the University of Texas at El Paso v. Alfredo Herrera

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT §
EL PASO, No. 08-06-00271-CV
§
Appellant, Appeal from the
§
v. County Court at Law No. 3
§
of El Paso County, Texas
ALFREDO HERRERA, §
(TC# 2006-2770)
Appellee. §

OPINION

This is an interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of a plea to the jurisdiction filed

by the University of Texas as El Paso (“UTEP”). At issue is the self-care provision of the Family

and Medical Leave Act. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

FACTUAL SUMMARY

Alfredo Herrera was employed by UTEP as a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning

technician from 2002 to 2006. In March 2005, Herrera suffered an on-the-job injury to his elbow

and was on medical leave until he returned to work on January 4, 2006. Less than a week later,

Herrera re-injured his elbow at work. On January 27, 2007, Herrera’s employment was terminated

for failure to cooperate with his supervisor, refusal to follow instructions, failure to adhere to

established rules and regulations, and disorderly and disruptive conduct. Herrera brought an

employment discrimination suit against UTEP complaining he was terminated in retaliation for
taking leave under the self-care leave provision of the Family and Medical Leave Act.1 UTEP filed

a plea to the jurisdiction alleging Herrera’s retaliation claim is barred by sovereign immunity. The

trial court denied the plea to the jurisdiction and UTEP filed notice of appeal.

SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY

UTEP raises three issues challenging the trial court’s denial of its plea to the jurisdiction.

It argues that the State did not voluntarily waive its sovereign immunity either in the Texas

Constitution or by statute, and the UTEP Handbook of Operating Procedures cannot waive the

State’s sovereign immunity. Further, UTEP asserts that Congress did not validly abrogate state

sovereign immunity from suit under the FMLA’s self-care provision, and therefore, the trial court

erred by denying the plea to the jurisdiction.

Standard of Review

When a lawsuit is barred by sovereign immunity, the trial court lacks subject matter

jurisdiction, and dismissal with prejudice is proper. City of Austin v. L.S. Ranch, Ltd., 970 S.W.2d

750, 752 (Tex.App.--Austin 1998, no pet.). A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea by which a

party contests the trial court’s authority to determine the subject matter of the cause of action. City

of Saginaw v. Carter, 996 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1999, pet. dism’d w.o.j.); State v.

Benavides, 772 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied). The plaintiff has

the burden to allege facts affirmatively demonstrating that the trial court has subject matter

jurisdiction. Texas Association of Business v. Texas Air Control Board, 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex.

1993); City of Saginaw, 996 S.W.2d at 2. Subject matter jurisdiction is a legal question which we

review de novo. City of Saginaw, 996 S.W.2d at 2; Texas Department of Health v. Doe, 994 S.W.2d

1
Herrera’s suit also includes an allegation that he was terminated for exercising his First Amendment right
to complain about being required to work unsafely and use unsafe equipment. This appeal pertains only to the
FMLA claim.
890, 892 (Tex.App.--Austin 1999, pet. dism’d). We consider the allegations in the petition and

accept them as true. See City of Saginaw, 996 S.W.2d at 2-3. The plaintiff’s jurisdictional pleadings

are to be construed liberally in the plaintiff’s favor and we look to the pleader’s intent. See Texas

Association of Business, 852 S.W.2d at 446. When deciding a plea to the jurisdiction, a court is not

required to look solely to the pleadings, but may consider evidence and must do so when necessary

to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised. Bland Independent School District v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d

547, 555 (Tex. 2000); see County of Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002).

Family and Medical Leave Act

The FMLA authorizes qualified employees to take up to 12-weeks of unpaid leave from their

jobs during any 12-month period for one or more of the following reasons:

(A) Because of the birth of a son or daughter of the employee and in order to care
for such son or daughter.

(B) Because of the placement of a son or daughter with the employee for
adoption or foster care.

(C) In order to care for the spouse, or a son, daughter, or parent, of the employee,
if such spouse, son, daughter, or parent has a serious health condition.

(D) Because of a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to
perform the functions of the position of such employee.

(E) Because of any qualifying exigency (as the Secretary shall, by regulation,
determine) arising out of the fact that the spouse, or a son, daughter, or parent
of the employee is on active duty (or has been notified of an impending call
or order to active duty) in the Armed Forces in support of a contingency
operation.

29 U.S.C.A. § 2612(a)(1)(West 1999). Subsection (C) is often referred to as the family-care

provision while Subsection (D) is referred to as the self-care provision. The FMLA makes it

unlawful for any employer to interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of or the attempt to

exercise, any right provided under the FMLA. 29 U.S.C.A. § 2615(a)(1). It is unlawful for any
employer to discharge or otherwise discriminate against any individual opposing any practice made

unlawful by the FMLA. 29 U.S.C.A. § 2615(a)(2). It also is unlawful for any employer to discharge

or in any other manner discriminate against any individual because the individual has filed any

charge, or has instituted or caused to be instituted any proceeding, under or related to the FMLA.

29 U.S.C.A. § 2615(b).

Sovereign Immunity

The Eleventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides:

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit
in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

U.S. CONST .AMEND . XI. The Eleventh Amendment does not create or grant immunity but rather

recognizes that states as separate sovereigns can limit, with few exceptions, their susceptibility to

suit. Hoff v. Nueces County, 153 S.W.3d 45, 48 (Tex. 2004), citing Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706,

728-29, 119 S.Ct. 2240, 144 L.Ed.2d 636 (1999). Federal courts have no jurisdiction over federal

or state law claims against a state or state agency unless Eleventh Amendment immunity has been

expressly waived by the state or abrogated by Congress pursuant to proper constitutional authority.

Hoff, 153 S.W.3d at 48. Further, Eleventh Amendment immunity protects nonconsenting states from

being sued in their own courts for federal law claims. Id.

