Ronnie Duane Mason v. State

NO. 07-07-0383-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL C

JUNE 4, 2009

______________________________

RONNIE DUANE MASON, APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

_________________________________

FROM THE 47TH DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY;

NO. 50,138-A; HONORABLE HAL MINER, JUDGE

_______________________________

Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

OPINION

“The greatest dangers in liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of
zeal, well-meaning but without understanding.” United States Supreme Court
Justice Louis D. Brandeis.1

1
Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438, 479, 48 S.Ct. 564, 72 L.Ed. 944 (1928) (dissent).
 Appellant, Ronnie Duane Mason, was convicted by a jury of capital murder. He was

then sentenced by the court to an automatic life sentence, the State having waived the

death penalty. Appellant’s eight issues on appeal can be distilled down to a single

question: Did the trial court commit reversible error by denying Appellant’s pretrial motion

to quash the indictment when the State concedes that the indictment was obtained as the

result of a proceeding that violated articles 20.0112 and 20.043 of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure4 governing grand jury proceedings? Finding both error and harm, we

reverse and remand.

2
Article 20.011 states, in pertinent part, as follows:

a) Only the following persons may be present in a grand jury room while the grand jury is
conducting proceedings:

* * *

(4) witnesses while being examined or when necessary to assist the attorney representing
the state in examining other witnesses or presenting evidence to the grand jury; . . .

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 20.011 (Vernon 2005).

3
Article 20.04 states as follows:

The attorney representing the State may examine the witnesses before the grand jury and
shall advise as to the proper mode of interrogating them. No person other than the attorney
representing the State or a grand juror may question a witness before the grand jury. No
person may address the grand jury about a matter before the grand jury other than the
attorney representing the State, a witness, or the accused or suspected person or the
attorney for the accused or suspected person if approved by the State’s attorney.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 20.04 (Vernon 2005).

4
For convenience, articles of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure will subsequently be cited as
“article ___” or “Article ___.”

2
 Background

On June 28, 2004, the Amarillo Police Department and Emergency Medical Services

responded to a 911 call concerning a baby not breathing. When Officer Kenneth Jester

arrived, there were three adults present: Anthony Richards, Kresha Ryan, and Appellant.

The baby the subject of the emergency call was eight-month old Iveyonna Durley.

Immediately following first care response, the baby was transported by ambulance to the

hospital where she was declared dead on arrival. An autopsy determined the child’s death

to be the result of multiple blunt force injuries.

During the initial investigation, Richards indicated to the officers that, while he was

alone with the baby in his care, she had rolled off a bed and struck her head on a baby

walker. Richards further indicated that Appellant and Ryan subsequently arrived and

noticed the baby was not breathing, at which time Ryan called 911. Jester permitted

Appellant and Ryan to leave the scene in order to locate the infant’s mother at her place

of work, while he turned Richards over to members of the Special Crimes Unit for further

questioning. Richards was subsequently placed under arrest.

During the investigation, Richards gave two oral statements and two written

statements to police indicating that, while the infant was in his care, she had fallen from the

bed and struck her head on the walker. He also told police that, after Ryan arrived, he

picked the infant up, shook her a little and hit her in the face while trying to awake her.

3
 Following his arrest, Richards’s mother called Sergeant Kevin Dockery, Lead

Investigator for the Special Crimes Unit, and told him that Richards had lied to investigators

in order to protect his cousin, the Appellant. She also told him to look at a mop handle

found in the apartment. Tashana Smith, Richards’s cousin, told Sergeant Dockery that

Richards told her that Appellant assaulted the infant with the mop handle, kicked the infant

from behind, and hit the infant in the head with his fist. Sergeant Dockery subsequently

discovered Appellant’s fingerprints on the mop handle and began to consider him as a

suspect.

In a series of interviews with Sergeant Dockery, Appellant indicated that, on June

27th, he had disciplined the baby by spanking her bare buttocks. He also indicated that,

while he was cleaning the apartment on June 28th, he accidently hit the baby in the head

twice with a mop handle–once when he threw the mop across the room and a second time

when he was attempting to frighten the infant into behaving. Based upon these

conversations memorialized by written statements, Sergeant Dockery obtained a warrant

and placed Appellant under arrest. Thereafter, Sergeant Dockery neither spoke with

Appellant nor Richards until the Grand Jury met to determine whether to indict Appellant.

