IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
AUGUST 8, 2005
______________________________
BENNY JOE ALVAREZ, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 47TH DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY;
NO. 45,644-A; HONORABLE HAL MINER, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and REAVIS and CAMPBELL, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Following a not guilty plea, appellant Benny Joe Alvarez was convicted by a jury of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and sentenced to 27 years confinement. In presenting this appeal, counsel has filed an Anders (1) brief in support of a motion to withdraw. We grant counsel's motion and affirm.
In support of his motion to withdraw, counsel certifies he has diligently reviewed the record, and in his opinion, the record reflects no reversible error upon which an appeal can be predicated. Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744-45, 87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1967); Monroe v. State, 671 S.W.2d 583, 585 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1984, no pet.). Thus, he concludes the appeal is frivolous. In compliance with High v. State, 573 S.W.2d 807, 813 (Tex.Cr.App. 1978), counsel has candidly discussed why, under the controlling authorities, there is no error in the court's judgment. Counsel has also shown that he sent a copy of the brief to appellant and informed appellant that, in counsel's view, the appeal is without merit. In addition, counsel has demonstrated that he notified appellant of his right to review the record and file a pro se response if he desired to do so. Appellant did not file a response. Neither did the State favor us with a brief.
Appellant was charged with assaulting his wife with a knife on the morning of January 1, 2002. At trial, the State presented evidence that the victim and appellant began arguing after arriving home from an evening at a local bar. Appellant's stepdaughter testified that she witnessed the argument and saw appellant trying to suffocate her mom with a pillow. She yelled for appellant to stop, and appellant left the room. He then returned to the room with a knife and stabbed the victim 37 times in the neck and back. After appellant had left, the stepdaughter ran to her grandmother's house and informed her that appellant had just stabbed her mom. Appellant was subsequently arrested, and after hearing the evidence, a jury found him guilty of assault with a deadly weapon. During the punishment phase, appellant took full responsibility for the assault, admitting that he was sick and had recently used methamphetamine. Following his conviction and sentence, appellant filed a notice of appeal.
By his Anders brief, counsel contends there are no arguable grounds for appeal. As a basis for his conclusion, counsel cites DeGarmo v. State, 691 S.W.2d 657, 661 (Tex.Cr.App. 1985), which provides that an appellant is estopped from complaining about any error occurring at the guilt/innocence phase of a trial if he admits his guilt to the charged offense during the punishment phase of the trial. Thus, when appellant testified and admitted his guilt, the purpose of the trial process had been served, i.e., the truth had been determined, and appellant was estopped from raising reversible error on appeal.
However, in Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 725 (Tex.Cr.App. 1998), the DeGarmo doctrine was reconsidered and its application was restricted to allow appellate review of fundamental guaranties that were "made to preserve a value . . . seen to be more important than the discovery of the truth. . . ." Accord Reyes v. State, 994 S.W.2d 151 (Tex.Cr.App 1999). The court determined that admissions of guilt at the punishment phase should not be viewed as waivers of several types of trial errors, including challenges to the admission of evidence and the legal sufficiency of the evidence. See id. at 721-22. Pursuant to Leday, this Court is required to determine whether appellant asserts any fundamental rights or basic guaranties, or whether the truth-finding function prevails to estop him from presenting his issues on appeal. Gutierrez v. State, 8 S.W.3d 739, 745 (Tex.Cr.App. 1999).
Applying this standard, we have made an independent examination of the entire record to determine whether there are any arguable grounds which might support this appeal. See Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 109 S. Ct. 346, 102 L. Ed. 2d 300 (1988); Stafford v. State, 813 S.W.2d 503, 511 (Tex.Cr.App. 1991). We have found no such grounds and agree with counsel that the appeal is frivolous. Currie v. State, 516 S.W.2d 684 (Tex.Cr.App. 1974); Lacy v. State, 477 S.W.2d 577, 578 (Tex.Cr.App. 1972).
Accordingly, counsel's motion to withdraw is hereby granted and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Don H. Reavis
Justice
Do not publish.
1. Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1967).
ent 1"/>
NO. 07-10-0221-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL E
MAY 2, 2011
_____________________________
THOMAS JOSEPH STAUDER,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
_____________________________
FROM THE 251ST DISTRICT COURT OF RANDALL COUNTY;
NO. 21,299-C; HONORABLE ANA ESTEVEZ, PRESIDING
_____________________________
Memorandum Opinion
_____________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., HANCOCK , J. and BOYD, S.J.[1]
Thomas Joseph Stauder was convicted, after a bench trial, of possessing a prohibited weapon, that is, intentionally or knowingly possessing a chemical dispensing device. The weapon in question was a device labelled Mighty Midget, a Continuous Discharge Tear Smoke CN Grenade made by Smith & Wesson. He contends that conviction should be reversed because 1) the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction, 2) the statute is unconstitutionally vague, and 3) he acted under a mistake of law and fact. We affirm the judgment.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
We review the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979) and Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Next, appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction because the State failed to establish that 1) the device [possessed by him] was a chemical dispensing device which fell outside the statutory exception for small devices purchased for personal protection, 2) the tear gas grenade was in fact capable of dispensing chemical at the time it was removed from [appellants] possession, and 3) he was the one who committed or was charged with committing the crime. We overrule the issue.
As previously mentioned, appellant was charged with intentionally and knowingly possessing a chemical dispensing device. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §46.06(a)(8) (Vernon 2003) (stating that a person commits an offense if he intentionally or knowingly possesses, manufactures, transports, repairs, or sells a chemical dispensing device). Such a device is defined as a device, other than a small chemical dispenser sold commercially for personal protection, that is designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of dispensing a substance capable of causing an adverse psychological or physiological effect on a human being. Id. §46.01(14) (Vernon Supp. 2010). As can be seen from this definition, nothing is said about the item being presently capable of discharging a substance that causes adverse effects. Instead, it need only be designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of dispensing such a substance. Thus, whether or not the grenade could actually dispense a chemical was unimportant given the evidence that it was made for that purpose.
Next, also appearing of record was the following evidence: 1) to discharge the contents of the grenade, a pin must be pulled and a plunger pushed after which it will start burning in three seconds, 2) the grenade was not to be used indoors given the risk of fire caused by the quantum of heat emanating from the canister once activated, 3) the chemical substance within the grenade was for riot control, that is, the item was specifically designed for riot control as opposed to personal defense, 4) the device can be thrown by hand or it can be shot from various weapons that have been modified to project it, 5) it can be activated by percussion, that is, it being struck against a hard surface, 6) the content of the grenade affects the eye ducts, causes tearing and involuntary closing of the eyes, creates a burning sensation on the skin, exposed surfaces and . . . moist areas of the body . . . , irritates mucous membranes, causes involuntary coughing and a little heaviness in the chest, makes you feel like you cant breathe, and causes eye tearing, burning to exposed skin, irritation to the nose, coughing, a feeling of inability to breathe, and psychological effects, 7) the heat produced can catch objects on fire pretty easily which explained the warning on the item to forego use indoors, 8) the device has caused death, 9) the grenade was not known to be commercially available at [W]almarts or K-Marts or anything like that, 10) law enforcement entities purchase such weapons through a distributor after showing appropriate credentials and paperwork, 11) there was no control over where the contents of the device spread once activated, 12) the substance disbursed consists of chemical compounds as opposed to natural product[s] like cayenne pepper, oleoresin and capsicum which are derived from peppers, 13) the device appeared operative despite its age, 14) the dispensed substance is comparable to tear gas since it causes tearing, 15) the grenade is a device that is manufactured to distribute or disperse a chemical agent, 16) the chemical expert and supervisor of the local police department bomb squad presented as a witness by the State was unaware of any device containing the substance found in this particular grenade to be commercially available for personal defense, 17) the local SWAT unit no longer maintained the device in its inventory due to the deaths associated with it, and 18) the grenade canister was approximately five inches tall with a three-inch circumference. The foregoing constituted some evidence from which a reasonable factfinder could conclude, beyond reasonable doubt, that the grenade possessed by appellant was a device designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of dispensing a substance capable of causing an adverse psychological or physiological effect on a human being. And, from the testimony that it was used for riot control, could cause fires, was not recommended for indoor use, and was purchased through a distributor (as opposed to a commercial retail establishment) by law enforcement entities after showing appropriate credentials, the same factfinder could also conclude, beyond reasonable doubt that the grenade fell outside the scope of chemical dispersing devices allowed by the statute. See Briggs v. State, 746 S.W.2d 331, 332 (Tex. App.Dallas 1988, pet. refd) (finding the evidence sufficient to support conviction when it showed that the defendant possessed a tear gas grenade manufactured for the military as a riot control device which could only be activated by pulling a pin and the user had no control over the direction of the chemical spray).