Abrogation of Sovereign Immunity by Congress

Congress may abrogate the States’ sovereign immunity if it manifests its intention to abrogate

in the language of the statute and if it acts pursuant to a valid exercise of its power under Section 5

of the Fourteenth Amendment. Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 538 U.S. 721,

726, 123 S.Ct. 1972, 1976, 155 L.Ed.2d 953 (2003). The FMLA enables employees to seek damages

against any employer, including a public agency, in any federal or state court of competent
jurisdiction. 29 U.S.C.A. § 2617(a)(2). The FMLA defines public agency to include both the

government of a state or political subdivision and any agency of a state or a political subdivision of

a state. 29 U.S.C.A. § 203(x)(West Supp. 2008); 29 U.S.C.A. § 2611(4)(A)(iii). Based on this

language in the statute, the Supreme Court found in Hibbs that Congress made unmistakably clear

its intention to abrogate the States’ sovereign immunity. Hibbs, 538 U.S. at 726, 123 S.Ct. at 1977.

In addressing whether Congress acted within its constitutional authority when it sought to

abrogate the State’s immunity for purposes of the FMLA’s family-leave provision found in

§ 2612(a)(1)(C), the Supreme Court noted that two provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment are

relevant to the inquiry: Section 5 grants Congress the power to enforce the substantive guarantees

of §1, which includes equal protection of the laws, by enacting appropriate legislation. Hibbs, 538

U.S. at 726-27, 123 S.Ct. at 1977. Congress may, in the exercise of its §5 power, do more than

simply proscribe unconstitutional conduct. Id., 538 U.S. at 727, 123 S.Ct. at 1977. Its §5 power to

enforce the substantive guarantees of §1 of the Fourteenth Amendment includes the authority to both

remedy and deter violation of guaranteed rights by prohibiting a somewhat broader swath of conduct,

including that which is not itself forbidden. Id. In other words, Congress may enact prophylactic

legislation that proscribes facially constitutional conduct, in order to prevent and deter

unconstitutional conduct. Id., 538 U.S. at 727-28, 123 S.Ct. at 1977. Section 5 legislation reaching

beyond the scope of §1’s actual guarantees must be an appropriate remedy for identified

constitutional violations, not an attempt to substantively redefine the State’s legal obligations.

Hibbs, 538 U.S. at 728, 123 S.Ct. at 1977. The legislation must exhibit congruence and

proportionality between the injury to be prevented or remedied and the means adopted to that end.

Id., 538 U.S. at 728, 123 S.Ct. at 1977-78.

UTEP asserts that in recent years the Supreme Court has used the proportionality and
congruence test to invalidate several congressional attempts to exercise its §5 power. We understand

UTEP to argue that it is extremely difficult for Congress to successfully abrogate state sovereign

immunity. In support of this argument, it cites City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507, 117 S.Ct.

2157, 138 L.Ed.2d 624 (1997), Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College

Savings Bank, 527 U.S. 627, 119 S.Ct. 2199, 144 L.Ed.2d 575 (1999), Kimel v. Florida Board of

Regents, 528 U.S. 62, 120 S.Ct. 631, 145 L.Ed.2d 522 (2000), and Board of Trustees of University

of Alabama v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356, 121 S.Ct. 955, 148 L.Ed.2d 866 (2001). Unlike the instant

case, none of these cases involved a gender-based classification or other classification subject to a

heightened level of scrutiny. This distinction is significant because it impacts our review.

The FMLA aims to protect the right to be free from gender-based discrimination in the

workplace. Hibbs, 538 U.S. at 728, 123 S.Ct. at 1978. State gender discrimination triggers a

heightened level of scrutiny. Id., 538 U.S. at 728 and 736, 123 S.Ct. at 1978 and 1982. To survive

such heightened scrutiny, the gender-based classification must serve important governmental

objectives and the discriminatory means employed must be substantially related to the achievement

of those objectives. Id. Because the standard for demonstrating the constitutionality of a gender-

based classification is more difficult to meet than the rational basis test, it is easier for Congress to

show a pattern of state constitutional violations. Id., 538 U.S. at 736, 123 S.Ct. at 1982.

In Hibbs, the Supreme Court examined whether Congress had evidence of a pattern of

constitutional violations on the part of the States with regard to gender-based discrimination in the

workplace. Id., 538 U.S. at 729, 123 S.Ct. at 1978. It found that Congress had before it evidence

that, despite the passage of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 19642, gender discrimination did not

cease and women still faced pervasive discrimination in the job market. Id., 538 U.S. at 729-30, 123

2
42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e et seq.
S.Ct. at 1978-79. Further, there was evidence that States continued to rely on invalid gender

stereotypes in the employment context, specifically in the administration of leave benefits. Id., 538

U.S. at 730, 123 S.Ct. at 1979. These stereotypes included beliefs that women’s family duties

trumped those of the workplace, caring for family members is women’s work, and men do not have

the same domestic responsibilities as women. Id., 538 U.S. at 731 n.5, 123 S.Ct. at 1979 n.5. The

impact of these stereotypes on leave administration by employers forced women to continue to

assume the role of primarily family caregiver and fostered stereotypical views about women’s

commitment to work and their value as employees. Id., 538 U.S. at 736, 123 S.Ct. at 1982. This in

turn led to subtle discrimination against women in the workplace. Id. Thus, the Supreme Court

found that the States’ record of unconstitutional participation in, and fostering of, gender-based

discrimination in the administration of leave benefits is weighty enough to justify the enactment of

prophylactic §5 legislation. Id., 538 U.S. at 735, 123 S.Ct. at 1981. Since Hibbs was decided, four

federal courts of appeals have found Congress did not validly abrogate immunity for claims based

on the self-care provision. Nelson v. University of Texas at Dallas, 535 F.3d 318, 321 (5th Cir.