On January 13, 2005, after being incarcerated for more than six months, Richards

met with J. Patrick Murphy, Assistant District Attorney for the Potter County District

Attorney’s Office. With his attorney present, Richards agreed to go before the Grand Jury

that day and give his eyewitness account of the events that occurred on the day of the

4
child’s death. Before the Grand Jury, Richards recanted his earlier statements, testified he

had lied to the police to protect Appellant, and he then described how Appellant was

responsible for all the infant’s injuries.

More specifically, during Murphy’s examination of Richards, Sergeant Dockery, and

Mike Crandell, a Crime Scene Investigator for the Special Crimes Unit, questioned

Richards regarding a number of evidentiary details found at the crime scene that were not

covered by Murphy. In several instances, Sergeant Dockery’s questions were leading and

suggested the answers to Richards. Sergeant Dockery also attempted to rehabilitate

Richards’s testimony by obtaining Richards’s admission he had lied to the police and

should be punished for being present but not helping the baby. Sergeant Dockery also

elicited new testimony that Richards had told Appellant to stop injuring the baby and, when

Richards testified that he never hit or fought Appellant to protect the baby, Sergeant

Dockery bolstered his testimony by agreeing that the police “wouldn’t expect [Richards] to

get into a fight with [Appellant]” in order to protect the baby.

Sergeant Dockery also followed up on a Grand Juror’s question related to a cell

phone call which Richards claimed in his earlier statements had occurred prior to Ryan’s

911 call. In his earlier written statements, Richards had indicated he was alone with the

baby when she was injured and that he called Appellant’s cell phone to inform him there

was something the matter with the baby’s breathing. Following the call, Richards indicated

Appellant returned to the apartment with Ryan, discovered the baby had ceased breathing,

5
and Ryan called 911. Before the Grand Jury, however, and in response to Sergeant

Dockery’s questions, Richards offered new testimony that he had lied about the call and

Appellant simply returned to the apartment as expected. Finally, Sergeant Dockery further

bolstered Richards’s testimony with the following statement:

All I can say is I do appreciate the fact you did come and talk to us, and I
appreciate the fact you stepped forward and talked to us. Hopefully you are
telling us the truth. And, all I can say, is good luck to you.

That same day, following Richards’s testimony, the Grand Jury indicted Appellant

for capital murder.5 Two weeks later, Richards was released on ten years probation in

return for a plea of guilty to injury to a child by omission.6

During the course of pretrial proceedings, Appellant filed motions for discovery of

the Grand Jury transcripts and materials. In support of his request for the transcripts, he

asserted that Richards was the only eyewitness to the events the morning of the baby’s

death and that he had recanted four earlier statements to police during his Grand Jury

testimony. Appellant also asserted the Grand Jury testimony was necessary to effectively

cross-examine Richards at trial. The trial court granted the motion.

5
A person commits capital murder if he or she intentionally or knowingly causes the death of a person
under six years of age. Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 19.02(b)(1), 19.03 (a)(8) (Vernon 2003).

6
Six months later, Richards was arrested for shooting a person twice in the stomach at a local park
and was serving time in prison by the time he was brought to court to testify at Appellant’s trial.

6
 After receiving the transcript of Richards’s testimony, Appellant filed a motion to

quash the indictment because Sergeants Dockery and Crandell were present in the Grand

Jury room during Richards’s testimony and questioned him before the Grand Jury. On

August 20, 2007, the trial court held a pretrial hearing on Appellant’s motion to quash. At

the hearing, the State admitted the error but questioned whether articles 20.011 and 20.04

served any legitimate purpose. During that hearing, the State made the following

statement:

Well, to be honest with you, Your honor, the secrecy of the Grand Jury has
lost a lot of its impact as to why it was written as well. The question should
be–and I think is, if we’re allowed to have investigators in there to assist us
because they know the case better than anybody when it’s presented to the
Grand Jury, if we’re allowed to do that, the fact that they ask the questions
rather than the State, doesn’t make a lot of sense. The exact reasons why
they have the statute is lost on the State. I don’t know what the legislative
history is on it.

