
S.W.3d at 791 (stating that error is not harmful if it has no or merely slight impact upon the
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verdict); Veteto v. State, 8 S.W.3d 805, 815 (Tex. App.–Waco 2000, pet. ref’d.) (stating the
same).
Issue Three – Limiting Instruction
Appellant next complains about the trial court’s failure to afford him a limiting
instruction at the time the syringes and metal spoons were admitted into evidence. That
is, he contends that to the extent the evidence was admissible to show motive, the court
should have instructed the jury, at the time it was admitted, to consider it for no purpose
other than motive. Here, the trial court did not provide the limiting instruction until
immediately before that body retired to deliberate guilt. We overrule the issue.
Six years ago the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that limiting instructions
must be given when the evidence in question is admitted, assuming a litigant requests it.
Rankin v. State, 974 S.W.2d 707, 713 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). This would have required
the trial court at bar to provide the instruction sought by appellant at the time the evidence
was admitted had the evidence been admissible. But, the evidence was not admissible.
So, appellant was not entitled to the instruction but rather to the utter exclusion of the
evidence. And, because he was not entitled to the instruction, the issue before us is moot.
Issues Five and Six –Failure to Grant Mistrial
Through his fifth and sixth issues, appellant claims that the trial court abused its
discretion in failing to grant his motions for mistrial. He believed himself entitled to same
when the court sustained his objections to several questions by the prosecutor directed to
appellant’s uncle. The first involved whether the uncle had “ever seen him [appellant] use
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drugs when he was living with you” and the second concerned whether the witness was
scared of appellant. We overrule the issues.
As previously mentioned, the trial court sustained appellant’s objections to each
question. So too did it instruct the jury to disregard them. Furthermore, our review of the
record fails to illustrate that the objectionable matter and its alleged prejudicial affect was
beyond cure via the timely instruction to disregard. See Ovalle v. State, 13 S.W.3d 774,
783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (stating that a prompt instruction to disregard will cure error
associated with an improper question).
Issues Seven and Eight – Extraneous Robberies
Lastly, appellant alleges that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting
evidence of the 7-11 and KFC robberies. However, he does not complain about the
evidence evincing the Phillips 66 robbery. Nor does he contend that the evidence was
irrelevant or inadmissible as proof of character conformity. Rather, he argues that it should
have been excluded under Rule 403 simply because the “State had strong direct evidence
to show that the [a]ppellant committed the [E-Z Mart] robbery . . . and the proffered jury
instruction was unlikely to be effective . . . .”3 We overrule the issues.
First, we cannot ignore the fact that appellant’s attempt to apply the circumstances
at bar to the law he mentions consists of no more than the quotation set forth in the
immediately preceding paragraph. That is not the substantial analysis contemplated by
Rule 38.1(h) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure. Vasquez v. State, 22 S.W.3d 28,
3
Tex as Ru le of Evidence 403 s tates: “Although relevan t, evidence m ay be excluded if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading
the jury, or by co nsiderations o f und ue d elay, or need less pres enta tion of cum ulative e viden ce.”
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31 (Tex. App. - - Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (stating that an appellant must accompany his
issue with substantial analysis to comply with Rule 38.1(h)). Why the instruction was
supposedly insufficient to be effective goes unexplained. Nor does he explain why the
supposed lack of need for the evidence should outweigh every other factor favoring its
admission, such as relevance and tendency to prove identity. And, given this lack of
analysis, he waived the point. Id.
Second, assuming arguendo that admission of the evidence was error, we find it
harmless. Analyzing harm involves a two step process. First, we determine whether a
substantial right is involved and then assess whether the error had more than a “slight”
effect on the outcome. Hastings v. State, 20 S.W.3d at 792. It is beyond dispute that an
accused has a substantial right to be tried only for the offense alleged in the indictment.
Id. at 792. Thus, the prosecution’s injection of extraneous offenses into the trial implicated
a substantial right. Id.
Now, we must determine whether the error had more than a slight impact on the
outcome of the trial. In doing so, we first consider the weight of the evidence establishing
appellant’s guilt, other than that about which appellant complains. And, in assessing it, we
find that such evidence militates strongly against a finding of harm. Simply put, it is
overwhelming. Not only did the store clerk positively identify appellant, so did his uncle
after seeing a video of the robbery. Furthermore, the videotape and a picture of the
robbery depicting both appellant and the clothes he wore were admitted in evidence and
published to the jury. So too were various distinct items of clothing identified as those worn
by the robber found in appellant’s home and admitted into evidence. In short, appellant’s
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culpability for the E-Z Mart robbery was virtually indisputable, and this renders it difficult to
conclude that any extraneous evidence could have had more than a slight impact on the
finding of guilt.4
Next, the evidence in question was made the subject of hearings outside the jury’s
presence, and only after the trial court ruled it admissible was it tendered by the State.
“Thus, it cannot be said that the State acted with evil motive . . . or that it would act with
impunity in the future if we were to affirm the judgment.” Hastings v. State, 20 S.W.3d at
792.
Additionally, of the three extraneous robberies, appellant complains of only two on
appeal. Thus, we have before us a situation wherein substantial aspects of the purported
harm which the appellant decries will remain in the case irrespective of what we do
regarding the 7-11 and KFC crimes. This circumstance is not unlike that wherein one is
left with assessing whether a different outcome would have occurred if two malignant
tumors were removed from a body when nothing was done about a third of purportedly
similar kind and affect. If each is injurious in their own right but the patient allows one to
remain, we cannot say with any degree of reasonable probability that the patient would
have experienced a different outcome than the one encountered. See Hastings v. State,
20 S.W.3d at 791-92 (noting the failure of the appellant to complain about all the
inadmissible extraneous offenses in assessing probable harm). And, that is the
circumstance before us. In appellant complaining on appeal about only two of the three
4
This is not to say that the State is free to parade before the jury matters of tenuous value but extreme
prejudice affect m erely be cau se the ac cus ed’s guilt is clea r. Aga in, the w eight of the e viden ce is but one
factor, though an importa nt one, in as ses sing harm . Ga rza v. S tate, 963 S.W .2d 926, 929-3 0 (T ex. A pp. - -
San Antonio 1998, no pet.) (ho lding that th e overwhelm ing weight of the evidence is but one fa cto r in
ass ess ing ha rm ).
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instances of purportedly inadmissible evidence, we are not in a position to say that the
removal of two cancerous growths would have achieved a different outcome when a third
is left to spread havoc.
Next, each of the three extraneous robberies was evidence susceptible to admission
during the punishment phase under art. 37.07 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
See Padron v. State, 988 S.W.2d 344, 346 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.)
(holding that the trial court may admit evidence of other crimes to aid the jury in assessing
punishment). Thus, it cannot be said that they somehow induced the trial court to assess
undue punishment.
Having overruled each issue, we affirm the judgment entered below.
Brian Quinn
Justice
Do not publish.
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