NO. 07-05-0285-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
DECEMBER 22, 2006
______________________________
ROBERT EDWARD SHARP,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
_________________________________
FROM THE 69TH DISTRICT COURT OF MOORE COUNTY;
NO. 3133; HON. RON ENNS, PRESIDING
_______________________________
Opinion
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
Robert Edward Sharp (appellant) appeals his conviction for indecency with a child.
Via various issues, he contends that the trial court erred by 1) allowing the State’s
investigator to remain in the courtroom once the rule was invoked, 2) permitting a witness
to impart hearsay when the State failed to comply with article 38.072 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 3) admitting appellant’s pen packet without proper authentication, and
4) allowing the State to reopen during punishment after it had rested. We affirm.
Issue One - Rule 614
In his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred when it allowed a State’s
witness to remain in the courtroom after he had invoked Rule 614 of the Texas Rules of
Evidence. We disagree and overrule the issue.
According to the record, the State’s investigator, Terry Vogel (Vogel), was allowed
to remain in the courtroom during trial after the State invoked Rule 614 of the Texas Rules
of Evidence. And, though Vogel was identified as a potential witness, the State asked that
he be allowed to stay in the courtroom during the trial. The trial judge was also told by the
prosecutor that “I’m probably not even going to call him, but in case I feel like I need to, just
to explain how the investigation came about.” (Emphasis added). So too did the
prosecutor state that he believed he was entitled to have a “representative” of the State
remain in the courtroom.1 Thereafter, the trial court overruled appellant’s complaint
regarding Vogel’s continued presence. Once trial began, Vogel was indeed called to
testify, but the party doing so was appellant. The latter called him as an adverse witness.
Furthermore, the State asked the witness no questions once appellant completed his
examination of him.
Eventually, Vogel was called by the State at the punishment phase of the trial. But,
immediately before that phase began, the trial court once again asked if “either party
wish[ed] the witness rule be invoked for this portion of the trial?” Appellant responded
“yes,” and the names of the witnesses to be called then were disclosed to the trial court.
1
Though a “representa tive” m ay be perm itted to rem ain in court, this encompasses persons who are
“an officer or employee of a party in a civil case or a defendant in a criminal case that is not a natural person
designated as its representative by its attorney . . . .” T EX . R. E VID . 614 (2) (em pha sis adde d).
2
The list included Vogel. Appellant, however, did not renew his objection to Vogel’s
presence. And, when the State called him as its first witness, appellant voiced no objection
about him testifying.
According to Texas Rule of Evidence 614, “at the request of a party the court shall
order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses, and
it may make the order of its own motion.” T EX . R. EVID . 614. Assuming arguendo that
Vogel was encompassed within this rule and should have been excluded, we conclude that
appellant invited any harm that may have resulted and the error was waived.
The purpose of invoking the rule is to prevent potential witnesses from being
influenced by, or modifying their testimony because of, the testimony of other witnesses.
Russell v. State, 155 S.W.3d 176, 179-80 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Given this, logic
dictates that any harm arising from a violation of the rule can arise only if the witness is
called to testify. Simply put, if he does not testify, then there is no chance that he can
impart modified or influenced testimony. Here, after appellant complained about Vogel’s
continued presence and the prosecutor represented that he would “probably not” have him
testify, appellant called Vogel as a witness. This act effectively invited the harm sought to
be avoided by the rule. And, by inviting the harm, appellant cannot now complain of it.
See Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (stating that one cannot
complain of error that he invites).
