Forty-One (41) Gambling Devices, Sixteen Thousand Six Hundred Forty-Eight Dollars ($16,648.00) in United States Currency and Eight Hundred Forty Dollars ($840.00) in Gift Certificates v. State

NO. 07-03-0133-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL A

FEBRUARY 20, 2004

______________________________

FORTY-ONE (41) GAMBLING DEVICES, SIXTEEN THOUSAND
SIX HUNDRED FORTY-EIGHT DOLLARS ($16,648.00) IN
UNITED STATES CURRENCY AND EIGHT HUNDRED FORTY
DOLLARS ($840.00) IN GIFT CERTIFICATES, APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

_________________________________

FROM THE 181ST DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY;

NO. 89,868-B; HONORABLE JOHN B. BOARD, JUDGE

_______________________________

Before JOHNSON, C.J., and REAVIS and CAMPBELL, JJ.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Presenting four points of error, Marty Vanaman, Jr. challenges the trial court’s

rendition of a summary judgment forfeiting his property, including 41 eight-liner gambling
devices, $16,648 in cash, and $840 in gift certificates pursuant to article 18.18 of the Texas

Code of Criminal Procedure.1 Based upon the following rationale, we reverse and remand.

On November 5, 2001, Dan Howington, an undercover officer with the Panhandle

Regional Narcotics Trafficking Task Force, entered Ninth Street Amusements and played

a machine commonly known as an eight-liner. After compiling a number of credits on the

machine, he advised a Ninth Street employee that he wanted to cash out. The employee

tabulated the amount owed Howington by the machine and paid him that sum in cash.

During his stay at Ninth Street, Howington noticed approximately 40 other machines, each

of which appeared to operate in the same manner as the device on which he played.

Howington also observed that Ninth Street appeared to engage in no other commercial

venture but the operation of eight-liners.

Based upon his investigation, Howington, on December 12, 2001, obtained a search

warrant commanding the seizure from Ninth Street of all gambling devices, gambling

paraphernalia, and coupons or gift certificates, or any other proceeds derived from the

operation of the gambling devices or paraphernalia. While executing the warrant, officers

seized the property described above. On May 14, 2002, the State, electing not to proceed

with a criminal prosecution, filed a petition seeking forfeiture of the eight-liners, cash, and

1
All references to articles are to the Code of Criminal Procedure unless otherwise
designated. (Vernon Supp. 2004).

2
gift certificates pursuant to article 18.18.2 By its petition, the State asserted the District

Court3 had jurisdiction to hear the action, and alleged it had satisfied all conditions

precedent to filing or maintaining it. In response to the petition, Vanaman filed a general

denial.4

Following six months of discovery, the State filed a combination traditional and no-

evidence motion for summary judgment,5 relying upon article 18.18 as authority for relief.

As grounds for the traditional motion, the State asserted the summary judgment evidence

conclusively established that the seized eight-liners were gambling devices and/or

gambling paraphernalia, and that the cash and gift certificates were gambling proceeds.

In support of the no-evidence motion, the State alleged there was no evidence the eight-

liners, cash, and gift certificates did not wholly consist of gambling devices and/or gambling

paraphernalia, and gambling proceeds, respectively. The summary judgment evidence

consisted of Howington’s affidavit in support of the search warrant, the search warrant, and

Vanaman’s responses to the State’s requests for admissions.

2
In its petition, the State requested citation be issued to Vanaman and Cynthia
Lloyd, who was alleged to be the person found in possession of the seized property. Lloyd,
however, is not a party to this appeal.

The judge of the 181st District Court was the magistrate who authorized the search
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warrant.
4
Vanaman did not designate his answer to be included in the clerk’s record;
however, the State concedes an answer was filed.
5
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c) & (i).

3
 In his response to the State’s motion for summary judgment, Vanaman claimed

Howington’s affidavit was not probative as summary judgment evidence because it

“purported to be that of an expert witness and a fact witness to all necessary elements of

the State’s case.” Vanaman also suggested the eight-liners were legally operated pursuant

to section 47.01(4)(B) of the Texas Penal Code (Vernon 2003), commonly known as the

fuzzy animal exception. Additionally, he asserted a no-evidence summary judgment was

inappropriate because the State failed to establish it had complied with the procedural

requirements of article 18.18.

Concluding there was no genuine issue of material fact, in January 2003, the trial

court rendered summary judgment in favor of the State on both traditional and no-evidence

grounds. Specifically, the court concluded as a matter of law that the seized property

constituted gambling devices and gambling proceeds and was, thus, subject to forfeiture

under article 18.18. Additionally, the court found there to be no evidence to support any

claim under section (f) of article 18.18 that the property, currency, and gift certificates

seized from Ninth Street were not gambling devices, paraphernalia, or proceeds.