2008); Toeller v. Wisconsin Department of Corrections, 461 F.3d 871, 879 (7th Cir. 2006); Touvell

v. Ohio Department of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 422 F.3d 392, 405 (6th

Cir. 2005); Brockman v. Wyoming Department of Family Services, 342 F.3d 1159, 1165 (10th Cir.

2003).3 Relying on the holdings in these cases, UTEP contends that when Congress enacted the

FMLA, it had no evidence before it that employers engaged in a pattern of discrimination in

providing leave for personal medical conditions, and without such findings, the self-care-leave

3
In an unpublished opinion, the Fourth Circuit summarily held, based on Hibbs, that Congress validly
abrogated the States’ immunity for FMLA claims based on the self-care provision. Montgomery v. Maryland, 72
Fed.Appx. 17, 19 (4th Cir. 2003)(unpublished). Prior to Hibbs, the Fourth Circuit had reached the opposite
conclusion in Lizzi v. Alexander, 255 F.3d 128, 135-36 (4th Cir. 2001).
provision of the FMLA is an invalid abrogation of state sovereign immunity. We disagree with this

argument for two reasons.

First, we are not persuaded that in order to uphold the self-care provision it is necessary to

have a congressional record replete with evidence showing a pattern of gender-based discrimination

specifically related to leave for personal medical conditions. The Supreme Court has already found

in Hibbs that Congress had evidence before it in 1993 that nearly thirty years after the passage of

Title VII, women still face pervasive discrimination in the job market and the States continued to rely

on invalid gender stereotypes in the administration of leave benefits. Hibbs, 538 U.S. at 729-30, 123

S.Ct. at 1978-79. These invalid gender stereotypes include a belief that a woman’s job is secondary

to her role in the home. See id., 538 U.S. at 729, 123 S.Ct. at 1978. The self-care provision is

directed at that stereotype, but it is also directed at a related invalid stereotype: that women of child-

bearing age take more leave than other employees. In light of Hibbs, the only question is whether

the self-care provision exhibits congruence and proportionality between the injury to be prevented

or remedied and the means adopted to that end. We conclude that it does.

Second, even if it can be said that Congress is required to compile a legislative record

showing the existence of past and current gender-based discrimination to justify the enactment of

the self-care provision of the FMLA, we conclude that the legislative history of the FMLA and the

congressional record provides sufficient evidence and relevant congressional findings. We consider

first the historical context in which the FMLA was enacted and its legislative history. Title VII of

the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was intended to remedy discrimination in the workplace based on

gender, among other things. Kazmier v. Widmann, 225 F.3d 519, 546 (5th Cir. 2000)(J. Dennis,

dissenting opinion). In 1976, the Supreme Court held that Title VII did not protect against

discrimination based on pregnancy under the theory that it is not discrimination based on sex, but
rather it is discrimination among women based on a medical condition. General Electric Company

v. Gilbert, 429 U.S. 125, 97 S.Ct. 401, 50 L.Ed.2d 343 (1976). In response, Congress enacted the

Pregnancy Discrimination Act and effectively overruled Gilbert by amending Title VII’s definition

of discrimination on the basis of sex to include discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth,

or related medical conditions. 42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e(k)(West 2003); Kazmier, 225 F.3d at 546, citing

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company v. E.E.O.C., 462 U.S. 669, 676, 103 S.Ct.

2622, 77 L.Ed.2d 89 (1983)(recognizing that the Pregnancy Discrimination Act overturned Gilbert

and rejected the test of discrimination employed in that case). Nevertheless, the Pregnancy

Discrimination Act did not affirmatively grant pregnant workers leave time or the right to return to

their job but only required an employer to provide these benefits if the employer provided them to

other temporarily disabled workers. Kazmier, 225 F.3d at 546.

In 1985, Congress began considering the issue of family and medical leave. Id. at 547, citing

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993: A Survey of the Act’s History, Purposes, Provisions

and Social Ramifications, 44 DRAKE L.REV . 51 (1995). Representative Pat Schroeder introduced

the Parental and Disability Leave Act of 1985 (PDLA) in the House of Representatives. Kazmier,

225 F.3d at 547. It provided for eighteen weeks of unpaid leave for both mothers and fathers of

newborn or adopted children and twenty-six weeks of unpaid leave for non-work related disabilities.

Id. The PDLA was not considered by the House but it was resubmitted in 1986 by Representative

William Clay and renamed the Parental and Medical Leave Act of 1986 (PMLA). Two

subcommittees and a full committee4 conducted hearings to determine the extent of discrimination

in the workplace against men and in favor of women in the workplace with regard to taking leave

4
The Subcommittee on Compensation and Employee Benefits and the Committee on Post Office and Civil
Service conducted joint hearings on the PMLA, as did the Subcommittee on Labor M anagement Standards.
Kazmier, 225 F.3d at 547.
to care for sick family members. Id. The PMLA was not considered by the full House. Id.

In 1989, Representative Clay reintroduced the Family and Medical Leave Act in the House

of Representatives. Kazmier, 225 F.3d at 547. It passed both the House and the Senate, but

President Bush vetoed it in 1990. Id. In 1991, Senator Christopher Dodd introduced the Family and

Medical Leave Act of 1991, which was identical to the bill vetoed by President Bush in 1990. Id.

Congress amended the bill to change the amount of mandatory leave per year to twelve weeks. Id.

The Act was passed by both the Senate and the House, but President Bush vetoed it in September

of 1992. Id.