Murphy admitted that “[police] officers have always been [in the grand jury room],

as long–that’s been the practice from the–from the Potter County perspective as long as

I’ve been there.” He also admitted that typically the “Special Crimes people are there,” this

was the “rare occasion” where they had a witness, and they had developed some changes

in his testimony. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found there was error but

overruled Appellant’s motion to quash after finding the State’s error was harmless.

7
 Following a six day jury trial, Appellant was found guilty of capital murder. Because

the State waived the death penalty, the trial court automatically imposed a life sentence.

This appeal followed.

Discussion

Appellant contends the State violated articles 20.011 and 20.04 by permitting

Sergeants Dockery and Crandell to attend the Grand Jury proceedings in a capacity other

than as witnesses and by improperly allowing the officers to question Richards. Appellant

contends the officers’ presence as well as their questioning of Richards impermissibly

influenced the proceedings and effectively commandeered the Grand Jurors in furtherance

of law enforcement’s investigation. Appellant also asserts that, unless these impermissible

practices are checked, the State’s violations will continue with impunity. Finally, Appellant

contends the error was not harmless.

The State concedes that Appellant’s indictment was obtained following a violation

of articles 20.011 and 20.04. The State further concedes the trial court erred in failing to

grant Appellant’s motion to quash; however, it contends that error was harmless. The State

asserts that the error “derived from a misunderstanding of the procedural law [regarding

grand jury proceedings] rather than a deliberate disregard of that law.” The State further

contends the information exacted by Sergeants Dockery and Crandell was “only peripheral

for later prosecution purposes” and harmless to Appellant. The State relies heavily upon

three cases where an intermediate appellate court has found that the questioning of a

8
grand jury witness by an unauthorized person was harmless, State v. Smith, 36 S.W.3d

134, 137-38 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d); Sanders v. State, 978 S.W.2d

597, 600-01 (Tex.App.–Tyler 1997, pet. ref’d); and Hernandez v. State, 791 S.W.2d 301,

304-05 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 1990, pet. ref’d).

I. Article 20.011 – 1995 Amendment

In 1995, the Legislature amended the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure by adding

provisions intended to promote grand jury secrecy. See art. 20.011.7 One provision was

the requirement that witnesses could be present in the grand jury room while proceedings

were conducted if (1) they were being examined, (2) were necessary to assist the state’s

attorney examining other witnesses, or (3) were necessary to assist the state’s attorney in

his presentation of evidence to the grand jury. Art. 20.011(a)(4). Prior to the enactment

of these statutory provisions, the rule in Texas was that, when grand jurors were not

deliberating or voting, the presence of persons who had official business in the grand jury

chamber, such as police officers, was not discountenanced.8 Nevertheless, Texas courts

recognized that the “better practice is that only the prosecutor, reporter and witnesses

7
Act of May 24, 1995, 74 th Leg., R.S., ch. 1011, 5 Tex. Gen. Laws 5066.

8
See Ex parte Rogers, 640 S.W.2d 921, 924 (Tex.Crim.App. 1982); Baldwin v. State, 478 S.W .2d 476,
478 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972); Minton v. State, 468 S.W.2d 426, 432 (Tex.Crim.App. 1971); Tinker v. State, 95
Tex.Crim. 143, 253 S.W. 531, 532 (1923); Bridges v. State, 656 S.W.2d 505, 507 (Tex.App.–Tyler 1983, pet.
ref’d), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 838, 104 S.Ct. 129, 78 L.Ed.2d 125 (1983). See also Op. Tex. Att’y Gen. No.
C-500 (1965).

9
being interrogated be present.” Ex parte Rogers, 640 S.W.2d at 924.9 By enacting article

20.011 with the limiting language contained in subsection (a)(4), the Legislature apparently

adopted the “better practice” recognized by Texas courts for the purpose of promoting the

independence of the grand jury.