By four points of error, Vanaman claims: (1) his due process rights were violated

by the trial court’s failure to abide by the mandatory terms of article 18.18; (2) the trial court

lacked jurisdiction to hear the State’s motion for summary judgment because of its failure

to have a show cause hearing as required by article 18.18; (3) the trial court improperly

granted the motion for summary judgment when disputed fact issues remained; and (4)

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“the search warrant used to seized [sic] Appellant’s [Vanaman’s] property was defective.”

We will consider Vanaman’s first and third points contemporaneously.

Standard of Review–Traditional Motion

Where, as here, the trial court’s order explicitly specifies the ground relied upon for

the summary judgment ruling, the ruling can only be affirmed if the theory is meritorious;

otherwise the case must be remanded. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. S.S., 858 S.W.2d

374, 381 (Tex. 1993). For a movant to prevail in the context of a traditional summary

judgment, he must conclusively establish: (1) the absence of any genuine question of

material fact; and (2) he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Nixon v. Mr. Property

Management, 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985). A movant must either prove all

essential elements of his claim, or negate at least one essential element of the

nonmovant's cause of action. See MMP, Ltd. v. Jones, 710 S.W.2d 59, 60 (Tex. 1986) and

Randall's Food Markets, Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1995). When

determining whether summary judgment was proper, we review the evidence in the light

most favorable to the nonmovant taking all evidence in favor of the nonmovant as true and

resolving all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact in its favor.

Harwell v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 896 S.W.2d 170, 173 (Tex. 1995). Once the

movant has established a right to summary judgment, the nonmovant has the burden to

respond to the motion for summary judgment and present to the trial court any issues that

would preclude it . City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Authority, 589 S.W.2d 671, 678

5
(Tex. 1979). Because our analysis of Vanaman’s first and third points controls our

disposition of the case, we need not address the standard of review for a no-evidence

motion for summary judgment.

By points one and three, Vanaman argues he was not afforded the notice and

opportunity to be heard mandated by article 18.18, and a genuine issue of material fact

existed precluding summary judgment. We agree. Statutory proceedings seeking

forfeiture of property are civil in nature; therefore, the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure apply.

See Hardy v. State, 102 S.W.3d 123, 126 (Tex. 2003); see also F & H Investments, Inc.

v. State, 55 S.W.3d 663, 668 (Tex.App.–Waco 2001, no pet.). Because the law abhors

a forfeiture, statutes authorizing forfeiture are strictly construed. See State v. Lot 10, Pine

Haven Estates, 900 S.W.2d 400, 402 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 1995, no writ) (affirming trial

court’s denial of State’s motion for summary judgment in suit seeking forfeiture of

property). Here, because there was no show cause hearing, the State sought forfeiture of

the property seized from Ninth Street through a motion for summary judgment under Rule

166a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. By the motion, the State alleged article 18.18

authorized the relief it sought. Among other things, that statute requires the magistrate to

whom the search warrant is returned: (1) to provide written notification of the seizure and

imminent forfeiture to the person found in possession of the property; (2) to include a

detailed description of the seized property in the notice; and (3) to send the required notice

via certified mail, return receipt requested. See art. 18.18 (b), (c), & (d). Additionally, the

statute affords any person interested in the seized property the opportunity to appear

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before the magistrate for a show cause hearing on the 20th day following the date the

notice was mailed or posted. See art. 18.18 (e) & (f).

Vanaman does not contend that a motion for summary judgment is not an

appropriate alternative to a show cause hearing; therefore, we need not determine whether

the procedure set out in article 18.18 is the exclusively authorized procedure for disposing

of gambling devices, paraphernalia, and proceeds. However, notice and hearing are the

process used to protect a property interest. Elm Creek Owners v. H.O.K. Investments, 12

S.W.3d 494, 498 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1999, no pet.).6 Therefore, because the State

expressly based its pleadings and motion for summary judgment upon article 18.18 as

authority for forfeiture of the property, it was required to show compliance with the notice

procedures mandated by that article. Accordingly, to establish its entitlement to summary

judgment under the statute, it was necessary for the State to provide summary judgment

evidence demonstrating written notice was provided. We cannot discern from the record

whether such notice was given. As a result, the State failed to establish its right to

summary judgment, and the burden did not shift to Vanaman to respond to the motion for

summary judgment or present the trial court any issues that would preclude it. Clear Creek

6
See also Tex. Const. art. I, § 19 (No citizen of this State shall be deprived of life,
liberty, property, privileges or immunities, or in any manner disfranchised, except by due
course of the law of the land). (Emphasis added).

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Basin, 589 S.W.2d at 678.7 Vanaman’s first and third points are sustained. Our

disposition of these points precludes our consideration of his remaining points.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause is remanded

for further proceedings.

Don H. Reavis
Justice

7
The issues considered here were not presented in Twenty-Nine (29) Gambling
Devices v. State, 110 S.W.2d 146 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 2003, no pet. h.).

8