IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-91-115-CR
VICTOR C. CHILDS,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the 85th District Court
Brazos County, Texas
Trial Court # 19,779-85
O P I N I O N
Victor Childs appeals his conviction for burglary of a building. Childs was found guilty by a jury, and, as the result of one prior conviction that enhanced the range of punishment, the jury assessed punishment at thirty-five years in prison. On appeal Childs asserts that he was denied the right to a speedy trial and that the court erred in overruling his challenge for cause of a prospective juror. We affirm.
Right to a Speedy Trial
The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution as applied through the Fourteenth Amendment. The same right is assured by article 1, section 10, of the Texas Constitution and article 1.05 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
In determining whether an accused has been denied the right to a speedy trial, we must employ a balancing test as set out by the United States Supreme Court in Barker v. Wingo. The factors to be considered are: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the defendant's assertion of the right; and (4) the prejudice to the defendant resulting from the delay. We will consider each of these factors as applied to the record before us.
Length of Delay
The length of the delay is measured from the time the defendant is formally accused or arrested until the time of trial. No specific length of delay automatically constitutes a violation of the right to a speedy trial. In the present case, Childs was arrested on August 21, 1990, and indicted on October 11, 1990. His trial began on May 20, 1991, resulting in a delay of approximately seven to nine months.
Reason for Delay
In considering the reason for the delay, different weight should be assigned to different reasons. Deliberate attempts to hamper the defense weigh heavily against the State, and circumstances such as missing witnesses will justify a delay, but in most instances the delay will be caused by more neutral reasons such as overcrowded court dockets, which are weighed less heavily against the State.
There is no evidence of any deliberate or intentional acts by the State or the trial court in an effort to delay Childs' trial. Furthermore, there is no indication in the record that Childs ever requested a trial setting.
On December 12, 1990, Childs' first attorney filed several pre-trial motions, including a motion to withdraw as counsel. After a pre-trial hearing on January 10, 1991, the motion to withdraw was granted. The motion indicates that Childs requested that his attorney withdraw from further representation. Furthermore, Childs testified at the hearing on his motion to dismiss that he requested a new attorney because he and his original attorney "got into some differences." The docket sheet, of which the trial court took judicial notice, indicates that on November 15, 1990, the case was set for a pre-trial hearing on January 10, 1991, for a final pre-trial hearing on January 18, and for a jury trial on January 21. The docket sheet, however, also includes a January 10 notation, following the appointment of a new attorney, that the case was reset for pre-trial motions. Furthermore, at the hearing on his motion to dismiss, Childs acknowledged that the case was originally set for trial in January 1991. He also admitted that, on January 10, 1991, he asked to see a psychologist because his "memory was bad." He argues, however, that his requests had no effect on the January trial setting.
On May 20, 1991, immediately before voir dire examination of the jury, Childs filed a pro se motion to dismiss due to delay. The burden of excusing the delay rests with the State. At the hearing on Childs' motion to dismiss, the State elicited testimony from Childs in support of the State's position that any delay in trial could be attributed to his request for a new attorney and his request to see a psychologist. The State has, therefore, rebutted the presumption that no valid reason for the delay existed.
Childs' Assertion of His Rights
A defendant's assertion of his speedy trial right is entitled to strong evidentiary weight in determining whether the defendant is being deprived of the right. Failure to assert the right, however, will make it difficult to prove that he was denied a speedy trial. Although the record reflects that several pre-trial hearings were set, there is no evidence in the record that Childs asserted a speedy trial claim at any time before he filed his pro se motion to dismiss on May 20, 1991. Based on our review of the record before us, it is clear that Childs' prime objective was not to gain a speedy trial, but was instead to have the charge against him dismissed. Although a motion to dismiss can notify the State and the court of a speedy trial claim, a defendant's motivation in asking for dismissal rather than a prompt trial is clearly relevant and may sometimes attenuate the strength of his claim.
The Prejudice to Childs
Three interests must be considered when determining prejudice to the defendant: (1) to prevent oppressive pre-trial incarceration; (2) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and (3) to limit the possibility that the defense will be impaired. Proof of actual prejudice is not required. The defendant must only make "some showing" that the delay has been prejudicial.
Childs argues that the excessive delay has impaired his defense because a potential witness, Jesse Ransom, died after the original January trial setting. According to Childs, Ransom would have been able to verify Childs' claim that at the time he entered the building it was open to the public. Although Childs is not required to show that Ransom would have definitely testified in Childs' favor, he must at least make some showing that Ransom was a "material" witness. Childs has failed to meet this burden. He testified that on August 20 or 21, 1990, he spoke with Ransom in the washateria, which was in the same building as the convenience store that was burglarized that night. However, the record is completely void of any evidence that Ransom had any involvement in Childs' case or that he had any knowledge of Childs' entry into the convenience store.