In 1993, Representative William Ford introduced the Family and Medical Leave Act to the

House. Kazmier, 225 F.3d at 547. The Act’s leave provisions were substantially similar to those

of the amended 1991 version of the FMLA. Id. In considering enactment of the 1993 FMLA, the

House of Representatives considered both new evidence of gender-based discrimination with regard

to the administration of leave benefits, but it also reviewed the testimony given at hearings with

respect to the “substantially similar” bills previously considered. Kazmier, 225 F.3d at 547, citing

H.R.Rep. No. 103-8(1). For example, the House Report indicates that the 1993 FMLA had its roots

in the 1985 proposed legislation and it made multiple references to the committee hearings held in

1986 in connection with the 1986 PMLA. Id. at 547-48, citing H.R.Rep. No. 103-8(1). Accordingly,

in determining whether Congress had before it adequate evidence of gender-based discrimination

when it enacted the self-care provision, we will not restrict our review to the 1993 legislative record

but will also consider the evidence before Congress during these earlier hearings.

Before the adoption of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, there was no federally

required parity in the allowance for maternity and sick leave. Laro v. New Hampshire, 259 F.3d 1,

20 (5th Cir. 2001)(J. Lipez, dissenting opinion). The unavailability of maternity leave favored male
employees over those female employees who wanted to bear children. Id. This circumstance

prevented many women from entering the workforce or advancing if they found their way into the

workplace. Id. To rectify this inequity, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act required employers who

provided sick leave for other conditions to offer the same level of benefits for maternity leave. Id.;

42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e(k). But the Pregnancy Discrimination Act did not address the gender-based

stereotype that women of child-bearing age would take more leave than other employees. Id. In fact,

the PDA had an unintended negative impact on women’s opportunities in the workplace because

“employers might find it cost-effective to discriminate against married women of child-bearing age,

since these women would end up costing a firm more than they contribute to its worth.” Id. at 20,

quoting S.Rep. No. 102-68, at 73 (1991)(testimony of economist Deborah Walker).

It was in this context that Congress found it necessary to enact the FMLA and include the

self-care provision. Laro, 259 F.3d at 21. Congress found that employment standards which apply

to one gender only have serious potential for encouraging employers to discriminate against

employees and applicants for employment who are of that gender. 29 U.S.C.A. § 2601(a)(6).

Significantly, Congress did not limit this finding to the family care provision. The stated purposes

of the FMLA are to minimize the potential for employment discrimination on the basis of sex by

ensuring generally that leave is available for eligible medical reasons (including maternity-related

disability) and for compelling family reasons, on a gender-neutral basis and to promote the goal of

equal employment opportunity for women and men. 29 U.S.C.A. §§ 2601(b)(4) & (5). Congress

also had evidence before it that, even where state laws and policies were not facially discriminatory,

they were applied in discriminatory ways. Hibbs, 538 U.S. at 732, 123 S.Ct. at 1980. For example,

Congress heard testimony that the lack of uniform parental and medical leave policies in the work

place has created an environment where sex discrimination is rampant. Id.; The Parental and
Medical Leave Act of 1987, Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Labor

and Human Resources, Part 2, 100th Cong. 536 (1987)(comments of Peggy Montes, Mayor’s

Commission on Women’s Affairs, City of Chicago).

The self-care provision was not tacked onto the FMLA as some kind of benefit entitlement

completely unrelated to the goal of promoting equal employment opportunity for women and men.

Preceding enactment of the FMLA, the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources reported:

Another significant benefit of the temporary medical leave provided by this
legislation is the form of protection it offers women workers who bear children.
Because the bill treats all employees who are temporarily unable to work due to
serious health conditions in the same fashion, it does not create the risk of
discrimination against pregnant women posed by legislation which provides job
protection only for pregnancy-related disability. Legislation solely protecting
pregnant women gives employers an economic incentive to discriminate against
women in hiring policies; legislation helping all workers equally does not have this
effect.

S.Rep. No. 102-68, at 35 (1991). The House Committee on Education and Labor made a similar

finding:

The FMLA addresses the basic leave needs of all employees. It covers not only
women of childbearing age, but all employees, young and old, male and female, who
suffer from a serious health condition, or who have a family member with such a
condition. A law providing special protection to women or any defined group, in
addition to be inequitable, runs the risk of causing discriminatory treatment. [This
legislation], by addressing the needs of all workers, avoids such a risk.

H.R.Rep. No. 103-8, pt. 1, at 29 (1993).

Thus, Congress intentionally included the self-care provision in the FMLA to counter the

stereotype that women take more advantage of leave policies than men and to provide women with

protection from gender discrimination in the workplace which would have resulted from legislation

providing special protection only for pregnant women. We conclude that Congress had before it

sufficient evidence of gender-based discrimination in the administration of leave benefits to warrant
the enactment of prophylactic §5 legislation. See Hibbs, 538 U.S. at 735, 123 S.Ct. at 1981.

Further, we conclude that Congress’s chosen remedy, the self-care leave provision, is

congruent and proportional to the targeted violation. See Hibbs, 538 U.S. at 735, 123 S.Ct. at 1981.

The failure of Title VII and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act to address the problem justifies

prophylactic measures in response. Id. By creating an across-the-board, routine employment benefit

for all eligible employees, Congress sought to ensure that pregnancy-related sick leave would no

longer be stigmatized as an inordinate drain on the workplace caused by female employees, and that

employers could not evade leave obligations simply by hiring men. Id. By setting a minimum

standard of self-care leave for all eligible employees, irrespective of gender, the FMLA attacks the

formerly state-sanctioned stereotype that women of child-bearing age are absent more than other

employees, thereby reducing employers’ incentives to engage in discrimination by basing hiring and

promotion decisions on stereotypes. See Hibbs, 538 U.S. at 737, 123 S.Ct. at 1983. For these

reasons, we conclude that § 2612(a)(1)(D) is congruent and proportional to its remedial object, and

can be understood as responsive to, or designed to prevent, unconstitutional behavior. We therefore

decline to follow the reasoning in Nelson v. University of Texas at Dallas, Toeller v. Wisconsin

Department of Corrections, Touvell v. Ohio Department of Mental Retardation and Developmental

Disabilities, and Brockman v. Wyoming Department of Family Services. Because the trial court did

not err by denying UTEP’s plea to the jurisdiction on this ground, we overrule Issue One. Having

found that UTEP’s sovereign immunity has been validly abrogated by the enactment of FMLA, it

is unnecessary to address the remaining arguments raised by UTEP. The judgment of the trial court

is affirmed.

