COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
RAYMUNDO JUAREZ, Appellant, v. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee. |
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No. 08-03-00148-CR Appeal from the 409th District Court of El Paso County, Texas (TC# 20020D05072) |
O P I N I O N
Appellant appeals his conviction for failure to register as a sex offender under Code of Criminal Procedure article 62.10. Appellant was found guilty by a jury, and the judge sentenced him to fifteen years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I. FACTUAL SUMMARY
Appellant’s brother, Jose Juarez, testified that Appellant grew up in Juarez and came to the United States in 1972 when he was fifteen. Appellant attended school in Mexico until sixth grade and entered his freshman year at Ysleta High School upon arrival in the U.S. However, Appellant dropped out during his sophomore year and does not read or write in English. Appellant also cannot communicate clearly in English.
Appellant testified that he was released from prison on October 4, 2000 and that he was given instructions about what he needed to do when he got out. Appellant understood he had to report and take his papers to the police department when he arrived in El Paso to let them know he had arrived. Appellant was presented with the registration forms upon his release from prison, but no prison official read the form to him. Appellant stated that he did not read English. Appellant said that a fellow prisoner read him the instructions in broken Spanish. Further, when the defense had Appellant examine the pre-release form, Appellant provided that the only things he understood on the paper were his address and the date.
Texas Department of Public Safety (TDPS) Sex Offender Registration Coordinator Vincent Castilleja explained notification procedures for convicted sex offenders. Castilleja stated that when a sex offender is released from prison or placed on community supervision, a designee informs the offender if he has a reportable conviction or sex offense that he will have a duty to register in Texas as a sex offender. The designee is the head of the Office of the Identification Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, G.W. Woods, or his designee. The designee presents the offender with the CR-32 Form (the pre-release form) outlining the offender’s duty to register.
TDPS employee Jo Ann Bredl explained the Pre-Release Notification Form for the Texas Sex Offender Registration Program. The form contains a SID (state identification number) that is used by the State to identify a subject in the criminal records system. The notification form is in English, and there is no Spanish notification form. In examining Appellant’s pre-release form, Bredl provided that Appellant’s registration began on October 4, 2000, that Appellant was required to register for life, and that he was to verify his information every ninety days. After his release, Appellant was to register with the El Paso Police Department (EPPD) by October 10, 2000. There was no notifying officer signature on Appellant’s CR-32 Form. Further, Appellant stipulated that the document bore his signature. The designee next prepares the CR-35 Form (the sex offender registration form), which lists the identification and signature of the offender. Appellant stipulated that this document also bore his signature. Further, the form provides for a signature of the designee, which Woods signed. The registration form was given to Appellant upon his release. Appellant was registered as a sex offender on October 4, 2000 with the CR-35 Form. However, within seven days after his initial registration, Appellant was required to report to local law enforcement authority in the area where he was going to establish residence to verify his registration. Castilleja admitted that failure to register and failure to verify were different. Next, the CR-39 Form is used to report any changes in the offender’s status and can also be used as the ninety-day verification form. Last, the TDPS provides Form INT-14 for local agencies to use as a receipt showing the offender appeared for some sort of procedure whether it be registration, verification, or a status update.
Bredl was not present upon Appellant’s release and his signature on the pre-release form. Further, Bredl did not know whether the form was translated into Spanish for Appellant. Castilleja also admitted that he was not present when Appellant was released. Therefore, Castilleja did not know whether Appellant was given instructions in Spanish. However, Castilleja admitted there was nothing indicating that Appellant was notified in Spanish.
Upon Appellant’s release from prison, Jose picked him up at the bus station. Appellant’s wife Rosa Maria Juarez later took him to the Mission Valley police substation. Appellant had papers with him. Rosa never took Appellant to the police station afterwards. Upon arriving in El Paso, Appellant presented his papers to an officer at the police’s Zaragoza headquarters on October 10, 2000 and left. Appellant did not sign any registration forms. Appellant noted on his copy of the pre-release form the day he went to the EPPD. Later, in June 2002, Appellant was arrested and accused of failing to register. Appellant stated that he realized he needed to register only upon his arrest, and that after his release he registered. There was no documentation in the file verifying Appellant’s registration until June 26, 2002 and no verification afterwards. Local law enforcement is required to send the TDPS copies of the verification forms; however, Castilleja admitted he had no control over whether the agencies actually did so. The defense admitted Appellant’s verification receipt from March 3, 2003.
