)
BRIAN SCOTT CRISWELL,
) No. 08-03-00090-CR )Appellant,
) Appeal from )v.
) 238th District Court )THE STATE OF TEXAS,
) of Midland County, Texas )Appellee.
) (TC# CR27566)MEMORANDUM OPINION
Brian Scott Criswell appeals his conviction for the offense of stalking. A jury found Appellant guilty, and the trial judge assessed punishment at imprisonment for a term of five years, suspended for five years' community supervision, together with a fine of $2,500. We affirm.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
Appellant married Melissa Criswell in September 1996. They had a stormy relationship and Melissa ultimately obtained a protective order. Appellant violated the order in December 1997 by coming near the house where Melissa was staying, by trying to break into the house, and by damaging their jointly-owned vehicle. The couple divorced in 1999. In March 2001, an altercation resulted in Appellant's conviction for assault and terroristic threats. The record reveals he slammed Melissa against several walls, threw her on the bed and choked her, which caused her to be in fear of bodily injury or death. He also telephoned Melissa and threatened to kill her.
The record is rather vague as to when Melissa moved into her new residence. She testified that she lived in Midland County until May 2002 and that all the events alleged in the stalking complaint occurred prior to that date. A neighbor testified that she did not know exactly when Melissa moved in but that she had lived next door for approximately five or six months. It would thus appear that Melissa moved in between December 2001 and January 2002. Appellant began calling Melissa to inquire about cars parked in front of her house, sometimes at 1 or 2 a.m. She received complaints from neighbors about Appellant parking on the street and one of the neighbors saw Appellant sitting in his car and seemingly watching the house on numerous occasions. Melissa observed Appellant following her and while he did not make any threatening gestures, she took him seriously due to their violent history.
Melissa also began receiving telephone calls at all hours of the night, some threatening bodily injury. When she complained to the Sheriff's Department, she was told she had no proof. Consequently, she purchased caller ID and an answering machine to gather evidence. On March 24, 2002, Melissa returned home from church to find numerous calls on her caller ID and some messages from Appellant. She found his calls to be "mostly threatening," and at one point, Appellant threatened to cut her head off and kill her before she could leave with the children. Quite frightened, Melissa called the authorities.
Deputy John Reese responded to the call and reviewed the numbers on the caller ID. He noticed that on March 23, Appellant made fourteen telephone calls between 5:06 p.m. and 10:25 p.m. He called twenty times on March 24 between 12:16 a.m. and 9:51 p.m. In fact, Appellant called while the deputy was present. Reese spoke with him and advised him not to call the house again.
Appellant's version of events was markedly different. He denied parking near Melissa's home and watching her, claiming that he had only been there to pick up the children for visitation. He also denied threatening Melissa. Appellant admitted calling her on March 23 and 24 but could not remember how many times he had called. She had also called him repeatedly and he had taken the phone off the hook
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCEIn Points of Error Nos. One and Two, Appellant contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction because the State did not prove venue and did not establish a time frame during which the threatening phone calls were made. Appellant argues solely under the issue of legal sufficiency that the indictment was defective and that the State did not present evidence that his conduct would cause a reasonable person to fear bodily injury. In addition, Appellant complains under his factual insufficiency point that the State did not offer evidence that he committed threatening acts on more than one occasion. We will first address the preliminary matters of venue and the defect in the indictment.
VenueVenue need only be established by a preponderance of the evidence, not proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and it may be established by direct or circumstantial evidence. Tex.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 13.17 (Vernon 1977); Lozano v. State, 958 S.W.2d 925, 929 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, no pet.). The fact finder may draw reasonable inferences from the evidence. Benavides v. State, 763 S.W.2d 587, 588-89 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1988, pet ref'd).
As we have already noted, Melissa testified that she lived in Midland County until May 2002 and that all the events alleged in the stalking complaint occurred prior to her move. She complained to the Midland County Sheriff's Department and a deputy responded to her 911 call. Appellant admitted that on March 24, the day of the complaint, he was making calls from the Budget Inn in Midland. Upon examination of the evidence, we are persuaded that the State proved the offense occurred in Midland County by a preponderance of the evidence.