II. Article 20.04 – 1989 Amendment

In 1989, the Texas Legislature amended the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure by

adding provisions permitting only the State’s attorney or a grand juror to question a witness

before a grand jury. See art. 20.04.10 What began as a single amendment to the Code of

Criminal Procedure11 intended to eliminate the, then, current practice of allowing police

officers to question witnesses during grand jury proceedings; House Comm. on Criminal

Jurisprudence, Bill Analysis, Tex. CSSB 208, 71st Leg., R.S. (1989),12 became an omnibus

grand jury reform bill aimed at eliminating grand jury abuse. See House Comm. on

Criminal Jurisprudence, Bill Analysis, Tex. SB 208 & CSSB 208, 71st Leg., R.S. (1989). 13

See also Hernandez v. State, 791 S.W.2d 301, 305-06 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 1990, pet.

9
Baldwin, 478 S.W.2d at 478; Minton, 468 S.W .2d at 432.

10
The language of the earlier version was not exclusive: it provided that the State’s attorney “may
examine the witnesses” and did not contain that language of the current version (“no person other than...”)
which limits questioning to the State’s attorney and grand jurors. See Act of May 31, 1965, 59 th Leg., ch. 722,
1965 Tex. Gen. Laws 317 (amended 1989).

11
Tex. S.B. 208, 71 st Leg., R.S. (1989).

12
Available at http://www.lrl.state.tx.us/legis/billanalyses/billAnalysesSessionViewProc.cfm.

13
See id.

10
ref’d).14 Clearly, the intent of the Legislature was to protect the independence and

autonomy of the grand jury by prohibiting police officers from questioning witnesses.

III. Harmless Error

We agree that the trial court erred by failing to grant Appellant’s motion to quash;

however, we are still required to assess the harm, if any, arising from that error pursuant

to Rule 44.2 of the Texas Rules of Appellant Procedure. See Jasper v. State, 61 S.W.3d

413, 423 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001) (citing Tex. R. App. P. 42.2(a) as proper standard for

addressing constitutional error); Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259 (Tex.Crim.App.

1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1070, 119 S.Ct. 1466, 143 L.Ed.2d 550 (1999) (citing Tex.

R. App. P. 42.2(b) as proper standard for addressing nonconstitutional error).

Although the right to a grand jury indictment is guaranteed by the Texas Constitution;

Tex. Const. Art. I, § 10,15 the failure to adhere to statutory procedures serving to protect this

constitutional provision is a violation of the statute, not a violation of the constitutional

14
In Hernandez, the evidence indicated that police officers who testified against the accused were
present when each other testified before the grand jury and one or more officers directly questioned the
accused before the grand jury. Hernandez, 791 S.W .2d at 305. Nevertheless, the court determined that no
case required a trial court to quash an indictment under similar circumstances; id. at 304-05 (collected cases
cited therein), while noting that the accused was indicted in 1987, nearly two years prior to the Legislature
amending article 20.04. Id. at 305 n.1.

15
Article I provides that “no person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense, unless on indictment
by a grand jury,” and the accused “shall have the right to demand the nature and cause of the accusation
against him, and to have a copy thereof.” Tex. Const. art. I, § 10 (amended 1918). The Sixth Amendment
of the United States Constitution provides similar guarantees. U.S. Const. amend. VI (“[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, the accused . . . shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. . . . ”) This
federal constitutional right, however, has not been incorporated and applied to the states through the
Fourteenth Amendment. See Beck v. Washington, 369 U.S. 541, 82 S.Ct. 955, 8 L.Ed.2d 98 (1962) (every
misapplication of state law does not constitute a federal due process violation).

11
provision itself. Chavez v. State, 91 S.W.3d 797, 800-01 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002); Ex parte

Long, 910 S.W.2d 485, 486 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995); Ex parte Sadberry, 864 S.W.2d 541,

543 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). Although the language prohibiting unauthorized persons from

questioning witnesses before the grand jury is mandatory, “the violation of a mandatory

statute does not, by itself, call for the reversal of a conviction.” Ford v. State, 73 S.W.3d

923, 925 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002) (error in application of statutory protection subject to harm

analysis where protection does not fall within the very limited class of “structural” error

immunized from harm analysis). Therefore, because we are addressing statutory violations

of articles 20.011 and 20.04, we assess the harm, if any, pursuant to the standard for

nonconstitutional error found in Rule 44.2(b).

