In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
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NO. 09-06-246 CV
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IN THE MATTER OF P.D.M.
Polk County, Texas
Trial Cause No. JV02753
P.D.M. appeals the delinquency findings and determinate sentences of twenty-four years for murder and twenty years for injury to a child. In his initial merits brief to the Court, P.D.M. argues that the trial court erred (1) by sentencing P.D.M. for murder "when the jury failed to find that the act was knowingly and intentionally committed" and (2) by submitting a disposition charge on murder, with a maximum determinate sentence of forty years, on a delinquency finding for manslaughter. At our request, the parties briefed a related issue, namely, whether the double jeopardy bar against multiple punishments bars a determinate sentence for injury to a child as a lesser included offense of felony murder where the underlying felony is endangering a child.
P.D.M. shot his sister once in the face, killing her. Eyewitnesses testified that P.D.M. pointed the 9mm firearm at his sister and two twelve-year-old friends and dry-fired the gun before the weapon discharged. The trial court submitted three questions to the jury, to wit:
Question Number 1
Do you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the Respondent, [P.D.M.], has committed delinquent conduct in that he did commit or attempt to commit a felony, to wit endangering a child, and in the course of and in furtherance of the commission or attempt, or in the immediate flight from the commission or attempt, committed or attempted to commit an act clearly dangerous to human life that caused the death of [F.M.], namely, by pointing a loaded firearm at in the direction of the said [F.M.] and then pulling the trigger on said firearm? If you do so find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, you will answer "YES". Unless you so find, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof you will answer "NO".
Answer Yes or No Answer: YES
With regard to Question 2 and Question 3, if you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the respondent has engaged in delinquent conduct by causing serious bodily injury to [F.M.] as alleged below but have a reasonable doubt as to whether he did such "intentionally or knowingly" or "recklessly", then you should resolve that doubt in the respondent's favor and find that he has engaged in such conduct "recklessly".
Question Number 2
Do you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the Respondent, [P.D.M.], has committed delinquent conduct in that he did intentionally, or knowingly cause serious bodily injury to [F.M.], a person 14 years of age or younger, by shooting her with a firearm? If you do so find, beyond a reasonable doubt, you will answer "Yes". Unless you so find, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof you will answer "NO".
Answer Yes or No Answer: NO
IF YOU HAVE ANSWERED QUESTION NUMBER 2 "YES" DO NOT ANSWER QUESTION NUMBER 3 IF YOU HAVE ANSWERED QUESTION NUMBER 2 "NO", ANSWER QUESTION NUMBER 3
Question Number 3
Do you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the Respondent, [P.D.M.], has committed delinquent conduct in that he did recklessly cause serious bodily injury to [F.M.], a person 14 years of age or younger, by shooting her with a firearm? If you do so find, beyond a reasonable doubt, you will answer "Yes". Unless you so find, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof you will answer "NO".
Answer Yes or No Answer: YES
P.D.M. contends the charge was erroneous because it permitted the jury to convict P.D.M. of murder for an act committed with a "reckless" state of mind. He argues the verdict contained conflicting answers because the jury found that P.D.M. committed murder but also found that he recklessly committed injury to a child. Because the jury did not find that he acted intentionally and knowingly, P.D.M. argues, the verdict must be reversed. We disagree.
The jury finding that P.D.M. engaged in delinquent conduct in answer to Question Number 1 is based upon the commission of felony murder. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(3) (Vernon 2003). Unlike the other two subsections of the statute, Section 19.02(b)(3) omits a culpable mental state. Lomax v. State, 233 S.W.3d 302, 304 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The "very essence" of the felony-murder rule makes the person "guilty of an 'unintentional' murder when he causes another person's death during the commission of some type of a felony." Id. at 305. The predicate felony need not have been intentionally or knowingly committed. Id. at 304. The felony offense of endangering a child may be committed recklessly. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.041(c), (f) (Vernon Supp. 2007). Therefore, the jury charge did not permit the jury to make inconsistent findings relating the mens rea for murder and injury to a child.