Defect in the IndictmentAppellant next complains that the indictment failed to properly charge the offense of stalking. The Penal Code establishes the following elements of the offense:
(a) A person commits an offense if the person, on more than one occasion and pursuant to the same scheme or course of conduct that is directed specifically at another person, knowingly engages in conduct, including following the other person, that:
(1) the actor knows or reasonably believes the other person will regard as threatening:
(A) bodily injury or death for the other person;
(B) bodily injury or death for a member of the other person's family or household; or
(C) that an offense will be committed against the other person's property;
(2) causes the other person or a member of the other person's family or household to be placed in fear of bodily injury or death or fear that an offense will be committed against the other person's property; and
(3) would cause a reasonable person to fear:
(A) bodily injury or death for himself or herself;
(B) bodily injury or death for a member of the person's family or household; or
(C) that an offense will be committed against the person's property
Tex.Pen.Code Ann. § 42.072 (Vernon 2003).
The indictment does not allege that Appellant's actions caused Melissa to be placed in fear of bodily injury or death or that a reasonable person would fear bodily injury or death, both of which are elements of the offense. Instead, the indictment alleged:
BRIAN SCOTT CRISWELL, hereinafter styled Defendant, on or about the 24th day of March A.D., 2002, and before the presentment of this indictment, in the County and State aforesaid, on more than one occasion or pursuant to the same scheme or course of conduct that is directed specifically at another person, to-wit: Melissa Criswell, knowingly engage in conduct, including following the said Melissa Criswell, that the said BRIAN SCOTT CRISWELL knows and reasonably believes the said Melissa Criswell will regard as threatening bodily injury and death for the said Melissa Criswell: to-wit: by parking BRIAN SCOTT CRISWELL'S car near said Melissa Criswell's house and watching her house, making threatening phone calls to the said Melissa Criswell and threatening to cut off the head of the said Melissa Criswell; against the peace and dignity of the State.
Just before trial, Appellant asked the court to find Section 42.072 unconstitutional as applied to him because the indictment was lacking these two elements and because the prior enactment of the statute--which did not contain the reasonable person standard--was found to be unconstitutional. The court construed his argument as an attempt to quash the indictment, which Appellant admitted was untimely presented. A defendant must object to a defect of form or substance in an indictment before the date on which trial commences. See Tex.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 1.14(b)(Vernon Supp. 2004). The judge denied Appellant's request.
We note, however, that the jury charge contained the correct recitation of the elements of stalking. Sufficiency of the evidence is to be measured by the elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). Such a charge is one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 240. We turn now to the sufficiency of the evidence.
Legal Sufficiency
In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction, we must review all the evidence, both State and defense, in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573 (1979); Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 159 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). This familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d at 573. We do not resolve any conflict of fact or assign credibility to the witnesses, as it was the function of the trier of fact to do so. See Adelman v. State, 828 S.W.2d 418, 421 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992); Matson v. State, 819 S.W.2d 839, 843 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). Instead, our duty is only to determine if both the explicit and implicit findings of the trier of fact are rational by viewing all of the evidence admitted at trial in a light most favorable to the verdict. Adelman, 828 S.W.2d at 422. In so doing, any inconsistencies in the evidence are resolved in favor of the verdict. Matson, 819 S.W.2d at 843. Further, the standard of review is the same for both direct and circumstantial evidence cases. Geesa, 820 S.W.2d at 158.
Appellant argues that the State failed to prove that a reasonable person would fear bodily injury under the circumstances. Considering Appellant's pattern of behavior, such as repeatedly calling his former wife, parking outside her house on various occasions, and threatening to cut off her head, the jury could have easily found that a reasonable person would have been placed in fear of bodily injury or death. In addition, the parties had a violent history which included Appellant's violation of a protective order and his conviction for assault and terroristic threats.
Appellant also complains that the State did not demonstrate that these acts occurred over a particular span of time. While the State did not offer evidence of the specific dates on which Appellant committed these acts, Deputy Reese testified concerning the telephone calls on March 23 and March 24, 2002. Melissa testified that she had noticed Appellant parking outside her home "since January" and that she had moved out in May 2002. Her neighbor testified that Melissa had lived next door for five to six months. The jury could have reasonably inferred that the threatening phone calls and the stalking occurred on more than one occasion and over a period of time between the end of 2001 and May 2002. Because we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient for a rational jury to find all the essential elements of the crime of stalking beyond a reasonable doubt, we overrule Point of Error No. One.