November 25, 2008 ANN CRAWFORD MCCLURE, Justice
Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Carr, JJ.
Carr, J., Dissenting

DISSENTING OPINION

I respectfully disagree with the majority’s holding.

In Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 116 S. Ct. 1114, 67 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH)

¶ 43,952 (1996), the Supreme Court articulated a two-part test for determining whether an act of

Congress abrogates the states’ Eleventh Amendment immunity. The test asks (1) whether Congress

has unequivocally declared an intent to abrogate a state's immunity and (2) whether Congress has

acted pursuant to a valid exercise of power.1 517 U.S. at 55, 116 S. Ct. at 1123.

Under the second prong of Seminole, in order to provide remedial or preventative protections

under section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress must act in order to protect or remedy one

of the stated purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment that is linked to a pattern of constitutional

violations.

While the line between measures that remedy or prevent unconstitutional
actions and measures that make a substantive change in the governing law is not easy
to discern, and Congress must have wide latitude in determining where it lies, the
distinction exists and must be observed. There must be a congruence and
proportionality between the injury to be prevented or remedied and the means
adopted to that end. Lacking such a connection, legislation may become substantive
in operation and effect. History and our case law support drawing the distinction,
one apparent from the text of the Amendment.

City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507, 519-20, 117 S. Ct. 2157, 2164, 74 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas.

(BNA) 62 (1997) (limiting congressional abrogation to the Fourteenth Amendment). Specifically,

1
In enacting the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601 et seq., Congress clearly
satisfied the first prong of the Seminole test: “An action to recover . . . damages . . . may be maintained against any
employer (including a public agency) in any Federal or State court of competent jurisdiction . . . .” 29 U.S.C. §
2617(a)(2) (emphasis supplied).
Congress must establish a pattern of constitutional violations, as it relates to its remedial statute,

when utilizing section 5 powers. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Educ. Expense Bd. v. College Sav.

Bank, 527 U.S. 627, 640, 119 S. Ct. 2199, 2207 (1999).

The majority’s view today cannot be reconciled with the specific findings of Congress or the

plain meaning of the self-care leave provision of FMLA. My issue with the majority is two-fold.

First, the self-care provision of FMLA is distinguishable from the family-care provision in scope and

purpose.2 Second, prevention of gender discrimination in the workplace is treated by the majority

as the primary purpose of the self-care provisions, a purpose which is not supported by Congress’s

findings or the historical record leading to the passage and enactment of FMLA.

As a preliminary matter, to seek relief under the self-care provision of FMLA, one must have

“a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the functions of the position

of such employee.” 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). A “serious health condition” which is gender

specific, as defined by the Department of Labor, includes “any period of incapacity due to pregnancy,

or for prenatal care.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.114(a)(2)(ii). Simply being pregnant, as opposed to suffering

complications from pregnancy, is not a serious health condition and does not trigger FMLA

2
In relevant part, the two provisions read as follows:

(1) Entitlement to leave

[A]n eligible employee shall be entitled to a total of 12 workweeks of leave during any 12-
month period for one or more of the following:

. . .

(C) In order to care for the spouse, or a son, daughter, or parent, of the employee, if such
spouse, son, daughter, or parent has a serious health condition.

(D) Because of a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the
functions of the position of such employee.

29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(C), (D).
protections. Aubuchon v. Knauf Fiberglass, GmbH, 359 F.3d 950, 952, 9 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d

(BNA) 711 (7th Cir. 2004); Cruz v. Publix Super Mkts., Inc., 428 F.3d 1379, 1383, 10 Wage & Hour

Cas. 2d (BNA) 1770 (11th Cir. 2005). Generally, a “serious health condition” is defined as “an

illness, injury, impairment, or physical or mental condition that involves . . . (A) inpatient care in a

hospital, hospice, or residential medical care facility; or (B) continuing treatment by a health care

provider.” 29 U.S.C. § 2611(11). When looking at the totality of those who are affected by serious

or chronic illness in the United States, pregnancy-related complications make up only a small

fraction of that total.

There is no evidence or authority to support the majority’s contention that the self-care

provision of FMLA was designed to protect women from employment discrimination allegedly

arising from pregnancy-related illnesses -- much less, from employment discrimination practiced

by states, related to pregnancy-related illnesses. The majority also do not cite to any authority

substantiating a stereotype that female state employees of child-bearing age take more leave than

other state employees.

Congress set forth Findings, which, in its opinion, warranted passage of the Act, at 29 U.S.C.

§ 2601. The Finding which is most relevant to this case states that “due to the nature of the roles of

men and women in our society, the primary responsibility for family caretaking often falls on

women, and such responsibility affects the working lives of women more than it affects the working

lives of men . . . .” Id. at § 2601(a)(5) (emphasis added). Based on this Finding, the U.S. Supreme

Court has understandably approved congressional application of FMLA to the states for family leave

purposes.3

3
See Nevada Dep’t of Human Resources v. Hibbs, 538 U.S. 721, 123 S. Ct. 1972, 8 W age & Hour Cas. 2d
(BNA) 1221 (2003) (hereinafter, “Hibbs”), discussed in greater detail below.
 Conversely, the Finding most relevant to the self-care leave provisions makes no distinction

between the sexes. See id. at § 2601(a)(4), which states merely that “there is inadequate job security

for employees who have serious health conditions that prevent them from working for temporary

periods”; this Finding makes no distinction between male and female employees. Without

legislative history connecting any self-care finding to a pattern of sex discrimination, we must give

the self-care provision of FMLA its plain meaning, which is to allow any eligible employee with a

serious medical condition the opportunity to take up to twelve weeks’ unpaid medical leave without

fear of losing his or her job.

