NO. 07-04-0053-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL A
JANUARY 13, 2006
______________________________
DONNIE JONES, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 69TH DISTRICT COURT OF MOORE COUNTY;
NO. 3338; HONORABLE RON ENNS, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before REAVIS and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Donnie Jones appeals his conviction for the felony offense of evading
arrest and punishment of one year confinement, probated for five years. Appellant’s first
two points of error challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence. His third
point assigns error to the exclusion of evidence. We affirm.
The nature of appellant’s challenges requires a recitation of the evidence presented.
In the early morning hours of August 18, 2002, Dumas police officer David Knepp and his
field training officer Sergeant Bud Trammel were on patrol in a marked police car when
they passed a motorcyclist at an intersection. Even with the car windows up the officers
heard loud music coming from the motorcycle. Trammel recognized the rider as appellant
wearing a cowboy hat. Knepp made a U-turn to initiate a traffic stop and warn the rider
about the loud music. With Knepp attempting to intercept, the motorcycle rider made a
number of turns. After Knepp turned onto the same street as the motorcycle, he turned
on the patrol car’s emergency lights and siren. Both officers testified the motorcycle
accelerated. They continued the pursuit out of the Dumas city limits until the rider either
lost control or intentionally dropped the motorcycle and fled. Officers found the motorcycle,
which was registered to appellant, “just down the street” from appellant’s residence.
The officers went to appellant’s home looking for him. From the patrol car Knepp
saw someone looking out a window but no one answered the door. Appellant’s brother
arrived shortly and, after looking in the house at their request, told the officers appellant
was not there. The State also presented the testimony of David Adcock, a local wrecker
driver who said he saw appellant riding a motorcycle in Dumas and playing loud music at
about 3 a.m. on that day. The defense did not present any witnesses.
The jury found appellant guilty of evading arrest and the trial judge assessed
punishment at one year confinement in a state jail facility, probated for five years.
Appellant’s first point of error challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence that he was
the person who fled from officers. His second challenges the factual sufficiency of the
evidence on the same issue. Appellant does not contest that the conduct described by the
2
officers satisfied the elements of the offense. His complaints are limited to his identification
as the person engaging in that conduct.
Appellant correctly recites the standards we must apply in reviewing the sufficiency
of the evidence, and the deference we must afford to the factfinder. See Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) (legal sufficiency);
Zuniga v. State, 144 S.W.3d 477, 484 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004) (factual sufficiency);
Margraves v. State, 34 S.W.3d 912, 919 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000) (jury is exclusive judge of
weight of evidence and credibility of witnesses).
In support of his first two points appellant argues the identification of him by
Trammel was “weak at best” and could not establish his identity beyond a reasonable
doubt. His conclusion is based on the facts that the identification occurred at night across
an intersection from a moving car and that appellant’s brother, who was similar in
appearance, had access to the motorcycle. Appellant challenges the credibility of his
identification by Adcock the same morning on the basis of personal animosity between
Adcock and the Jones brothers and the ubiquity of cowboy hats in West Texas.
The record reflects that Trammel did not equivocate in his identification of appellant
at trial. His testimony indicated the loud music drew his attention to the motorcycle. His
identification was not based on this single viewing. Trammel knew appellant and his
brother, could distinguish between the two, and knew where they lived. A rational jury
could find this identification credible. Cf. State v. Hooser, No. 07-93-0423-CR (Tex.App.–
Amarillo April 12, 1994, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (affirming suppression of
3
evidence based on rejection of officer’s claim he was 100 percent certain of contents of
cigarette held by occupant of vehicle across intersection at night was marijuana). The
identification was supported by the fact that the motorcycle found by the officers was
registered to appellant and by Adcock’s identification of appellant about the same time,
engaging in the same conduct witnessed by the officers. Adcock also identified appellant
in the courtroom. Adcock had known appellant and his brother his entire life, and
evidenced no difficulty in correctly identifying them in two photographs where they
appeared in identical clothing. Appellant presented no other evidence controverting the
identification. There was no evidence that appellant’s brother ever used or had permission
to use the motorcycle. The jury who observed the demeanor of the witnesses could
reasonably have determined the State established appellant’s identity beyond a reasonable
doubt. We find the evidence both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s
verdict and overrule appellant’s first two points of error.