Moreover, when the trial court again asked, during the punishment phase, whether
the parties wanted the rule invoked, appellant said nothing about excluding Vogel, though
Vogel was expressly identified as a witness by the State. Nor did appellant object to Vogel
testifying when called by the State. By calling the witness to testify during the
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guilt/innocence phase and then withholding further objection once the trial court provided
renewed opportunity to do so, appellant waived any complaint he may have had to Vogel’s
testifying in the punishment phase. See Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 291 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1990) (holding that one must complain each time an infraction is perceived,
otherwise the complaint is waived). Accordingly, we overrule his first issue.2
Issue Two – Hearsay, Art. 38.072, and Notice of Extraneous Acts
Appellant contends that the trial court erred by allowing Gorday, a sexual assault
nurse examiner, to testify about statements made by the victim during the sexual assault
examination. The statements involved appellant touching the child victim’s breasts and
buttocks on various occasions. According to appellant, the utterances involved either
extraneous bad acts or offenses and did not fall within the hearsay exception established
by article 38.072 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Nor was he given prior notice
of the State’s intent to introduce them. We overrule the issue.
Hearsay
The evidence at issue involved the victim’s description of where appellant touched
her at various times. And, as previously mentioned, the comments were made by the child
during Gorday’s sexual assault examination. Under those circumstances, the child’s
statements are excepted from the hearsay rule per Texas Rule of Evidence 803(4).
Beheler v. State, 3 S.W.3d 182, 188-89 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref’d); Fleming
2
Under this issue, appellant also discussed Vogel’s tes tim ony characterizing appellant as a pedophile.
W e read this excerpt as appellant’s attempt to show w hy the purported violation of R ule 614 was harm ful, as
opposed to a sepa rate issue . But, if it was intended to be a separate issue, it was waived since appellant cited
no authority illustrating that the cha racterization was legally im prop er. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(h) (requiring
litigants to cite autho rity in support of their contentions);Ca rden as v . State, 30 S.W .3d 384, 393 (Tex. Crim .
App. 2000) (holding tha t the failure to cite auth ority resu lts in the w aiver o f the c om plaint).
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v.State, 819 S.W.2d 237, 247 (Tex. App.–Austin 1991, pet. ref’d). Thus, it did not matter
if the requirements of article 38.072 were satisfied.
Prior Notice
Next, appellant contends that the trial court erred in admitting Gorday’s testimony
because it alluded to extraneous crimes (touching the child’s buttocks) and the State failed
to give him prior notice of intent to tender the evidence as required by Texas Rule of
Evidence 404(b) and article 38.072 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. However,
the prosecutor argued at trial that the evidence was admissible to illustrate the “entire
relationship” between the child victim and appellant, and article 38.37 of the same Code
permits the trial court to receive evidence of extraneous crimes or bad acts for that
purpose. TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.37, §2(2) (Vernon 2005). Given that this
statute was proffered as a ground justifying admission of the evidence despite the want of
prior notice, appellant had the obligation before us to address why that provision was
untenable. See Hitt v. State, 53 S.W.3d 697, 705-06 (Tex. App.–Austin 2001, pet. denied)
(holding that evidence of other crimes may be admissible under art. 38.37 though
inadmissible under Rule 404(b)). Because he did not, he has not shown that the trial court
abused its discretion. See Minnesota Min. & Mg. Co. v. Nishika Ltd., 885 S.W.2d 603, 630
(Tex. App.–Beaumont 1994) rev’d on other grounds, 953 S.W.2d 733 (Tex. 1997) (stating
that the appellant must illustrate why no grounds proffered at trial support the trial court’s
decision to admit evidence).
Yet, even assuming arguendo that the complaint was preserved and the trial court’s
decision was erroneous, we would find it harmless under the standard espoused in
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Hernandez v. State, 176 S.W.3d 821 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (involving Rule 404(b)).
According to Hernandez, when the alleged error concerns a lack of notice, the presence
of harm depends on whether the appellant was surprised by the evidence. Hernandez v.
State, 176 S.W.3d at 825-26. Here, appellant did and does not contend that Gorday’s
statement regarding his touching of the victim’s buttocks caused him surprise. Neither
does he assert that the omission prevented him from preparing a defense nor that had he
known of the accusation his defense would have differed in any way. See id. (alluding to
these as indicia for gauging surprise). Accordingly, the issue provides us with no basis to
reverse the judgment.
Issue Three - Pen Packet
Next, appellant asserts that the trial court erred in allowing the State to admit his pen
packet since it was hearsay, not properly authenticated, and tendered without prior notice.