The Senate Committee Report in support of the bill which became FMLA likewise

recognizes the distinction between leave for family care and leave for self-care purposes. After

discussing family care issues, the Report continues:

In addition to the family leave purposes described above, [FMLA] provides
for unpaid job protected leave and the continuation of any existing health insurance
coverage during an employee's serious illness. The fundamental rationale for such
a policy is that it is unfair for an employee to be terminated when he or she is struck
with a serious illness and is not capable of working.

SEN . REP. No. 103-3, at 11 (1993), reprinted in 1993 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1, 13 (emphases supplied).

Unlike family care duties, which were found stereotypically to fall far more frequently upon female

employees, the Committee recognized that both males and females suffer serious health conditions

in substantially equal proportions.

In recognizing the distinction between the stereotype regarding women’s role as primary-care

givers and the gender-neutral need to care for one’s own serious health conditions, Congress had

before it the following finding:

Recent studies provided to the [House Education and Labor] Committee
indicate that men and women are out on medical leave approximately equally. Men
workers experience an average of 4.9 days of work loss due to illness or injury per
 year, while women workers experience 5.1 days per year. The evidence also suggests
that the incidence of serious medical conditions that would be covered by medical
leave under the bill is virtually the same for men and women. Employers will find
that women and men will take medical leave with equal frequency.

H.R. REP . No. 101-28(I), at 15 (1989) (quoted by the Sixth Circuit in Touvell v. Ohio Dep’t of

Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities, 422 F.3d 392, 402, 10 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d

(BNA) 1537 (6th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1173 (2006)).

In rejecting UTEP’s Eleventh Amendment defense, the majority reject a plethora of cases,

almost all of which have found that individuals’ efforts to sue a state (or state agency) under the self-

care provisions of FMLA are barred and that Congress did not successfully abrogate the states’

Eleventh Amendment immunity.

To understand the status of the case law in this regard, we need to begin with the Ninth

Circuit’s decision in Hibbs v. Department of Human Resources, 273 F.3d 844, 7 Wage & Hour Cas.

2d (BNA) 865 (9th Cir. 2001). In that case, Hibbs sought and obtained FMLA leave from his state

job to care for his ailing wife. When he did not return from this leave pursuant to the Department’s

instructions, he was disciplined. He filed suit under, inter alia, FMLA, but the district court granted

the state’s motion for summary judgment. The Ninth Circuit reversed and remanded for trial. In

doing so, however, it emphasized that the state’s constitutional argument might well have been

stronger under a self-care claim, and it stated: “We do not mean here to state any view with regard

to the personal disability provision of the FMLA.” 273 F.3d at 868 n.29.

The Supreme Court granted certiorari and affirmed, sub nom. Nevada Dep’t of Human

Resources v. Hibbs, 538 U.S. 721, 123 S. Ct. 1972, 8 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 1221 (2003).

In doing so, however, the Court made it clear that it was addressing only leave for family care. See,

e.g., id. at 725, 123 S. Ct. at 1976 (“We hold that employees of the State of Nevada may recover
money damages in the event of the State’s failure to comply with the family-care provision of the

Act.”) (emphasis supplied); see also id. at 737, 123 S. Ct. at 1982 (“We believe that Congress’

chosen remedy, the family-care leave provision of the FMLA, is ‘congruent and proportional to the

targeted violation’ [citation omitted].”) (emphasis supplied).

I am hard-pressed to think how the Court might more explicitly have stated its intention to

limit its holding solely to the family-care provision of the Act.

Since the Supreme Court’s decision in Hibbs, numerous courts have followed its holding.

To date, six federal courts of appeals have explicitly followed the Court’s lead in finding that the

states have Eleventh Amendment immunity from employee suits under the self-care portion of the

Act:

C Fifth Circuit: Nelson v. University of Tex. at Dallas, 535 F.3d 318, 13 Wage & Hour Cas.
2d (BNA) 1549 (5th Cir. 2008).

Prior to Hibbs, the Fifth Circuit had held, in Kazmier v. Widmann, 225 F.3d 519, 526-
27, 6 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 481 (5th Cir. 2000), that states had Eleventh Amendment
immunity to suits under both subparagraphs (C) [family-care leave] and (D) [self-care].

In Nelson, the court held: “[W]e agree with the rationale of the Sixth, Seventh, and
Tenth Circuits that the Supreme Court’s ruling in Hibbs applies only to subsection C.
Therefore, this court’s decision in Kazmier still remains the law of this circuit with respect
to subsection D.” 535 F.3d at 321.

C Sixth Circuit: Touvell v. Ohio Dep’t of Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities,
422 F.3d 392, 10 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 1537 (6th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 546 U.S.
1173 (2006).

The court agreed that “Hibbs does not apply to the self-care provision . . . .” 422 F.3d
at 400.

The Sixth Circuit discussed and expressly rejected the Fourth Circuit’s opinion in
Montgomery:4 “The Fourth Circuit gave no explanation for this statement, . . . and we do not
consider it persuasive.” 422 F.3d at 400 n.2.

4
Fully cited and more thoroughly analyzed below.
C Seventh Circuit: Toeller v. Wisconsin Dep’t of Corrections, 461 F.3d 871, 11 Wage & Hour
Cas. 2d (BNA) 1380 (7th Cir. 2006).

