NO. 07-08-0493-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL B
OCTOBER 6, 2009
______________________________
FREDDIE JOE NUNN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 31ST DISTRICT COURT OF GRAY COUNTY;
NO. 6327; HONORABLE STEVEN EMMERT, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Freddie Joe Nunn, appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled
substance, cocaine, in an amount of 400 grams or more.1 Appellant was sentenced to
serve 20 years confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice (ID-TDCJ). We affirm.
1
See TEX . HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN . § 481.115 (Vernon 2003).
Factual and Procedural Background
On December 6, 2001, appellant was stopped on Interstate Highway 40 by Texas
Department of Public Safety Trooper Jason Henderson for driving 75 mph in a posted 70
mph zone. When Henderson approached appellant’s Ford Expedition to advise him of the
purpose of the stop, Henderson noticed a very strong odor of an air freshener coming from
the passenger compartment. As Henderson visited with appellant about the purpose of
the stop, he noticed appellant was very nervous. Upon asking for appellant’s driver’s
license and proof of insurance, Henderson noticed that appellant’s hands were visibly
shaking when the insurance card was handed to him. When asked who owned the car,
appellant first started to give a name that sounded like David and then, upon reading the
insurance card, stated Mark. Appellant advised he was driving the vehicle from Phoenix,
Arizona to Cleveland, Ohio as a favor for a friend. However, appellant was unable to give
Henderson an address in Cleveland where he was to deliver the vehicle. Henderson
requested permission to search the vehicle and appellant consented. When Henderson
went to the cargo compartment of the vehicle, he could smell the strong odor of fresh paint
and “bondo.” These scents led Henderson to believe that some recent modifications had
occurred to the vehicle. Upon searching, Henderson discovered a hidden compartment
in the rear portion of the vehicle. The compartment held 14.59 kilograms of cocaine.
Appellant stated to Henderson that he had no knowledge of a hidden compartment or that
it contained cocaine.
Appellant was subsequently tried before a jury for the offense of possession of the
cocaine. After jury selection, but while the jury was not present in the courtroom, the trial
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judge asked that appellant and his trial counsel change their respective positions at
counsel table. Appellant was initially seated closest to the State’s attorneys. Appellant’s
trial counsel objected to the request but the trial court overruled the objection. During the
examination of Henderson, testimony was given about appellant’s prior involvement with
the criminal justice system. Appellant objected that the evidence was presented in
violation of Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b) and a previously granted motion in limine. See
TEX . R. EVID . 404(b). The trial court sustained the objection and ordered the jury to
disregard the statement. Appellant moved for a mistrial which was denied. When
appellant testified, the attorneys for the State stood up and stepped back from counsel
table. Appellant objected to this as an effort by the State to portray appellant as a
dangerous person and requested a mistrial. The trial court overruled the request for a
mistrial.
In addition to soliciting testimony from witnesses about the chain of custody of the
cocaine and its subsequent testing by Department of Public Safety chemist, the State
introduced the testimony of FBI Special Agent Gill. Gill testified about his investigation of
a drug smuggling and distribution network in Ohio. Gill testified that his investigation linked
appellant to this drug operation. The jury subsequently convicted appellant and assessed
his punishment at confinement in ID-TDCJ for 20 years.
Through three issues, appellant appeals contending that: 1) the trial court erred in
denying his motion for mistrial after the State elicited testimony regarding inadmissible
extraneous offenses; 2) the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial based on the
State’s actions portraying appellant as a violent and dangerous person; and 3) the
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evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support the conviction. Disagreeing with
appellant, we will affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Motions for Mistrial
Standard of Review
Denial of a motion for mistrial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.
See Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). A mistrial is a device used
to halt trial proceedings when error is so prejudicial that expenditure of further time and
expense would be wasteful and futile. Id. The determination of whether a given error
necessitates a mistrial must be made by examining the particular facts of the case. Id.
Further, on appeal, we generally presume the jury follows the trial court’s instructions, such
as an instruction to disregard, in the manner presented. See Thrift v. State, 176 S.W.3d
221, 224 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). While the presumption is refutable, the appellant must be
able to point to evidence contained in the record to prove that the jury failed to follow the
trial court’s instruction. Id.
Motion for Mistrial-Extraneous Offense Testimony
Appellant’s first issue concerns a portion of the testimony of Henderson. After
describing a number of observations that lead Henderson to believe that appellant might
be carrying drugs in his vehicle, the State asked, “And was it at that point where you asked
for permission to search the vehicle.” Henderson replied that,
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As I issued the citation, I could hear on my outside speakers that Childress
DPS was giving back his prior criminal arrests, I went and stood by my car
and listened to those. It advised that he had been arrested for reckless
driving, DUI and also had a prior arrest for violation of a controlled
substance, dangerous drug. At that point in time, I finished the citation.
Appellant’s trial counsel objected and, after a discussion at the bench, the trial court
sustained the objection and instructed the jury to disregard and not consider the last
statement of the witness for any purpose. Appellant moved for a mistrial and the motion
was denied.