As for the allegation that the State failed to establish appellants identity, the following exchange took place at trial between the State and Officer Scott Chappell:
Q. When Mr. Stauder was booked into jail, was he booked in for possession of a chemical dispensing device?
A. Yes, he was.
Q. Now, Thomas Joseph Stauder, II, was booked into jail that day. Do you see that person in the courtroom?
A. Yes, I do.
Because the officer did not specifically point to or describe where appellant was sitting, appellant argues that his identification as the accused was insufficient. We disagree.
The lack of a formal in-court identification does not necessarily render the evidence insufficient to establish identity. See Purkey v. State, 656 S.W.2d 519, 520 (Tex. App.Beaumont 1983, pet. refd). The latter may be shown by circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom. Roberson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 156, 167 (Tex. App.Austin 2000, pet. refd). And, the record at bar contains more than the exchange mentioned above. Also found within it was inquiry by the trial court (i.e. the factfinder) as to whether Mr. Stauder was ready; to that question appellant replied [y]es. Appellant also presented a pro se motion to the trial court immediately before trial began wherein the court addressed appellant as Mr. Stauder. And, when the trial judge specifically asked Mr. Stauder how he pled after the indictment was read aloud, appellant answered, Not guilty. To this, we add appellants own testimony when appearing on the witness stand wherein he expressly identified himself as Thomas Joseph Stauder, II and described how he possessed the prohibited device. This and the reasonable inferences that can be made from it were enough to enable a factfinder to conclude, beyond reasonable doubt, that appellant was the person found in the possession of and indicted and tried for the crime at issue. See Sauceda v. State, No. 07-03-0342-CR, 2005 Tex. App. Lexis 7375, at *3-5 (Tex. App.Amarillo September 6, 2005, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (holding the evidence legally and factually sufficient when the defendant admitted he was the person named in the indictment, when three witnesses testified that they knew the defendant, Joseph Sauceda, and no objection was made to the identification procedure).
Constitutionality of Statute
Next, appellant argues that §46.05(8) is unconstitutionally vague. We overrule the issue.
The same argument was addressed in Briggs v. State. Like appellant here, Briggs was tried and convicted of having a smoke or tear gas grenade. Furthermore, the evidence there reveals the substance within the grenade to have a like effect as that in the grenade here. And, it too was made for riot control. Given this, Briggs conduct was found to be clearly within the core of the conduct proscribed by the statute. Briggs v. State, 746 S.W.2d at 333. And, because one to whose conduct a statute clearly applies may not successfully challenge it for vagueness, Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 756, 41 L. Ed. 2d 439, 94 S.Ct. 2547 (1974), Briggs lacked standing to pursue the vagueness allegation. Briggs v. State, 746 S.W.2d at 333. The same is no less true here.
Mistake of Law[2]
Finally, appellant asserts that no reasonable factfinder could but conclude that he acted under the reasonable belief that his conduct was lawful. This belief was founded upon his reading of Briggs v. State, 714 S.W.2d 36 (Tex. App.Dallas 1986), vacated, 740 S.W.2d 803 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). We overrule the issue for the simple reason that had he studied the litany of Briggs cases, he would have discovered that Briggs conviction for unlawfully possessing a chemical dispensing device ultimately was upheld. And, it was upheld because having a tear gas grenade akin to the item at issue here clearly falls within the scope of conduct prohibited by the statute. Briggs v. State, 746 S.W.2d at 333.
Appellant admitted at trial that he did not completely review the second Briggs opinion (that is, the one issued by the Court of Criminal Appeals vacating the one he allegedly read) or the third Briggs decision wherein Briggs conduct was found to clearly be within the statutes scope. So, at the very least, the factfinder could have found that he did not reasonably rely upon a written interpretation of the law. See Green v. State, 829 S.W.2d 222, 223 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (stating that Section 8.03[3] was not created to allow a criminal defendant to rely upon old interpretive opinions, opinions that conflict with others, or on overruled opinions).
And, to the extent that he testified that he did not know that possessing the grenade was prohibited by statute, we can only say that ignorance of the law is not an excuse. This is especially true given his knowledge about the dispute in Briggs. At the very least, the factfinder could have opted to disbelieve him.
Accordingly, we overrule all of appellants issues and affirm the judgment.
Brian Quinn
Chief Justice
Do not publish.
[1]John T. Boyd, Senior Justice, sitting by assignment.
[2]Appellant states in the title of his issue that there was also a mistake of fact but he has failed to brief that complaint.
[3]Section 8.03 of the Penal Code states that it is an affirmative defense to prosecution that a person reasonably believed the conduct did not constitute a crime and that, in doing so, he relied upon a written interpretation of the law contained in an opinion of a court of record. Tex. Penal Code Ann. §8.03(b)(2) (Vernon 2003).