Factual SufficiencyWhen conducting a factual sufficiency review, we consider all of the evidence, but we do not view it in the light most favorable to the verdict. Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996); Levario v. State, 964 S.W.2d 290, 295 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, no pet.). We review the evidence weighed by the jury that tends to prove the existence of the elemental fact in dispute and compare it with the evidence that tends to disprove that fact. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000); Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 647 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 832, 118 S. Ct. 100, 139 L. Ed. 2d 54 (1997). A defendant challenging the factual sufficiency of the evidence may allege that the evidence is so weak as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or in a case where the defendant has offered contrary evidence, he may argue that the finding of guilt is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 11. Although we are authorized to set aside the fact finder's determination under either of these two circumstances, our review must employ appropriate deference and should not intrude upon the fact finder's role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility given to any evidence presented at trial. See id. at 7. We are not free to reweigh the evidence and set aside a verdict merely because we feel that a different result is more reasonable. Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997); Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 135.
Appellant argues that the State used his prior convictions to establish that events occurred on more than one occasion and thus violated his right against double jeopardy. The prior convictions were admitted as extraneous offenses to demonstrate a continuing plan, motive, and intent. See Tex.R.Evid. 404(b). Appellant's right against double jeopardy has not been violated. As to the sufficiency of the evidence establishing that acts occurred on more than one occasion, Deputy Reese testified that Appellant made fourteen calls to Melissa's residence on the March 23 and twenty calls on the March 24. Both Melissa and her neighbor testified that Appellant frequently parked outside the house, watching or waiting for her to arrive home. Melissa also explained that Appellant had followed her on several occasions. Although Appellant denied the allegations, it is within the jury's province to judge the credibility of witnesses, to resolve any inconsistencies in testimony, and to determine the weight to be accorded to testimony. See Lee v. State, 51 S.W.3d 365, 369 (Tex.App.--Austin 2001, no pet.). Because their resolution of this issue is not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence, we overrule Point of Error No. Two.
PUNISHMENT ISSUESAppellant next complains that he should have been sentenced under the former stalking statute, a Class A misdemeanor. See Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 62, amended by Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 1222, § 3. The current enactment provides for punishment as a third degree felony. See Tex.Pen.Code Ann. § 42.072. For purposes of Section 42.072, an offense committed before September 1, 2001 is covered by the law in effect when the offense was committed. See Tex.Pen.Code Ann. § 42.072 historical note (Vernon Supp. 2004) [Act of 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1222, § 3]. Appellant contends that stalking is a continuing offense and that acts constituting part of the offense were committed as far back as 1995 and continued until March 2002. He again argues that the State offered his prior convictions in violation of his right against double jeopardy.
A trial court's decision to admit evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. We will not reverse the trial court's ruling if it falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Tex.Code Crim.Proc.Ann. art. 37.07, § 3(g)(Vernon Supp. 2004); Tex.R.Evid. 404(b); Mitchell v. State, 931 S.W.2d 950, 953 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). Appellant's prior convictions were admitted as extraneous offenses under Rule 404(b), not to prove elements of the offense of stalking or to show conduct occurring on more than one occasion. See Tex.R.Evid. 404(b). The convictions were relevant because they established whether Melissa feared bodily injury or death based on Appellant's pattern of behavior. See Clements v. State, 19 S.W.3d 442, 451-52 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.). We find no abuse of discretion in the admission of Appellant's prior convictions.
However, his contention that the State offered evidence that he had been stalking Melissa since 1995 is more problematic. At trial, Melissa was asked whether she reported to the police that Appellant had been parking outside her residence since early 2001. Without answering the question, she testified that Appellant's behavior began as early as 1995, when they were dating, and that she had noticed his parking at her residence "since January." The record suggests that Melissa moved into the residence between December 2001 and January 2002. Her complaints of stalking thus coincided with her residency, which began after the effective date of the statute.
Our decision is supported by Clements, which addressed the admissibility of events that occurred before the effective date of the stalking statute. 19 S.W.3d at 451. There, the effective date of the statute was January 23, 1997, and the trial court had admitted evidence concerning events that occurred in 1996. Id. at 445-46. The court of appeals concluded that the trial court was required to determine whether the complainant had been placed in fear of bodily harm or death and that those events established a pattern of behavior and were not used to prove the elements of the offense. Id. at 451. We similarly conclude that events occurring after the effective date of the statute were used to establish the elements of the offense and preceding events were admitted only to show Melissa's fear of bodily injury or death. Finding no abuse of discretion, we overrule Point of Error No. Three. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
February 12, 2004
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice
Before Panel No. 2
Barajas, C.J., McClure, and Chew, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)