The record before the Court reflects that the statement made by Henderson was not
given in answer to a question designed to elicit testimony about any extraneous offenses.
Clearly, the question was to determine when the officer asked for permission to search and
not why he asked permission to search the vehicle. Further, appellant has pointed to no
evidence in the record that would indicate that the jury failed to follow the immediate
instruction of the trial court to disregard the testimony. Id. Under these facts we must
assume that the jury followed the instructions of the trial court to disregard the testimony.
Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 567. Accordingly, no error has been shown. Id. Appellant’s issue
regarding the first mistrial motion is overruled.
Motion for Mistrial-Prosecutorial Misconduct
Appellant’s next contention involves two alleged instances of prosecutorial
misconduct that required a mistrial. We will examine each alleged incident.
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In the first instance, after the jury had been selected and sworn, but while the jury
was out of the courtroom, the trial judge instructed appellant and trial counsel to switch
seats at counsel table. The instruction to change places at counsel table was based upon
a request made to the trial court by the State’s attorneys. It is noteworthy that the trial
court also stated that the changing of seats would better accommodate the terrible
acoustics in the courtroom.
The second instance of alleged misconduct by the State’s attorneys occurred when
appellant testified. After appellant had finished testifying and returned to his seat, trial
counsel asked permission to approach the bench. At the bench conference, trial counsel
complained about the action of the State’s attorneys standing and moving away from
counsel table when appellant walked behind counsel table going to or from the witness
chair. Counsel’s complaint at trial was that this sent a message to the jury that appellant
was a dangerous and bad man. The trial court stated that it was common practice for the
State’s attorneys to move away from counsel table when a defendant walked behind
counsel table going to and from the witness chair.
Although appellant contends that these actions, in both instances, were acts of
prosecutorial misconduct, he has provided the court with no authority for that proposition.
In fact, appellant has provided the court with no authority for how the courts in Texas even
define prosecutorial misconduct. As such, appellant has failed to properly brief this issue.
See TEX . R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Appellant has therefore, waived the issue. See Cardenas v.
State, 30 S.W.3d 384, 393 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000).
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Assuming that appellant’s brief does properly brief the subject, we note that one
instance occurring, as it did, outside the presence of the jury could not have inflamed the
minds of the jury to such an extent to render proceeding with trial a wasteful and futile
endeavor. Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 567. As to the second instance, there is nothing in the
record that reflects the jury’s attention was drawn to the conclusion that appellant would
have us reach, that is that the jury perceived appellant as a violent and dangerous person.
The decision of a trial judge regarding permissible security precautions in court are
reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Long v. State, 823 S.W.2d 259, 282 (Tex.Crim.App.
1991). We find nothing in the record to support the conclusion that the trial court’s decision
in this matter was an abuse of discretion.
Legal and Factual Sufficiency
Appellant challenges both legal and factual sufficiency. Therefore, we are required
to conduct an analysis of the legal sufficiency of the evidence first and then, only if we find
the evidence to be legally sufficient, do we analyze the factual sufficiency of the evidence.
See Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 133 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996).
In assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); Ross v. State, 133
S.W.3d 618, 620 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). In conducting a legal sufficiency review, an
appellate court may not sit as a thirteenth juror, but rather must uphold the jury’s verdict
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unless it is irrational or unsupported by more than a mere modicum of evidence. Moreno
v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988). We measure the legal sufficiency
of the evidence against a hypothetically correct jury charge. See Malik v. State, 953
S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
When an appellant challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction, the reviewing court must determine whether, considering all the evidence in a
neutral light, the jury was rationally justified in finding the appellant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. See Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 415 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). In
performing a factual sufficiency review, we must give deference to the fact finder’s
determinations if supported by evidence and may not order a new trial simply because we
may disagree with the verdict. See id. at 417. As an appellate court, we are not justified
in ordering a new trial unless there is some objective basis in the record demonstrating that
the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury’s verdict. See id.
Additionally, an appellate opinion addressing factual sufficiency must include a discussion
of the most important evidence that appellant claims undermines the jury’s verdict. Sims
v. State, 99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). The Court of Criminal Appeals has
recently declared that when reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, the reviewing
court should measure the evidence in a neutral manner “against a hypothetically correct”
jury charge. Vega v. State, 267 S.W.3d 912, 915 (Tex.Crim.App.), citing Wooley v. State,
273 S.W.3d 260, 268 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008).
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Legal Sufficiency
To prove appellant guilty of the indicted offense the State had to prove: 1) appellant;
2) intentionally or knowingly; 3) possessed; 4) a controlled substance, cocaine; 5) in an
amount of 400 grams or more. See TEX . HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN . § 481.115 (Vernon
2003). Appellant’s contention about the sufficiency of the evidence centers on the proof
that appellant possessed the cocaine. To establish possession, the State must prove that:
1) appellant exercised control, management or care over the substance, and 2) appellant
knew the matter possessed was contraband. See Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402,
406 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). Because appellant was alone in the vehicle in which the
cocaine was found, he may be deemed to have possessed it. See Menchaca v. State, 901
S.W.2d 640, 652 (Tex.App.–El Paso 1995, no pet.). This is because knowledge of the
cocaine is inferred from control of the vehicle. Id. However, when the contraband is in a
hidden compartment, as was the cocaine in the case at bar, we are cautioned that reliance
should not be placed solely upon control of the vehicle. Id. (citing U.S. v. Olivier-Becerril,
861 F.2d 424, 426-27 (5th Cir. 1988). In order to establish possession in such a situation
we must look at the other factors surrounding appellant’s connection to the cocaine. Id.