Pursuant to that standard, any nonconstitutional error, defect, irregularity, or

variance that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded. Tex. R. App. P.

44.2(b). A substantial right is affected when the error has a substantial and injurious effect

or influence in determining the jury's verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271

(Tex.Crim.App. 1997). Thus, a criminal conviction should not be overturned for

nonconstitutional error if the appellate court, after examining the record as whole, has fair

assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect. Johnson v.

State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998). However, if pursuant to a harm

analysis of a nonconstitutional error, the court has “grave doubts” about the error's effect

on the outcome, it must treat the error as if it did. Burnett v. State, 88 S.W.3d 633, 637-38

(Tex.Crim.App. 2002).

12
 III. Focus of Harmless Error Analysis

A special problem of harmless error analysis is presented when the error consists

of a pretrial denial of a sanction or procedural advantage (e.g., dismissal of the indictment)

to which the defendant is entitled as a penalty for the violation of another legal requirement

(e.g., compliance with articles 20.011 and 20.04). In such a situation as this, the question

becomes, should the harmless error analysis focus on the failure to dismiss the indictment

(in which case the error would never be harmless because without an indictment clearly the

error has had a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the jury’s verdict); or, should

the analysis focus upon the triggering violation of the legal requirement giving rise to the

right to the dismissal? We believe the better reasoned analysis is to focus upon the

violation itself.

Furthermore, the State’s failure to adhere to the dictates of articles 20.011 and 20.04

are violations affecting the grand jury process and not in any sense trial errors. Therefore,

in order to meaningfully conduct a harmless error analysis of such pretrial non-

constitutional error, we must focus upon the violation in question and examine whether the

purpose of the statutes was thwarted by the error. See Ford, 73 S.W.3d at 925-26; Roethel

v. State, 80 S.W.3d 276, 281 (Tex.App.–Austin 2002, no pet.). In Ford, the Court of

Criminal Appeals assessed the erroneous denial of a jury shuffle by determining whether

the defendant was afforded a randomly selected jury. Finding that the purpose of the

statute was not thwarted by the error, the error was found to be harmless. In another case,

13
Johnson v. State, 72 S.W.3d 346, 348-49 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002), the Court held that a

violation of the requirement that a defendant execute a pretrial written waiver of a jury trial

was harmless because the record showed that the purpose of the statute - to ensure that

the defendant understood the right he was waiving - was accomplished without the writing.

Similarly, when determining that a harm analysis focusing on the effect of the alleged

error on the grand jury’s decision to indict was appropriate when considering a violation of

Rule 6(d) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure,16 regarding who was properly present

during a grand jury proceeding, Justice O’Connor, in a concurring opinion, wrote, “the

logical focus of the harmless error inquiry is an examination of the influence of the error on

the charging decision.” United States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 76, 106 S.Ct. 938, 944,

98 L.Ed.2d 50 (1986) (Justice O’Connor, joined by Justices Brennan and Blackmun,

concurring).

While not expressly stating that this was the focus of their harmless error analysis,

the three cases relied upon by the State have each reached a similar result. In Smith v.

State, the 14th Court of Appeals found that, although a violation of article 20.04 constituted

a deprivation of a “substantial right,” that error has harmless because the purpose of the

statute was not thwarted because the court could meaningfully gauge the effect of the error

16
Rule 6(d)(1) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provides:

“W hile the Grand Jury is in Session. The following persons may be present while the
grand jury is in session: attorneys for the government, the witness being questioned,
interpreters when needed, and a court reporter or an operator of a recording device.”