El Paso Police Officer Jose Parra, who works in the Sex Offender Registration Tracking Unit, received an anonymous letter that a registered sex offender was not complying with the registration laws. Parra then began an investigation through which he found no indication that Appellant had ever registered with the EPPD. Parra stated that the EPPD received notification through a CR-32 pre-release form from TDC or court services if an individual was convicted or adjudicated of a sex crime. When the offender comes to the EPPD to register, then the department administers the CR-35 Form. Appellant never came into the EPPD to fill out the proper documentation to register as a sex offender in El Paso. Since Appellant failed to register in El Paso, he was arrested. Arresting officers included Parra and Officer Aurelio Arias. After Appellant’s arrest, he was advised that when he was released he needed to register with the EPPD. Appellant was also informed that he should have initially registered in his county of residence within seven days of his release from prison. Both of the officers spoke to Appellant in English. Appellant replied in Spanish but seemed to be able to understand and make appropriate responses to their questions. Then, Officer Arias spoke to Appellant in Spanish.
Parra’s next contact with Appellant after his arrest was when Appellant came in to register on June 26, 2002. After the 26th, Appellant began his ninety-day verification. In addition, since Appellant was not sure of his address, he had to come in once a week to update his CR-39 until he had a permanent address. Appellant reported weekly for about a month, then indicated that his address would be on Desert Bloom, which was within the Sheriff’s Department’s area. Thus, Appellant was notified that he would then need to report to the Sheriff’s Department.
II. DISCUSSION
In Issue No. One, Appellant challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence to prove that he intentionally and knowingly failed to register. Appellant argues that he could not have intentionally and knowingly failed to register since he was not aware of his reporting duties since he was not informed in Spanish. Appellant contends that the notice must have been in a language he understood.
A. Standard of Review
When conducting a factual sufficiency review, we consider all of the evidence, both admissible and inadmissible, but we do not view it in the light most favorable to the verdict. Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Levario v. State, 964 S.W.2d 290, 295 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1997, no pet.). We review the evidence weighed by the jury that tends to prove the existence of the elemental fact in dispute and compare it with the evidence that tends to disprove that fact. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 832, 118 S. Ct. 100, 139 L. Ed. 2d 54 (1997). A defendant challenging the factual sufficiency of the evidence may allege that the evidence is so weak as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or in a case where the defendant has offered contrary evidence, he may argue that the finding of guilt is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 11. Although we are authorized to set aside the fact finder’s determination under either of these two circumstances, our review must employ appropriate deference and should not intrude upon the fact finder’s role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility given to any evidence presented at trial. See Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 7. We are not free to reweigh the evidence and set aside a verdict merely because we feel that a different result is more reasonable. Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 135.
B. Sex Offender Registration
Article 62.03 specifically requires that prior to release, an institution official must inform the prospective registrant of each of his duties under the statute. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 62.03 (Vernon Supp. 2004-05). Failure to register is an offense under article 62.10. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 62.10 (Vernon Supp. 2004-05). Although the sex offender registration statute does not expressly require proof of a mental state for prosecution of a failure to register, the indictment against Appellant alleged that he “intentionally and knowingly” failed to register. Other Texas courts that have reviewed the sufficiency of convictions for failure to register have treated the mens rea requirement as going to actual knowledge of the Appellant’s duty to register. See Varnes v. State, 63 S.W.3d 824, 832 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.); Rodriguez v. State, 45 S.W.3d 685, 688 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2001, pet. granted). “Proof of a defendant’s mental state must almost always depend upon circumstantial evidence.” Varnes, 63 S.W.3d at 833, citing Frost v. State, 2 S.W.3d 625, 630 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d).
1. Evidence Presented at Trial
Here, Appellant testified that no prison official read the pre-release instructions to him, but that a fellow prisoner read them to him in broken Spanish. Further, Appellant and his brother Jose testified that Appellant did not read or write English nor could he communicate clearly in English. Next, Appellant admitted that he did not register with the EPPD, but he testified that he did not know that he had to register with the EPPD until his arrest in June 2002. Appellant believed that he only had to report to the EPPD and let them know he had arrived in El Paso.