We overrule the issue.
Regarding hearsay, we initially note that the State used witness Vogel as the conduit
through which to admit the pen packet. The latter purported to evince that appellant was
convicted of involuntary manslaughter by the 286th Judicial District Court of Hockley
County, Texas, on December 12, 2002. More importantly, the only hearsay objection
uttered by appellant at that time related to Vogel’s testifying about what he saw and heard
during that trial. Nothing was said about the packet itself being hearsay. So, because this
particular ground went unmentioned below, it was not preserved for review. See Broxton
v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (holding that only the grounds for
6
objection raised on appeal must comport with those raised at trial, otherwise they are
waived).
Next, with regard to the allegation of no prior notice of the State’s intent to offer the
evidence of a prior conviction for manslaughter, we turn to a document entitled “State’s
Notice Under Rule 404(b) Texas Rules of Criminal Evidence and Article 37.07, Texas Code
of Criminal Procedure.” Therein, the prosecutor informed appellant of his “intention to offer
evidence of other crimes, wrongs, and/or other acts committed by the . . . defendant . . .
[including] that he did commit the murder of his infant son, Matthew Sharp, on or about
March of 1985, in Hockley County, Texas.” This notice, filed months before trial, was
amended approximately a week before trial and served on counsel for appellant. Via the
amendment, the State substituted the word “manslaughter” for murder in reference to the
death of Matthew Sharp. Given this, we conclude that appellant was afforded prior notice
of the State’s intent to offer evidence that he previously committed manslaughter.
Finally, concerning the authentication of the packet, appellant contends that the
State did not comply with the notice requirements of Rule of Evidence 902(10). The latter
encompasses business records and the self-authentication of same through an affidavit.
One pursuing that avenue is obligated to file the records and affidavit with the court clerk
at least 14 days before trial and notify the other parties of the filing. TEX . R. EVID . 902(10).
Yet, pen packets, such as that at bar, may be authenticated under Rule 902(4) via a
certification by their custodian that its contents are correct copies of the originals. Reed
v. State, 811 S.W.2d 582, 586 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); accord, Cuddy v. State, 107 S.W.3d
92, 96 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (holding the same); see TEX . R. EVID . 902(4)
(stating that a copy of an official record may be self-authenticated via certification as to its
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accuracy by the custodian or other person authorized to so certify). Furthermore, Rule
902(4) has no notice requirement. Finally, the pen packet at bar was certified in the
manner allowed by Reed and Cuddy.
Issue Four - Reopening the Evidence
In his final issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
allowing the State to “reopen” its case-in-chief during the punishment phase in violation of
Peek v. State, 106 S.W.3d 72 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). We overrule the issue.
According to Peek, a trial court may not permit a party to “reopen” his case unless
the evidence to be introduced would “materially change the case in the proponent’s favor.”
Id. at 79. In so holding, the Court of Criminal Appeals was attempting to encourage
litigants to present their evidence “during the course of the trial rather than waiting until
closing arguments.” Id. This coupled with the use of the word “reopen” is illuminating for
it connotes that the Peek court was addressing situations wherein all parties had presented
their evidence, closed, and had only to tender their closing statements. We do not have
that scenario before us.
During the punishment phase of the trial at bar, the State had just finished
examining a witness and announced that it “rested.” Appellant had yet to call any of his
witnesses, however. And, within the span of a ten-minute recess, the prosecutor
discovered that another of its witnesses was present and sought leave to present her
testimony. Thus, we do not have a situation wherein all the evidence of both parties
relating to punishment was thought to have been presented and the only thing left was to
charge the jury and tender closing arguments. Rather, the parties were in “the course of
8
the trial,” and the evidentiary portion of it had yet to be completed. Given these elemental
differences between the circumstances in Peek and those here, we conclude that Peek is
inapposite.
Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Brian Quinn
Chief Justice
Publish.
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Robert Edward Sharp v. State
Combined Opinion