14
by reviewing it in light of the rest of the witness’s testimony before the grand jury. 36

S.W.3d at 137. In Sanders v. State, the 12th Court of Appeals likewise held that, although

a person other than the State’s attorney or a grand juror questioned witnesses in violation

of article 20.04, that error was harmless because the improper questioning amounted to

nothing more than reiterations of earlier grand jury testimony that was “either redundant or

irrelevant.” 978 S.W.2d at 601. Finally, in Hernandez v. State, without any real harm

analysis, the 13th Court of Appeals held that where the appellant was indicted prior to the

amendment to article 20.04, the trial court was not required to quash the indictment where

unauthorized persons were permitted to question grand jury witnesses. In each instance,

the appellate court looked to the impact of the error on the grand jury proceeding, not the

trial on the merits.

Therefore, we must determine whether the violations of articles 20.011 and 20.04

“substantially influenced the grand jury’s decision to indict, or if there is ‘grave doubt’ that

the decision to indict was free from the substantial influence of such violations.” Bank of

Nova Scotia v. United States, 487 U.S. 250, 256, 108 S.Ct. 2369, 101 L.Ed.2d 228 (1988)

(adopting the standard articulated by Justice O’Connor in her concurring opinion in United

States v. Mechanik, supra).

IV. Application of Harmless Error Analysis

In this case, the State concedes that allowing Sergeants Dockery and Crandell to

question Richards was error. Therefore, our analysis will focus on the harm caused to

15
Appellant by this error as it pertains to the Grand Jury’s decision to indict Appellant. In

conducting our analysis, we review the questions and statements complained of appearing

in the record and then analyze the same in relation to the remainder of the witness’s

testimony before the Grand Jury, “thereby allowing this court to ‘meaningfully gauge or

quantify the effect of this error.’” Smith, 36 S.W.3d at 137 (quoting Sanders, 978 S.W.2d

at 600). Factors we include in this analysis include: (1) the source of the error; (2) the

nature of the error; (3) to what extent the error was emphasized by the State; (4) the error’s

probable implications; (5) how much weight a grand juror would probably place on the error;

and (6) whether declaring the error harmless would encourage the State to repeat it with

impunity. Harris v. State, 790 S.W.2d 568, 587 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989); Crocker v. State,

248 S.W.3d 299, 306 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d). The existence and

severity of these factors are indicative of the harm caused by the improper conduct. Wilson

v. State, 938 S.W.2d 57, 61 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). No single factor is dispositive. Ex parte

Werne, 118 S.W.3d 833, 837 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 2003, no pet.).

Here, the source and nature of the error is troubling. That the error emanated

directly from the State with the trial court’s, albeit reluctant, approval is significant to our

analysis. See Davis v. State, 195 S.W.3d 311, 318-19 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2006,

no pet.); Werne, 118 S.W.3d at 837. See also Daniels v. State, 25 S.W.3d 893, 899

(Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). The trial court denied Appellant’s motion to

quash, after the State admitted error, stating that, under the applicable appellate standard,

16
a higher court would inevitably find the State’s error harmless.17 The harmless error rule

is a rule of appellate procedure and the rules of appellate procedure govern procedures in

appellate courts and before appellate judges. See Tex. R. App. P. 1.1. Therefore, the

determination of harm is a matter left exclusively to the appellate courts to be applied when

reviewing the effect of an error committed by the trial court. Salavar v. State, 118 S.W.3d

880, 885 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.).

Whether, and to what extent, the error was emphasized by the State is, in part,

subsumed in our consideration of the previous factor. But for the State’s effort to persuade

the trial court that the error was “harmless,” this issue would not now be before this Court.

Only because Appellant was able to establish “particularized need” under article 22.02 was

he provided the Grand Jury transcripts bringing to light the violations in question. See

article 22.02(d), (e). Clearly, insofar as these statutory provisions were intended to protect

the impartiality and integrity of grand jury proceedings, our statutory scheme relies heavily

upon the integrity of the State in complying with the appropriate grand jury procedures. If

the State’s attorney fails to inform grand jurors that permitting police officers to

indiscriminately attend grand jury proceedings or permitting officers to question grand jury

witnesses is against the law, how are grand jurors to know? This is particularly so when

17
After the State conceded error, the trial court was bound under the guiding principles of the law to
grant Appellant’s motion to quash the indictment. Applying an appellate standard of review during a pretrial
proceeding to deny Appellant’s motion to quash constituted an abuse of its discretion. If the trial court would
have granted Appellant’s motion to quash, then the State would have had the options of re-indicting Appellant
in a legal manner or appealing the trial court’s ruling to this Court. See State v. Plambeck, 182 S.W .3d 365,
366, 370 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005); State v. Eaves, 786 S.W.2d 396 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 1980), aff’d, 800 S.W .2d
220, 224 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990).