Balancing Test
We must now engage in a difficult and sensitive balancing process in which none of the four factors alone are either necessary or sufficient to a finding of deprivation of the right to a speedy trial. In this case we find a delay of seven months between the indictment and the trial. Although the docket sheet reflects that a trial setting was planned for January 21, 1991, that setting was apparently passed because Childs requested a new attorney and asked to see a psychologist. Further, rather than actively and persistently asserting his right to a speedy trial, Childs sought, on the day of trial, a dismissal of the charges against him. Finally, Childs has failed to make some showing of prejudice resulting from the delay. Under the circumstances of the case, we hold that Childs was not denied his right to a speedy trial. We overrule point of error one.
Challenge for Cause
In point two, Childs contends that the trial court erred in overruling his challenge for cause of Hummel, a prospective juror. Childs argues that this prospective juror admitted having a bias or prejudice against a law upon which the defense was entitled to rely. According to Childs, Hummel had a bias against allowing a defendant to remain silent. During the voir dire examination of the jury panel, the following exchange with Hummel occurred:
[Defense Counsel]: And I guess, getting back to the question, Mr. Hummel, if a person accused—and you're sitting on this jury panel—doesn't testify and you are instructed that you cannot consider his silence, even though you may want it, even if you feel that you may need it to make an important decision, could you follow those instructions?
MR. HUMMEL: I don't guess so because I've always had a problem with that. I'm ultra conservative. I live a good life, I feel like, and I live within the means of the laws and never liked liars. And if he can't sit there and tell me, "I didn't do it," I'd have a problem with it, if he didn't stand up and say, "No, I didn't do it."
At the conclusion of the voir dire, Hummel was examined further at the bench:
[Defense Counsel]: Mr. Hummel, let me thank you for your honesty and your straightforwardness. That's the kind of responses we like to get from jurors, prospective jurors.
I wanted to make sure I understood you correctly concerning a defendant's not testifying and remaining silent. If I understood you correctly, is that you could not keep his silence out of your—
MR. HUMMEL: No, what I said was it affects me.
[Defense Counsel]: Okay, affects you. Okay.
MR. HUMMEL: And as far as my judgment is concerned, I have a hard time believing that somebody can sit there all through the trial and never defend himself. If he's guilty, he guilty. If he's innocent, he's innocent. And if he's innocent, I would think that somebody would want to get up and say, "I'm innocent." That's just the way I feel about it.
[Defense Counsel]: That's perfectly fine. But if the person didn't testify, would you assume he was guilty?
MR. HUMMEL: No, I didn't say that. I just said I'd have a hard time dealing with it, if he can't stand up and defend himself.
[Defense Counsel]: Okay. If you were instructed that you couldn't consider his silence, could you follow that instruction?
MR. HUMMEL: Well, you asked me that same question earlier, and it's—that's what I said. It would be hard for me to deal with, for that type of a situation. You're asking the same question 15 different ways.
[Defense Counsel]: Well, yes. I'm trying—because I'm trying to get a little more definite answer. I mean, it's—I guess I can ask: Will you or will you not?
MR. HUMMEL: Well, I will consider all the evidence that's given. And if he's guilty—I feel like he's guilty, I'm going to vote him guilty. If he's not guilty, I feel like I could give an impartial judgment on it, based on the evidence that I would hear. Back in my mind, if he can't stand up and defend himself against the crime that he's been accused of, I would find it difficult to—
[Defense Counsel]: How difficult? We're—assume—
MR. HUMMEL: That's based on the judgment—I mean, the evidence that's provided in the court. I mean, I think that you'd have to be brain dead, a mind full of mush not to have some kind of considerations, you know. Just like you was asking the jurors earlier, about if you've been burglarized before, was it going to affect you. It's going to affect anybody that's been burglarized before to some extent.
. . .
MR. HUMMEL: I understand that. He doesn't have to say a word.
[Defense Counsel]: But you would want him to say a word if he's saying not—
MR. HUMMEL: I would want to, yeah. I would like to hear him say that, "I didn't do it."
[Defense Counsel]: And my question is, then: If he didn't say it, didn't get up and say, "I didn't do it."
MR. HUMMEL: It would have to be entirely based upon the evidence that we hear out of the courtroom.
[Defense Counsel]: No further questions.
[Prosecutor]: Mr. Hummel, I'm sorry to keep asking you this, but I just want to make clear. You're saying, "I have a problem with it; it kind of bothers me that a defendant may not testify." But although that does bother you, you're not saying that if the Court instructs you, you can't consider that? You don't know why; there's a lot of reasons. You're not going to know why. But you can't consider the fact that he didn't testify. Can you follow that law?
MR. HUMMEL: Yeah, I think I could live with that.
Where a prospective juror states that he can set aside his bias and follow the law, the trial court's refusal to sustain the defendant's challenge for cause will be reviewed in light of all of the answers the prospective juror gives. When the trial court is faced with a vacillating juror, elements such as demeanor and tone of voice are important factors in conveying the precise message intended. Therefore, the trial court's decision is accorded great deference. Hummel concluded the voir dire examination by stating that he could follow the instructions given by the court. Given that the trial judge was in a better position to assess the credibility of Hummel's responses, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Childs' challenge for cause. We overrule point of error two.
We affirm the judgment.
BOBBY L. CUMMINGS
Justice
Before Chief Justice Thomas,
Justice Cummings, and
Justice Vance
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed July 15, 1992
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