The type of factors we review are akin to the factors that link a defendant to contraband
in a situation where the defendant is not in exclusive possession of the cocaine. Id.
A review of the facts reveals the following factors that a jury might consider. First,
there is the initial and continuing nervousness of appellant when Henderson approached
the vehicle. Henderson’s testimony was that appellant’s voice was strained and his hands
shook when appellant handed over his driver’s license and insurance card. Next, appellant
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was unable to accurately answer who owned the vehicle. He initially stated David and
then, according to Henderson, appellant appeared to read the name on the insurance card
and correctly stated Mark. Appellant advised he was traveling from Phoenix, Arizona.
When asked where he was headed, appellant stated Cleveland, Ohio, however he was not
able to give an address in Cleveland as his destination. Additionally, on the seat next to
appellant was an road atlas open to Columbus, Ohio, with an address in Columbus written
on it. Then, there is the issue of the strong smell of the air freshener coming from the
vehicle. Alone, this might be subject to some rational explanation. However, when
Henderson investigated further, he found that the rear compartment of the vehicle had a
very strong smell of fresh paint and “bondo.” This could lead a jury to view appellant’s
action of spraying the air freshener to mask the smell of the paint and “bondo” for fear that
Henderson would find the hidden compartment. This becomes important because it was
this subsequent paint and “bondo” smell that led Henderson to believe that some recent
modifications had been made to the rear compartment of the vehicle. Also, an ice chest
was located in the passenger compartment next to the driver. Henderson opined that, in
his experience in drug interdiction, people transporting drugs often carry food with them so
that they do not have to leave the vehicle and drugs unattended during their trip. Finally,
there was the testimony of FBI Agent Gill about his investigation of drug trafficking in the
Columbus, Ohio area. During his investigation, Agent Gill was able to ascertain that
appellant was a good friend of Fernando Sandoval, the person Gill was investigating and
who was later convicted of drug trafficking. That investigation revealed that appellant came
to Columbus, Ohio, to visit Fernando and flew from Columbus, Ohio, to Phoenix, Arizona,
on December 4, which was two days before appellant’s arrest.
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Appellant cites the Court to an unreported case from the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals, contending that the facts of the present case are so similar to the cited case that
we should adopt the opinion of the Court of Criminal Appeals. See Molina v. State, Nos.
205-03, 206-03, 2003 WL 22250391 (Tex.Crim.App. Oct. 1, 2003) (mem. op., not
designated for publication). However, the facts of Molina are clearly distinguishable from
the case at bar. First, Molina was a passenger and not the driver of the car. Id. at *2.
Second, Molina’s co-defendant testified that Molina did not know about the drugs. Id. at
*3. Third, prior to the trip where Molina was arrested, there was no evidence that
connected him with the car. Id. at *3. Finally, although Molina did exhibit nervousness
when the stop commenced, he gave his true name and destination. Id. The testimony of
his co-defendant bore out this information. The Court in Molina held that there were
insufficient links to connect Molina with the drugs, and, therefore, to prove his knowledge
of the existence of them. Id. at *4. Accordingly, we do not find Molina to be controlling.
It must be remembered that proof of culpable mental state generally exists only in
circumstantial evidence. See Dillon v. State, 574 S.W.2d 92, 94 (Tex.Crim.App 1978).
Therefore, proof of knowledge is an inference drawn by the trier of fact from all of the
circumstances. Id. From our review of the circumstances, we believe that the jury could
have convicted appellant of the charge of possession of cocaine beyond a reasonable
doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Ross, 133 S.W.3d at 620. Accordingly, appellant’s
challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence is overruled.
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Factual Sufficiency
We note that appellant’s brief states that he is challenging the factual sufficiency of
the evidence. However, the brief appears to only address the legal sufficiency of the
evidence. Out of caution we will, however, address factual sufficiency.
To determine the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we must now review the
evidence in a neutral light to determine its sufficiency. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 415. When
we examine the links in the evidence that would tend to connect appellant to the cocaine,
in addition to his exclusive control of the vehicle, we find that a jury would be rationally
justified in finding appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. This is so because the
jury’s determination of this matter is supported by the evidence. Id. We must give
deference to that determination when it is supported by the evidence. Id. Finally, appellant
has not pointed to any single factual deficiency, other than that explored during the legal
sufficiency portion of this opinion, that would undermine our confidence in the jury’s verdict.
Sims v. State, 99 S.W.3d at 603. Having already addressed those issues, we overrule
appellant’s factual sufficiency challenge.
Conclusion
Having overruled appellant’s issues, we will affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Mackey K. Hancock
Justice
Do not publish.
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