17
the State’s attorney is the person to whom the grand jurors logically turn for legal advice

and direction. To compound the harm arising from these violations by persuading the trial

court that any such error is harmless, is to place emphasis on the error in the worst way.

The error’s probable implications were that the Grand Jurors were prejudiced against

Appellant because Richards’s new testimony recanting four previous statements to police

was given imprimatur through direct questioning by Sergeant Dockery and, to a lesser

degree, by Sergeant Crandell. Unlike in Smith, supra, and Sanders, supra, Sergeant

Dockery’s questions were not redundant or duplicative of the questions asked by the

State’s attorney or Grand Jurors. Here, the questions were both unique and relevant. The

officers’ questions were leading and suggested to Richards facts related to the crime

scene. Significantly, Sergeant Dockery also attempted to rehabilitate Richards before the

Grand Jury by obtaining admissions that Richards had lied to police on four earlier

occasions, but was telling the truth now. The questions bolstered Richards’s credibility by

painting him as being repentant because he believed he should be punished for not helping

the baby. Sergeant Dockery then solicited new testimony that Richards had told Appellant

to stop, and he volunteered that the police wouldn’t have expected Richards to “get into a

fight with [Appellant] to protect the child.” Finally, Sergeant Dockery bolstered Richards’s

testimony by thanking him for testifying before the Grand Jury and expressed his

appreciation for Richards “stepp[ing] forward and talk[ing] to us.” Although Sergeant

18
Dockery made the statement that “[h]opefully you are telling us the truth,” he followed up

with a final, salutary comment, “[a]nd, all I can say, is good luck to you.”18

It is difficult to measure how much weight any Grand Juror placed on Sergeant

Dockery’s questioning of Richards and Richards’s responses because we are unaware of

any other evidence that was presented to the Grand Jury other than Richards’s testimony.

However, despite the glaring inconsistencies of Richards’s previous statements to the

police, we surmise that Sergeant Dockery’s official presence as well as his efforts to

rehabilitate and bolster Richards’s testimony and credibility were successful because

Appellant was indicted the same day.19

Notwithstanding assurances to the contrary, there is also a substantial risk of

repetition of the State’s illegal conduct. That the State acknowledged the error below but

still attempted to persuade the trial court to deny Appellant’s motion to quash is indicative

that, absent direction, this type of error is likely to be repeated. See Garcia v. State, 919

18
Until the Grand Jury proceedings, Sergeant Dockery had not spoken with Richards since his last
incriminating statement. However, at the hearing on Appellant’s motion to quash, Murphy indicated that the
officers were present and interrogating Richards because he was an eyewitness and they had “developed
some changes in [Richards’s] testimony.” Ostensibly, Sergeants Dockery and Crandell were present during
the Grand Jury proceedings to assure that Richards did not change his story yet again and to highjack the
Grand Jury proceedings to further their own investigation into the crime, i.e., as asserted by the State, the
information exacted by Sergeants Dockery and Crandell was “only peripheral for later prosecution purposes.”
The State offered no evidence to indicate that either Sergeants Dockery or Crandell were witnesses before
the Grand Jury or that evidence other than Richards’s testimony was presented to the Grand Jury.

19
The State asserts that, prior to questioning by Sergeants Dockery and Crandell, Murphy had already
established facts through Richards’s testimony sufficient for the Grand Jury to find probable cause. Even if
this were so, Richards’s testimony would only have value if the Grand Jurors believed he was telling the truth
after recanting four prior statements to the police. Sergeant Dockery’s principle task, it appears from the
transcript, was to bolster and make credible Richards’s testimony.