In his supplemental brief, P.D.M. contends the trial court violated his constitutional right against being twice placed in jeopardy for the same offense when the trial court utilized determinate sentencing through a conviction of a lesser included offense. He argues injury to a child and endangering a child have substantially the same elements and the same evidence was used to establish a determination of delinquency on both of the charged offenses. P.D.M. concedes that injury to a child and murder in the commission of endangering a child violate distinct statutory provisions and each contain an element the other does not. Accordingly, P.D.M. concedes he has been punished for separate offenses under the Blockburger test. See Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180, 182, 76 L. Ed. 306 (1932). Blockburger is a tool for ascertaining whether the Legislature intended to permit multiple punishments. Ex parte Ervin, 991 S.W.2d 804, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Other considerations relevant to a double jeopardy analysis include whether the offenses are: (1) contained within the same statutory section; (2) phrased in the alternative; (3) named similarly; (4) share a common gravamen that tends to indicate a single instance of conduct; (5) contain differing elements that can be considered the same under an imputed theory of liability under a liberalized Blockburger standard; and (6) intended to be treated as same or different offenses in legislative history. Id.
P.D.M. argues that the predicate offense of endangering a child is a lesser included offense of injury to a child, so that the two offenses are the same for double jeopardy purposes. Because the State relied on the lesser included offense to elevate a manslaughter to murder, he contends, the State cannot punish him for both murder and injury to a child. The State, on the other hand, argues that the same facts were not necessarily used to prove both cases. In particular, the State argues that P.D.M. "had been dry-firing the weapon throughout the evening at children under the age of fifteen prior to a bullet being loaded in the chamber of the weapon and pointing it one last time at or in the direction of his sister and pulling the trigger." Thus, the State separates the act used to prove the predicate child endangerment from the act used to prove the injury to the child and the act clearly dangerous to human life that caused the victim's death. (1)
P.D.M. argues "there is nothing that clearly illustrates that the legislature intended to punish the offenses of endangering a child and injury to a child separately[.]" In reply, the State contends the Legislature expressed a clear intent that multiple punishments be allowed for injury to a child and felony murder. We agree with the State's construction of the applicable statutes. In this case, a determinate sentence was imposed for an offense committed under Section 22.04 of the Penal Code. "A person who is subject to prosecution under both this section [Section 22.04] and another section of this code may be prosecuted under either or both sections." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.04(h) (Vernon Supp. 2007). This statute plainly authorizes multiple punishments for injury to a child and any other penal code section. See Johnson v. State, 208 S.W.3d 478, 510-11 (Tex. App.--Austin 2006, pet. ref'd)(convictions for capital murder and injury to an elderly individual). Murder and endangering a child are both contained in sections of the Penal Code other than Section 22.04. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. §§ 19.02, 22.041. "A defendant suffers multiple punishments in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause when he is convicted of more offenses than the legislature intended." Ervin, 991 S.W.2d at 807. Because the legislature clearly indicated its intent to permit multiple concurrent punishments, we hold that the determinate sentences imposed in this case are not constitutionally prohibited.
We overrule the appellant's issues and affirm the judgment.
AFFIRMED.
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STEVE McKEITHEN
Chief Justice
Submitted on October 11, 2007
Opinion Delivered February 7, 2008
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.
1. The State argued this theory to the jury. P.D.M. raised the multiple punishments
double jeopardy issue for the first time in response to our request for further briefing and did
not raise a double jeopardy claim at any time in the trial court. Because it was not undisputed
that the predicate offense arose from the same conduct as the injury to a child, P.D.M.
arguably failed to preserve the issue for appellate review. See Gonzalez v. State, 8 S.W.3d
640, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)(Appellant forfeited multiple punishments claim arising out
of convictions for aggravated robbery and injury to an elderly person where jury's verdict on
aggravated robbery could have rested upon deadly weapon paragraph rather than robbery of
an elderly individual.). Although it is a close question, our review of the appellate record in
this case leads us to conclude that the multiple punishments issue is clearly apparent on the
record and enforcing the usual rules of procedural default would serve no legitimate state
interest. See id. at 643.