In holding that the plaintiff’s claim was barred by the Eleventh Amendment, the court
stated: “We note . . . that the Supreme Court was careful throughout Hibbs to state that it
was deciding a case about the family-leave part of the FMLA; one would be hard-pressed to
find anything in that opinion hinting that the ruling extended to all of § 2612(a).” 461 F.3d
at 879.

C Tenth Circuit: Brockman v. Wyoming Dep’t of Family Servs., 342 F.3d 1159, 8 Wage &
Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 1737, 14 Amer. Disabil. Cas. (BNA) 1423 (10th Cir. 2003), cert.
denied, 540 U.S. 1219 (2004).

The court held that the “self-care provision in subsection (D) is not implicated by”
Hibbs and that the “legislative history [of FMLA] does not . . . identify as the basis for
subsection (D) a link between these two motivations and any pattern of discriminatory
stereotyping on the part of the states as employers.” 342 F.3d at 1164.

C Eleventh Circuit: Batchelor v. South Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist., 242 Fed. Appx. 652 (11th Cir.
2007).

In Garrett v. University of Ala. at Birmingham Bd. of Trs., 193 F.3d 1214, 1219, 5
Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 1153, 9 Amer. Disabil. Cas. (BNA) 1635 (11th Cir. 1999),
rev’d in part on other grounds, 531 U.S. 356, 121 S. Ct. 955, 11 Amer. Disabil. Cas. (BNA)
737 (2001), which preceded Hibbs, the Eleventh Circuit had held that the state had Eleventh
Amendment immunity in a self-care case under FMLA.

In Batchelor, the court held that “Garrett . . . remains the law of this Circuit”
regarding the self-care provision of FMLA. 242 Fed. Appx. at 653.

In three other circuits, the courts held, prior to Hibbs, that states enjoy Eleventh Amendment

immunity from suits arising under the self-care provisions of FLMA. In these circuits, the courts

have not been called upon to reconsider their holdings in light of Hibbs, but there is no reason to

believe that they would now reach a different conclusion:

C First Circuit: Laro v. New Hampshire, 259 F.3d 1, 7 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 262 (1st
Cir. 2001).

This case involved solely a claim arising under the self-care provisions of the Act.
In a thorough analysis of the issue, the First Circuit found a lack of congruence between the
desire to eliminate sex discrimination and the self-care remedy which was sufficient to waive
the state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity. 259 F.3d at 16-17.
 In Hibbs v. Department of Human Resources, the Ninth Circuit noted, with
substantial approval, the distinction Laro drew between the constitutionality of applying to
the states the family-care and self-care provisions of the Act. See 273 F.3d at 855.

C Second Circuit: Hale v. Mann, 219 F.3d 61, 6 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 108 (2d Cir.
2000).

The court held that application of the self-care provisions of FMLA to a state agency
violates the state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity. 219 F.3d at 69.

C Third Circuit: Chittister v. Department of Cmty. & Econ. Dev., 226 F.3d 223, 6 Wage &
Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 545, 25 Empl. Ben. Cas. (BNA) 1025 (3d Cir. 2000) (Alito, J.).

In another self-care case, then-Judge Alito held that application of the Act to an
employee of a state agency resulted in a lack of congruence and proportionality between the
injury to be remedied and the means adopted to that end. In reviewing Congress’s Findings,
Judge Alito noted:

Notably absent is any finding concerning the existence, much less the
prevalence, in public employment of personal sick leave practices that
amounted to intentional gender discrimination in violation of the Equal
Protection Clause. For example, Congress did not find that public employers
refused to permit as much sick leave as the FMLA mandates with the intent
of disadvantaging employees of one gender.

226 F.3d at 228-29.

While the Third Circuit itself has not reconsidered Judge Alito’s opinion, four district judges

within its jurisdiction have unanimously agreed that Chittister survives Hibbs:

C Savage v. New Jersey, No. 05-2047, 2007 WL 642916 (D.N.J. Feb. 23, 2007).

“The explicit and narrow holding in Hibbs, has not overturned the holding in
Chittister that the self-care provision cannot be enforced against the States . . . .
Chittister remains the law of this circuit . . . .” Id. at *5.

C Wampler v. Pennsylvania Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 508 F. Supp. 2d 416 (M.D. Pa.
2007)

The court cited with approval the foregoing holding in Savage. Id. at 420-21.

C Haybarger v. Lawrence County Adult Probation & Parole, No. 06-862, 2007 WL
789657 (W.D. Pa. March 14, 2007) (Lancaster, J.).
 The court held that Hibbs “was limited to the ‘family-care’ provision and
does not affect the reasoning of Chittister with regards to the ‘self-care’ provision of
the FMLA.” Id. at *3 n.1.

C Walker v. Department of Military & Veterans Affairs, No. 2:08CV267, 2008 WL
2433091 (W.D. Pa. June 12, 2008) (Cercone, J.).

The court held that “the Hibbs decision was limited to the ‘family-care’
provision and . . . the Third Circuit’s holding regarding the ‘self-care’ provision of
the FMLA remained unaffected.” Id. at *2.

Similarly, while the Ninth Circuit has not again faced the issue, one district court within its

jurisdiction has found Eleventh Amendment immunity in a self-care case:

C Wennihan v. AHCCCS, 515 F. Supp. 2d 1040 (D. Ariz. 2005).

In a self-care case, the court distinguished Hibbs and concluded that its
family-care holding was not applicable. Instead, the court followed the Tenth Circuit
decision in Brockman, and held that the plaintiff’s suit against an agency of the State
of Arizona was barred by the Eleventh Amendment. Id. at 1046.

