COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
HUGO ANTONIO ROMERO, )
) No. 08-04-00277-CR
Appellant, )
) Appeal from the
v. )
) 168th District Court
THE STATE OF TEXAS, )
) of El Paso County, Texas
Appellee. )
) (TC# 73192)
)
O P I N I O N
Hugo Antonio Romero was indicted for two counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. A jury found him guilty of both counts and assessed punishment at 20 years= imprisonment and a fine of $10,000. In three issues, Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction and complains of ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. We must affirm.
On October 12, 1993, Errol Lockett and a friend went to the Anthony Bar in Anthony, Texas around 11:30 p.m. Mr. Lockett=s friend left at approximately 1 a.m., but Mr. Lockett decided to stay at the bar, which usually closed at 2 a.m. As he was leaning up against the bar, facing the bartender, he was struck from behind with a heavy object. The first blow was to the back of his head. When he turned around, he was struck just over his nose and then on the mouth. Mr. Lockett was knocked to the floor. Mr. Lockett suffered extensive facial injuries as a result of the attack, including loss of his two front teeth, fractures to both sides of his face, a torn upper lip, and damage to his nose.
Mr. Lockett underwent surgery for his injuries and was unconscious for several days.[1] It was more than four months before Mr. Lockett could walk on his own and his jaw was wired shut for over a month. Mr. Lockett never saw his assailant because the attack happened so quickly.
Miguel Garcia was a customer at the Anthony Bar that night. Mr. Garcia testified that prior to the attack, he saw a man leave the bar, but return five minutes later, demanding to know who had broken his car windows. The man then struck a black man three times and someone called the police. Mr. Garcia did not see the assailant=s face and the assailant ran off before the police arrived.
Oscar Minjarez, a lifelong friend of Appellant, was at the Anthony Bar with his friend Cesar Monreal on the night of the assault. Mr. Minjarez and his friends frequented the bar once or twice a month and he recalled seeing Mr. Lockett there a couple of times before. Mr. Minjarez was admittedly drunk that night. He recalled that Appellant came into the bar, drank a beer, and then left. Mr. Minjarez saw Mr. Lockett laying on the floor, but did not see him being beaten nor did he see who had beaten him. Mr. Minjarez could not say for certain whether or not Appellant was the one who had beaten Mr. Lockett.
Cesar Monreal testified that back in 1993 he had heard of Appellant, but did not know him personally, and he only knew Mr. Lockett casually. On the night in question, he was drinking and playing pool with Mr. Minjarez. He did not remember seeing Appellant come into the bar. But he did recall seeing an angry man come into the bar carrying a tire jack and yelling that someone had broken a window. The man walked over to Mr. Lockett and hit him with the tire jack, swinging it like a baseball bat. He saw Mr. Lockett turn around, only to be hit a second time. Mr. Minjarez saw Mr. Lockett fall to the ground. The assailant then walked out the door with the tire jack still in his hand.
Mr. Monreal also admitted that he had testified that he had been interviewed by Investigator Jorge Perez and the state prosecutor on July 24, 2004, and that he probably told them that it was the Appellant who struck Mr. Lockett on the head with a tire jack at least twice. Mr. Monreal also admitted telling them that he was afraid of retaliation by Appellant=s family members in the area. On cross-examination, Mr. Monreal maintained that he did not recognize Appellant as the man who was carrying the tire jack. He also stated that he was not afraid to tell the truth at trial.
At the time of the assault, Officer Richard Bartlett was a patrolman with the Anthony Police Department. The assault case was assigned to him on December 6, 1993. The officer took a voluntary witness statement from Saul Zavala. Mr. Zavala told Officer Bartlett that he and Appellant were talking at the Anthony Bar around 1 a.m. before Appellant left. Appellant returned ten to fifteen minutes later, carrying a tire jack and demanding in a loud voice to know who had broken his car windows. Appellant went over to Mr. Lockett, a black man, and hit him in the back with the tire jack. Appellant then hit the victim two or three more times after he fell. Then Appellant left the bar. After giving the statement, Mr. Zavala identified Appellant from a photo lineup. Officer Bartlett identified Appellant in the courtroom as the man that Mr. Zavala identified in the photo lineup. Officer Bartlett also testified that Mr. Zavala was concerned that harm would come to him if Appellant found out that he had given a statement. Mr. Zavala did not testify at trial.
An arrest warrant was issued for Appellant on the same day Officer Bartlett took Mr. Zavala=s statement. In February 1994, Officer Bartlett received a tip that Appellant was in a gold-colored Mustang driving towards I-10 en route to Juarez. Officer Bartlett stopped the vehicle and told Appellant he had an outstanding arrest for an aggravated assault. Appellant did not resist arrest and told Officer Bartlett that Ahe was tired of running and that he was glad he got caught.@ On cross-examination, Officer Bartlett agreed that Appellant could have been referring to another charge.