Appellant’s third point challenges the exclusion of hearsay testimony concerning a
telephone call between appellant and a deputy sheriff on the morning of the pursuit. Out
of the presence of the jury appellant elicited testimony from Trammel and Knepp
concerning a conversation they had with Moore County deputy sheriff Mike Fitzgerald
about 4 a.m. on August 18, 2002. In that conversation, Fitzgerald told Trammel and Knepp
that appellant had called Fitzgerald by telephone after the 3 a.m. pursuit. The purpose of
appellant’s call to Fitzgerald was not clear from the testimony, but during the call appellant
said he was calling from Amarillo. The evidence showed deputy Fitzgerald was deceased
4
at the time of trial. The trial court sustained the State’s hearsay objections over appellant’s
argument the statement was admissible under Rule of Evidence 804.
Trial court rulings on the admission of evidence are reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92,
101-02 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200, 117 S.Ct. 1561, 137 L.Ed.2d
707 (1997). For the proffered evidence to avoid the bar of the hearsay rule, appellant must
show exceptions to each of the two layers of hearsay. See Tex. R. Evid. 802, 805.
Appellant argues his statement to Fitzgerald was admissible as a present sense
impression under Rule 803(1) because he was describing the “event or condition” of being
in Amarillo while perceiving it. He next argues the statement from Fitzgerald to Trammel
and Knepp was admissible under Rule 804 because Fitzgerald was unavailable to testify
at trial. We do not agree that either contention demonstrates the trial court abused its
discretion by excluding the testimony.
The general rule against admission of hearsay statements is based on their inherent
unreliability. Green v. State, 876 S.W.2d 226, 228 (Tex.App.–Beaumont 1994, no pet.).
Exceptions to that rule have been created for statements which have other indicia of
reliability. See United States v. Hernandez, 333 F.3d 1168, 1179 (10th Cir. 2003) (citing
2 McCormick on Evidence § 253 (5th Ed. 1999)); Rabbani v. State, 847 S.W.2d 555, 560
(Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (indicia of reliability for present sense impression); Sneed v. State,
955 S.W.2d 451, 453 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d) (exceptions are
based on trustworthiness of certain evidence). The safeguards of reliability for a statement
5
of the declarant’s present sense impression include: (1) the report at the moment of the
thing then seen, heard, etc., is safe from any error from defect of memory of the declarant;
(2) there is little or no time for a calculated misstatement; and (3) the statement will usually
be made to another who would have the equal opportunity to observe and hence to check
a misstatement. Id.; Esparza v. State, 31 S.W.3d 338, 342 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2000,
no pet.). The statement at issue here does not meet two of those criteria. The fact that
appellant initiated the call to Fitzgerald gave him opportunity for calculated misstatement.
Additionally, Fitzgerald was not present in Amarillo to observe appellant’s presence there.
Appellant cites Cardenas v. State, 115 S.W.3d 54 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2003, no
pet.), in which the court affirmed the admission, over the defendant’s objection and as a
present sense impression, of a declarant’s statement that another person was at that time
in her apartment. Id. at 63. The statement admitted there was made to the testifying
witness in person and carried greater indicia of trustworthiness than appellant’s statement
describing his own location made over a telephone to a person in another city. The court’s
approval of admission of the statement in Cardenas does not support a contention the
court’s exclusion of appellant’s statement was an abuse of discretion.
With regard to deputy Fitzgerald’s statements to Trammel and Knepp, appellant’s
reliance on Rule of Evidence 804 is misplaced. Rule 804 creates an exception to the
hearsay rule for (1) former testimony, (2) dying declarations concerning the cause or
circumstances of the perceived impending death, and (3) statements of personal or family
history, by a declarant who is unavailable to testify for the reasons set forth in the rule.
6
Tex. R. Evid. 804(b). The evidence established Fitzgerald was unavailable at the time of
trial, but his statements appellant sought to admit do not fall within any of the categories
admissible under Rule 804(b), and were properly excluded. Davis v. State, 961 S.W.2d
156 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998), on which appellant relies, involved former testimony. We
overrule appellant’s third and final point, and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
James T. Campbell
Justice
Do not publish.
7