However, two employees from the TDPS explained notification procedures for sex offender registration. Castilleja testified that when a sex offender was released, either Woods or his designee would inform the offender of his duty to register. At release, the offender received the pre-release form and the sex offender registration form. Bredl explained that Appellant’s pre-release form provided that his registration began on the day of his release, that he had to register for life, and that he had to verify his information every ninety days. The forms were in English; both TDPS employees admitted that they were not present for Appellant’s release, and Castilleja admitted that there was no indication that the forms were read to Appellant in Spanish.
Appellant stipulated that his signature was on both the pre-release and sex offender registration forms he received at release. Further, the documents were admitted into evidence at trial. The pre-release form provided as follows:
I have been notified of my duty to register as a sex offender in Texas pursuant to Chapter 62, Code of Criminal Procedure. I understand that:
• My responsibility to register as a sex offender is for the period of time as indicated above.
• I must verify and complete registration within 7 days of the date indicated in this notice with the law enforcement agency identified above.
• If under supervision, not later than 7 days prior to any change of address, I must notify my supervising officer and the last registering law enforcement agency of my new address and within 7 days of establishing my new address, I must appear in person with the law enforcement agency having jurisdiction over my address and verify my new address. If not under supervision, not later than 7 days prior to any address change, I must notify the last registering agency of my intended move and within 7 days of establishing my new address, I must appear in person with the law enforcement agency having jurisdiction of my new address and verify my new address.
• If, on 3 or more occasions during any month, I spend more than 48 consecutive hours in a city or county that is not my residence, I shall report that fact to the appropriate law enforcement authority in the city or county that I am visiting.
• I must continue to verify my registration information with the appropriate law enforcement agency in the time frame indicated above.
• I am required to pay for any costs incurred by a law enforcement agency for providing community notification as required under Chapter 62, C.C.P.
• I must obtain and maintain a yearly renewable Texas drivers license or personal identification card issued by the Texas Department of Public Safety for the duration of the period I am required to register as a sex offender under Chapter 62, C.C.P.
• Within 10 days of moving out of Texas, I am required to register in any state in which I am located or residing and register with the appropriate law enforcement agency having jurisdiction over my residence location.
• My failure to abide by the requirements of Chapter 62, C.C.P. is a felony offense. If I am under any community supervision, any failure to comply with the requirements of Chapter 62, C.C.P. may result in the revocation of community supervision.
Appellant’s signature was located below this acknowledgment.
The State also admitted the sex offender registration form which provided as follows: “I have been notified and understand the requirements of my duty to register as a sex offender in Texas pursuant to the provisions set forth in Chapter 62, CCP (including article 62.04 CCP). Failure to abide by these requirements could subject me to criminal prosecution pursuant to CCP, article 62.10.” Appellant’s signature also acknowledged this statement.
2. Appellant’s Arguments
Appellant argued that the State failed to provide notice to him in a language he understood. Appellant contended that his argument was fortified by his constitutional due process right to an interpreter. Appellant first discussed the law of guilty pleas. Appellant provided authority to show that in a guilty plea proceeding, an interpreter is employed by the trial court to ensure that the defendant voluntarily and intelligently waived his rights prior to entering a plea of guilty. Next, Appellant compared sex offender registration to deportation as a collateral offense of a guilty plea. Appellant provided authority to show that before receiving a guilty plea, a judge is required to admonish a defendant regarding the sex offender registration and ascertain whether defendant’s counsel has also advised him. Thus, Appellant argued that he lacked actual knowledge.
3. Application of Law to Facts
Viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we believe that the jury could have found that Appellant intentionally and knowingly failed to register as a sexual offender. We should not intrude upon the jury’s role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility given to any evidence presented at trial. See Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 7. Here, the jury chose not to believe Appellant’s testimony that he did not know he had to register, which was within its discretion. Thus, we cannot say that the evidence is so weak as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or that the adverse finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 11. Accordingly, we find that the evidence is factually sufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction for failure to register and overrule Appellant’s Issue No. One.