Appellant testified at trial. He denied hitting Mr. Lockett. He admitted that he went to the bar that night and saw his friends Oscar Minjarez and Saul Zavala, but he has not had a drink since 1990. He had gone into the bar around 6:30 p.m. looking for his father who is a recovering alcoholic and left right away. He also stated that no one broke his car windows and he did not see anyone run into the bar screaming about broken windows.
In Issues One and Two, Appellant contends his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance. Specifically, he asserts that his counsel was ineffective by failing to object to hearsay testimony from Officer Bartlett and was ineffective by failing to request a limiting instruction that Mr. Monreal=s prior inconsistent statement was to be considered for impeachment purposes only.
Standard of Review
We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the two-prong test set out by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). To prevail on an ineffective assistance claim, the appellant must show by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel=s performance was deficient, that is, counsel=s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). In addition, the appellant must show that counsel=s deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994). This requires the appellant to show there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel=s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068; Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068; Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771.
In reviewing claims of ineffective assistance, we must indulge a strong presumption that counsel=s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance and the appellant must overcome the presumption that the challenged conduct might be considered sound trial strategy. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813; Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. Any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded and affirmatively demonstrated in the record to overcome this presumption. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813; see Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. In the majority of instances, this task is extremely difficult because Athe record on direct appeal is simply undeveloped and cannot adequately reflect the failings of trial counsel.@ Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813-14. When faced with a silent record as to counsel=s strategy, this Court will not speculate as to the reasons for counsel=s actions. See Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. The defendant bears the burden of proving ineffective assistance by a preponderance of the evidence. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
In this case, Appellant did not file a motion for new trial to challenge the alleged ineffectiveness of his counsel. The record before this Court does not contain trial counsel=s explanations of the reasons for his actions, therefore it will be difficult for Appellant to rebut the strong presumption that trial counsel=s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814.
Failure to Object to Hearsay Testimony
Appellant argues that his trial counsel=s representation was deficient because the record shows that his counsel knew he should have objected to inadmissible hearsay statements by Saul Zavala, which were admitted through the testimony of Officer Bartlett, but failed to do so. Appellant asserts that the out-of-court statements were testimonial and inadmissible and violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine a witness against him.
Out-of-court testimonial statements by a declarant who fails to testify at trial violate the Sixth Amendment=s Confrontation Clause unless the declarant is unavailable to testify and the accused had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. See Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1373-74, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004). While the Supreme Court in Crawford declined to provide a comprehensive definition of testimonial statements, the Court listed several examples of testimonial statements, which included: (1) material such as affidavits, custodial examinations, or similar pretrial statements that declarants would reasonably expect to be used prosecutorially; and (2) statements that were made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51-2, 124 S. Ct. at 1364. Mr. Zavala=s voluntary statement was taken by a police officer in the course of investigating the aggravated assault. As a result of the statement and the photo lineup identification, Officer Bartlett issued an arrest warrant for Appellant. We conclude that Mr. Zavala=s out-of-court statements were testimonial in nature and inadmissible hearsay under Crawford.
Appellant further contends that his trial counsel knew he should have objected to the testimony. At trial, during cross-examination of Appellant, his counsel objected to questions concerning Mr. Zavala=s statement and the following exchange occurred:
Defense: Objection, Your Honor. There=s never been any Zavala here and we don=t know about any statement ever given.
The State: There=s been testimony.
The Court: Would you approach the bench.
(At the bench, on the record.)
Defense: Now he=s compounding the hearsay testimony.
The Court: Mr. Rey, I think that Mr. Bartlett testified about what Zavala said.
Defense: Testified what?
The Court: Mr. Bartlett testified about what Zavala said, although Zavala didn=t show up. Am I correct?
The State: Exactly, Your Honor.
Defense: That=s not evidence.
The Court: It is now. All of that is before the Jury. It was hearsay. Yes, I agree.
Defense: We objected.
The Court: No, you didn=t. So go ahead.
The State: Thank you.
Apparently, trial counsel believed that he had lodged an objection to the inadmissible testimony. The record before us, however, is otherwise silent as to trial counsel=s strategy, thus we are hesitant to speculate as to the reasons for lack of an objection. But assuming that Appellant has met his burden under the first prong, he fails to show that his counsel=s deficient performance prejudiced his defense, that is, that there is a reasonable probability that, but for the error claimed, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068; Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771.
In this case, there was other evidence, excluding the hearsay testimony, from which the jury could have found Appellant committed the charged offense. Mr. Minjarez=s testimony placed Appellant in the bar on the night of the assault. Mr. Minjarez could not say for certain whether or not Appellant was the one who had beaten Mr. Lockett. Appellant=s friend, Cesar Monreal, denied Appellant=s involvement in the assault, but his testimony was impeached by his prior inconsistent statement in which he identified Appellant as the assailant. When Officer Bartlett later arrested Appellant for aggravated assault, Appellant told the officer Ahe was tired of running and that he was glad he got caught.@ Given the other evidence, we conclude that Appellant has failed to show that a reasonable probability exists that a different outcome would have resulted but for his counsel=s omission. Thus, Appellant has failed to prove his ineffective assistance of counsel claim by a preponderance of the evidence based on this particular ground.