Finally, although this is apparently a case of first impression in the state courts of Texas, at

least three other states’ courts have joined the federal chorus in finding that self-care cases are barred

by the Eleventh Amendment:

C Louisiana: Matthews v. Military Dep’t ex rel. La., 970 So. 2d 1089 (La. App. 1 Cir. 2007),
writ denied, 976 So. 2d 177 (La.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ____, 129 S. Ct. 82 (2008).

In a self-care case, the Louisiana Court of Appeal also followed Brockman and found
that Congress had not lawfully abrogated the state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity. 970
So. 2d at 1090.

C Maryland: Lizzi v. Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 384 Md. 199, 862 A.2d 1017,
10 Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 1046 (2004), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1116 (2005).

In a self-care case, the Court of Appeals of Maryland followed Brockman, holding
that Hibbs “does not have any effect” on the personal-leave provision of FMLA. Id. at 211-
12, 862 A.2d at 1024-25 (emphasis in original). In doing so, the state court expressly
rejected the Fourth Circuit’s Montgomery decision.

C Utah: Nicholas v. Attorney Gen., 168 P.3d 809, 101 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1070, 12
Wage & Hour Cas. 2d (BNA) 1468 (Utah 2007).
 Upholding the state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity, the court followed the Sixth
Circuit’s opinion in Touvell.

In summary, the federal courts of appeals for nine circuits (the First, Second, Third, Fifth,

Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits),5 a federal district court in one of the two

circuits (the Ninth and the District of Columbia) which have not been presented with a controlling

case, and the highest courts of three states (Louisiana, Maryland, and Utah) have concluded that

Congress could not constitutionally abrogate the states’ Eleventh Amendment immunity in regard

to the self-care provisions of FMLA.

Despite the existence of a conflict in the circuits (albeit a 9-1 split), the United States

Supreme Court has been given four opportunities to announce a contrary conclusion, and it has

denied a writ of certiorari all four times. See Touvell, Brockman, Matthews, and Lizzi.

I am aware of two cases which have reached a contrary conclusion, neither of which, in my

opinion, is well-reasoned and neither of which actually addresses the issue presented to our Court:

C Fourth Circuit: Montgomery v. Maryland, 72 Fed. Appx. 17 (4th Cir. 2003) (per curiam)
(unpublished).

Just two months after Hibbs was decided, the Fourth Circuit summarily cited it for
the proposition that “Congress effectively abrogated the states’ Eleventh Amendment
immunity against causes of action based on the FMLA.” Id. at 19. In so holding, the court
did not notice, let alone discuss, any distinction between the family-care and self-care
provisions of the Act.6

5
I have not sought to discuss the numerous federal district courts cases in which the court has simply
followed and applied the law of that circuit. I have also not discussed at least three district court cases which arose
within the Fifth Circuit after Hibbs, but prior to the Nelson decision. See Bryant v. Mississippi State Univ., 329 F.
Supp. 2d 818, 821-22 n.2, 825 (N.D. Miss. 2004); Solley v. Big Spring State Hosp., No. Civ.A.1:03-CV-094-C,
2004 W L 1553423 (N.D. Tex. July 12, 2004); Jordan v. Texas Dep’t of Aging & Disabilities Servs., No.
9:05CV161, 2006 W L 1804619 (E.D. Tex. June 28, 2006).

6
See Bryant, 329 F. Supp. 2d at 821-22 n.2, where the court rejected the holding in Montgomery: “W ith
no analysis of the issue, the Fourth Circuit reached a conclusion opposite of the one this Court reaches today. . . . In
the absence of more consideration, this Court is unpersuaded by such a general conclusion.”
 The court’s cursory treatment of Hibbs may well be attributable to the fact that
assertion quoted above is pure dictum, since the court then dismissed the lawsuit for failure
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Id. at 20.

C Hamilton v. Niagara Frontier Transp. Auth., Nos. 00-CV-300SR, 00-CV-8635R,
2007 WL 2241794 (W.D.N.Y. July 31, 2007) (Schroeder, Mag. J.).

In Hamilton also, the Magistrate Judge stated summarily that, in Hibbs, the
Supreme Court “held that the FMLA is a valid abrogation of state immunity.” Id. at
*13. The district court’s opinion did not recognize, let alone discuss, any distinction
between the family-care and self-care provisions.

The court likewise did not reference, even in passing, the Second Circuit’s
contrary decision in Hale.

Thus, the only two cases which have found a state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity to have

been abrogated by the self-care provisions of FMLA did so in opinions which overlooked the

distinction, so carefully and repeatedly noted by the Supreme Court itself (see, e.g., 538 U.S. at 737,

123 S. Ct. at 19827), between family-care and self-care leaves.

The majority opinion flies in the face of a mountain of contrary and persuasive legal

authority. I therefore respectfully dissent from its holding that Hibbs abrogated Texas’ Eleventh

Amendment immunity from Herrara’s FMLA claim arising from a self-care leave.

The majority deem it unnecessary to consider Herrera’s alternative contentions that Texas

has voluntarily waived its sovereign immunity by State law or by provisions in the UTEP handbook.

In view of the majority’s holding, I do not deem it necessary to discuss them in any detail. It will

suffice to say that I believe Herrera’s contention that UTEP waived the State’s immunity by

provisions in its Handbook to be without merit. See Wells v. Texas A & M Univ. Sys., No. 06-04-

00001-CV, 2004 WL 2114438 (Tex. App.--Texarkana Sept. 24, 2004, pet. denied), cert. denied, 546

U.S. 814 (2005).

7
“W e believe that Congress’ chosen remedy, the family-care leave provision of the FM LA, is ‘congruent
and proportional to the targeted violation,’ . . .” (emphasis supplied).
 KENNETH R. CARR, Justice

November 25, 2008