C. Sentencing Enhancement Decided by Trial Court, Not Jury
In Issue No. Two, Appellant argued that the trial court erred by charging him with a second-degree felony since the jury was not given an opportunity to decide whether the enhancement allegations contained in article 62.10(b) were true.
1. Code of Criminal Procedure article 62.10
Code of Criminal Procedure article 62.10(a) provides as follows: “A person commits an offense if the person is required to register and fails to comply with any requirement of this chapter.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 62.10(a).
An offense under this article [62.10] is:
(1) a state jail felony if the actor is a person whose duty to register expires under Article 62.12(b);
(2) a felony of the third degree if the actor is a person whose duty to register expires under Article 62.12(a) and who is required to verify registration once each year under Article 62.06; and
(3) a felony of the second degree if the actor is a person whose duty to register expires under Article 62.12(a) and who is required to verify registration once each 90-day period under Article 62.06.
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 62.10(b).
2. Appellant’s Reliance on Apprendi
Appellant argued that the trial court failed to apply Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000). Appellant asserted that the trial court sentenced him to fifteen years at the second-degree felony level and that the jury was not required to make a finding to support his enhanced punishment.
In Apprendi, the Court examined a New Jersey hate crimes statute. Id. at 468, 120 S. Ct. at 2351. The statute provided for an extended term of imprisonment if the trial judge found by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant acted to intimidate an individual or group because of race, color, gender, handicap, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity in committing the crime. Id. at 468-69, 120 S. Ct. at 2351. The question presented to the Court was whether the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment required that a factual determination authorizing an increase in the maximum prison sentence for an offense be made by a jury on the basis of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 469, 120 S. Ct. at 2351. The Court found that the statute was violative of due process and explained as follows: “Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490, 120 S. Ct. at 2362-63. Appellant argued that Apprendi applied to the case at bar because article 62.10(b) contained penalty-enhancing elements.
3. State’s Rebuttal Premised on Aguirre
The State argued that Apprendi did not apply to Appellant’s case and cited this Court’s previous decision in Aguirre v. State, No. 08-00-00456-CR, 2003 WL 550291, at *1 (Tex. App.--El Paso Feb. 27, 2003, pet. ref’d). The State characterized article 62.10(b) as including independent chargeable offenses as opposed to penalty-enhancing elements.
In Aguirre, Appellant was charged with the first-degree felony offense of delivery of a controlled substance, cocaine, in an amount of four or more but less than 200 grams. Id., at *1. The jury found Appellant guilty, and the judge sentenced him to ten years’ confinement, probated for ten years. Id. On appeal, Appellant argued that the State failed to prove the amount and nature of the adulterants and dilutants present in the cocaine. Id. Within this issue, Appellant contended that the State had to prove the above amount to satisfy the requirements of Apprendi. Id. Appellant asserted that the addition of the adulterants and dilutants to cocaine resulted in an increased penalty for delivery, which was a penalty-enhancing element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id., at *3. However, this Court found Appellant’s reliance on Apprendi flawed. Id. We found that the code established several offenses relating to the possession of a controlled substance and an attendant punishment range. Id. We recognized that the amounts of controlled substance and the corresponding punishment ranges were graduated but found that the graduation did not create an enhanced penalty scheme, but rather independent chargeable offenses. Id. We also opined that the amount of adulterant or dilutant was not a fact issue that was used by the court to enhance the penalty beyond the statutory limits. Id.
4. Application
We find the Appellant’s argument under Apprendi unpersuasive and the facts in the case at bar similar to those we examined in Aguirre. We believe that article 62.10(b) sets out independent chargeable offenses, not an enhanced penalty scheme. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 62.10(b); Aguirre, 2003 WL 550291, at *3. Further, Appellant was punished within the statutory punishment range; fact findings by the trial court under subsection (b) were not used to enhance his punishment beyond the statutory limits as in Apprendi. See Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S. Ct. at 2362-63; Aguirre, 2003 WL 550291, at *3. Since we have found Apprendi inapplicable to the case at bar, we find the trial court’s sentencing Appellant to a second-degree felony proper and overrule Appellant’s Issue No. Two in its entirety.
Having overruled each of Appellant’s issues on review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
RICHARD BARAJAS, Chief Justice
March 24, 2005
Before Panel No. 2
Barajas, C.J., McClure, and Chew, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)