Failure to Request a Limiting Instruction
Appellant next asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to request a limiting instruction concerning Mr. Monreal=s prior inconsistent statement. At trial, Mr. Monreal testified that he did not remember seeing Appellant come into the bar. Further, Mr. Monreal stated, AI had never met [Appellant] before now. I still don=t know who he is.@ When the State questioned Appellant about his previous statements to Investigator Perez and the state prosecutor, Appellant=s trial counsel objected and the State asserted Aprior inconsistent statement@ as the grounds for admissibility. Mr. Monreal admitted that he probably did tell the investigator and state prosecutor that Appellant struck Mr. Lockett on the head with a tire jack in the bar. On cross-examination, however, Mr. Monreal maintained that he did not recognize Appellant as the one carrying the tire jack.
Under Rule 613(a) of the Texas Rules of Evidence, a witness=s prior inconsistent statement may be used to impeach the witness=s credibility. See Tex.R.Evid. 613(a). From the record, it is obvious that the State offered the prior inconsistent statement only to impeach Mr. Monreal=s earlier testimony. When it is apparent that testimony is being used for impeachment purposes only, no limiting instruction is necessary. See Cantrell v. State, 731 S.W.2d 84, 95 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987). Because no limiting instruction was necessary, Appellant=s trial counsel was not ineffective on this ground. See Flowers v. State, 124 S.W.3d 801, 804 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref=d)(trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to request a limiting instruction where testimony was clearly offered for impeachment purposes only).
Moreover, even if we were to agree with Appellant that in hindsight, trial counsel had good reason for requesting a limiting instruction when Mr. Monreal=s prior inconsistent statement was introduced, the record in this case is silent as to why trial counsel chose to forego such a request. Once again, because we only have a silent record, we may not speculate as to the reasoning and strategy that underlies trial counsel=s actions. See Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. Thus, Appellant has failed to rebut the strong presumption that trial counsel=s conduct in this regard falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814. Issues One and Two are overruled.
In Issue Three, Appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sustain his conviction because the evidence failed to prove the identity of the perpetrator of the assault. Although Appellant claims to be challenging both the legal and factual insufficiency of the evidence, he does not state the factual sufficiency standard of review and provides no argument to support a factual insufficiency challenge. Because Appellant has failed to provide any citation to authorities or argument to support his factual insufficiency claim, it has not been properly raised and he has waived the issue for appellate review. See Tex.R.App.P. 38.1(h); McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 613 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997)(appellant who merely states an incomplete standard of review and presents no argument in the brief has waived his factual sufficiency claim by insufficient briefing). Therefore, we will only consider Appellant=s legal sufficiency challenge on appeal.
Standard of Review
In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2788-89, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). When conducting a legal sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in the record, both admissible and inadmissible evidence. Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). We do not resolve any conflict of fact, weigh any evidence, or evaluate the credibility of any witnesses, as this was the function of the trier of fact. See Adelman v. State, 828 S.W.2d 418, 421 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992); Matson v. State, 819 S.W.2d 839, 843 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). Instead, our duty is to determine whether if both the explicit and implicit findings of the trier of fact are rational by viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict. See Adelman, 828 S.W.2d at 421-22. In so doing, any inconsistencies in the evidence are resolved in favor of the verdict. Matson, 819 S.W.2d at 843.
Aggravated Assault
A person commits the offense of assault if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another. See Tex.Pen.Code Ann. ' 22.01(a)(1)(Vernon Supp. 2004-05). Aggravated assault occurs if a person commits assault as defined in Section 22.01 and the person uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault or causes serious bodily injury to another. See Tex.Pen.Code Ann. ' 22.02(a). At trial, Appellant stipulated that the type of tire jack used in the assault was a deadly weapon and that the victim suffered serious bodily injuries as a result of the assault. On appeal, Appellant challenges only the sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding that he was the perpetrator of the offense.
The record shows that Mr. Minjarez saw Appellant at the bar on the night of the assault. However, he could not say for sure that Appellant was the one who had beaten Mr. Lockett. Through Officer Bartlett, the State introduced evidence that Mr. Zavala identified Appellant as Mr. Lockett=s assailant. When Officer Bartlett later arrested Appellant for aggravated assault, Appellant told the officer Ahe was tired of running and that he was glad he got caught.@ The jury could have reasonably inferred from Appellant=s admission of guilt along with the other evidence that he was the perpetrator of the offense. Viewing the evidence, both admissible and inadmissible, in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, the evidence was legally sufficient to sustain Appellant=s conviction of two counts of aggravated assault. Issue Three is overruled.
We affirm the trial court=s judgment.
December 8, 2005
DAVID WELLINGTON CHEW, Justice
Before Barajas, C.J., McClure, and Chew, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)
[1] At trial, Appellant stipulated that Mr. Lockett received serious bodily injuries as a result of the assault that occurred on October 12, 1993. Appellant also stipulated that the tire jack was used as a deadly weapon. In addition, Antonio Tabullo, an Investigator for the District Attorney=s Office and a former police officer, testified that the type of tire jack used in the assault was a deadly weapon.