19
S.W.2d 370, 381 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996) (finding error harmful based in part on risk of

repetition, noting that prosecutor offered and trial judge admitted evidence despite

knowledge of deficiencies); Daniels, 25 S.W.3d at 899-900. See also Werne, 118 S.W.3d

at 838. Given the extent and duration of the past policy of the Potter County District

Attorney’s Office to permit law enforcement to indiscriminately attend grand jury

proceedings and question witnesses despite statutes to the contrary, their present

assurance that unauthorized questioning will not occur in future grand jury proceedings

rings hollow.20 This is particularly so where the State, in argument before the trial court and

this Court, appears convinced that violations of these statutory procedures will always be

declared “technical” violations representing no more than harmless error. This, in and of

itself, is evidence that the State will repeat this error with impunity because two courts

found these statutory violations harmless. See Kelly v. State, 903 S.W.2d 809, 812

(Tex.App.–Dallas 1995, pet. ref’d).

We cannot countenance the State’s purposeful violation of the law. The duty of

public officers to follow the letter of the law was aptly described as follows:

No man in this country is so high that he is above the law. No officer of the
law may set that law at defiance with impunity. All the officers of the
government, from the highest to the lowest, are creatures of the law, and are
bound to obey it. It is the only supreme power in our system of government,
and every man who by accepting office participates in its functions is only the

20
We also find it disingenuous for the State to now claim that it misunderstood a clear prohibition
against the conduct at issue in this appeal when the language of articles 20.011 and 20.04, is clear and the
statutes have been on the books since 1995 and 1989, respectively.

20
 more strongly bound to submit to that supremacy, and to observe the
limitations which it imposes upon the exercise of the authority which it gives.

United States v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196, 220, 1 Sup.Ct. 240, 261, 27 L.Ed. 171 (1882). See

Terrell v. Middleton, 108 Tex. 14, 191 S.W. 1138, 1144 (1917); Thompson v. State, 12

S.W.3d 915, 925 (Tex.App.–Beaumont 2000, pet. ref’d) (J. Stover, concurring); Moses v.

State, 814 S.W.2d 437, 439 (Tex.App.–Austin 1991, pet. ref’d as untimely).

We are mindful that a finding of harmful error here may mean this case will be tried

again. Regretfully, witnesses will be inconvenienced and the finality of justice sought by

those who were touched by this child’s death will be disturbed. Any benefit that society will

derive from rendering the just result in this appeal cannot, and will not, assuage the

suffering that a second trial may cause those close to the victim. Nevertheless, we are duty

bound to uphold the law and follow the old adage that “two wrongs do not make a right.”

If the State is able to avoid a just result in this case, its prosecutors will be able to violate

these statutes with impunity and visit an injustice upon every citizen who comes under

scrutiny by a Potter County Grand Jury. The statutory protections, adopted by the

Legislature to level the field for an accused, will be substantially eroded and we will be at

risk of losing the benefit of statutory procedures intended to protect our constitutional right

to indictment if these violations are simply swept aside.

Regarding the cost of a second trial, if one follows, unfortunately this cost would be

borne by taxpayers who had no hand in the State’s error. This is particularly unfortunate

21
because the State’s error, as well as this possible cost, could have been avoided if the

State had simply obeyed the law. Something the State requires of its citizens on a daily

basis.

Having reviewed the record before us, we find that, no matter how well-meaning the

intent of the officers involved, not only is there evidence that the State’s violations likely

exerted a substantial influence on the Grand Jury’s decision, we have a “grave doubt that

the decision to indict was free from the substantial influence of [the State’s] violations.” See

generally Llamas v. State, 991 S.W.2d 64 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 1998), aff’d, 12 S.W.3d 469,

470-72 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000) (error found harmful because court unsure whether testimony

had a substantial or injurious effect on jury verdict). Accordingly, we find that the trial court

abused its discretion in denying Appellant’s motion to quash and the State’s violations of

articles 20.011 and 20.04 caused harmful error. Appellant’s issues are sustained.

Conclusion

The trial court’s judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice

Publish.

22