IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-94-054-CV
     SUSANNE LEE ENDRES,
                                                                                              Appellant
     v.
     MARK FRANCIS ENDRES,
                                                                                              Appellee
From the 249th District Court
Johnson County, Texas
Trial Court # 249-5157-93
                                                                                                   Â
MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                                                                                   Â
      Appellant filed her appeal pursuant to a divorce decree which was signed January 19, 1994. Appellant's brief in the cause was originally due June 9, 1994. This court granted an extension of time for filing Appellant's brief until July 9. Appellee states in her motion to dismiss that she technically had until July 11 to file her brief.
      Appellee requests that the appeal be dismissed for want of prosecution pursuant to Rule 74(l)(1) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Appellant has provided no reasonable explanation for failure to file a brief. Appellee further states that his ability to enforce the decree may be hampered by the pendency of the appeal and desires finality to the divorce decree for purpose of enforcement.
      Appellee's motion is granted. The appeal is dismissed for want of prosecution. See Tex. R. App. P. 74(l)(1).
                                                                               PER CURIAM
Before Chief Justice Thomas,
      Justice Cummings, and
      Justice Vance
Dismissed
Opinion delivered and filed August 24, 1994
Do not publish
filed[.]Ò Few v. State, No. PD-866-06, 2007 WL 677230, at *3 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 7, 2007) (quoting Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(f)).
           Here, no appeal is being dismissed. It does appear that the failure to include cause number 17804 on the notice of appeal may have been a clerical error on the part of RuffinÂs counsel. However, RuffinÂs brief has been on file since November 2006. Thus, the time for amending the notice of appeal has elapsed. See Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(f). Accordingly, because Ruffin did not perfect an appeal from his conviction in trial court cause number 17804 for the aggravated assault of Gary Medford, we leave that conviction undisturbed. Cf. Plas-Tex., Inc. v. U.S. Steel Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 446 (Tex. 1989) (ÂGenerally, when one party appeals from a judgment, a reversal as to that party will not justify a reversal as to other nonappealing parties.Â).
Â
Expert Testimony
           Ruffin contends in his first issue that the court abused its discretion by excluding expert testimony that because of mental illness Ruffin did not know he was shooting at law enforcement officers.
           By offer of proof, Ruffin called a psychologist, Dr. William Carter, to testify to his mental status during the standoff. Carter testified that Ruffin Âwas in a severe psychological decline during the weeks and months preceding the standoff, leading to a Âdeep depression. In CarterÂs opinion, Ruffin Âeventually developed a condition known as major depression with psychotic features which caused him to lose Âcontact with reality much of the time. Carter believed that on the night of the standoff Ruffin was experiencing Âdelusional thinking psychosis and paranoia which caused him to see and hear things. On cross-examination, Carter testified that Ruffin was not legally insane at the time of the standoff but had Âdiminished capacity which affected his ability to make rational judgments.
           Ruffin offered CarterÂs testimony as evidence of diminished capacity Âto negate the mens rea elements under article 38.36 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Jackson v. State. 160 S.W.3d 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The trial court sustained the StateÂs objection to this testimony. Ruffin now contends that the evidence should have been admitted as relevant to the issue of whether Ruffin knew he was shooting at law enforcement officers. The State responds that RuffinÂs appellate complaint does not comport with the theory of admissibility he urged at trial.
           Under the indictments in RuffinÂs cases, there were two Âmens rea elements in each case. First, the State had to prove that Ruffin Âintentionally or knowingly threatened each complainant. And second, the State had to prove that Ruffin Âdid then and there know that each complainant was a public servant.[1] See Hughes v. State, 897 S.W.2d 285, 295 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (in prosecution for capital murder of peace officer, Â[t]he State was required to prove that appellant intentionally or knowingly caused the death of the deceased (result of conduct), and that appellant knew the deceased was a peace officer (circumstances surrounding the conduct)Â); Ester v. State, 151 S.W.3d 660, 663-64 (Tex. App.ÂWaco 2004, no pet.) (elements for evading arrest are Â(1) a person, (2) intentionally flees, (3) from a peace officer, (4) with knowledge he or she is a peace officer, (5) the peace officer is attempting to arrest or detain the person, and (6) the attempted arrest or detention is lawfulÂ) (emphases added).
           Therefore, because one of the required Âmens rea elements was knowledge that that each complainant was a public servant and because Ruffin argued that the evidence was admissible Âto negate the mens rea elements, we hold that RuffinÂs appellate complaint adequately comports with the theory of admissibility urged at trial.
           However, as the State also contends, article 38.36 of the Code of Criminal Procedure applies only to murder prosecutions. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.36 (Vernon 2005). The Court of Criminal Appeals expressly referenced article 38.36 to support the proposition that Âsometimes . . . evidence of a defendant's history of mental illness may be offered Âto negate the mens rea element. Jackson, 160 S.W.3d at 574. (emphasis added) Accordingly, we hold that evidence of mental illness/diminished capacity is admissible Âto negate the mens rea element only in a homicide case. See Fleece v. State, No. 02-05-308-CR, 2006 WL 3627145, at *3 (Tex. App.ÂFort Worth Dec. 14, 2006, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (ÂThere is no analogue to article 38.36(a) that specifically makes mental-illness evidence relevant to prosecutions for debit card abuse and unauthorized use of a motor vehicle.Â).  Thus, in a prosecution for an offense other than homicide, if the defendant is not pursuing an insanity defense, such evidence is not admissible. See Nejnaoui v. State, 44 S.W.3d 111, 117-18 (Tex. App.ÂHouston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. refÂd).
           Therefore, because Ruffin was not being prosecuted for homicide and was not pursuing an insanity defense, the court did not abuse its discretion by sustaining the StateÂs objection to Dr. CarterÂs testimony. RuffinÂs first issue is overruled.
Legal Insufficiency
           Ruffin contends in his second issue that the evidence is legally insufficient to prove that he knew the complainants in appellate cause nos. 10-06-218-CR, 10-06-220-CR, and 10-06-222-CR (trial court cause nos. 17799, 17801, and 17803) were public servants.[2] This contention is based on the prosecutorÂs Âconcession in closing argument that the State ÂdidnÂt prove Ruffin knew these complainants were public servants.
           In reviewing a claim of legal insufficiency, we view all of the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential element beyond a reasonable doubt.  Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 753-54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
           Aside from uncontroverted statements regarding occurrences in the courtroom, statements of counsel are not generally treated as evidence. See Modica v. State, 151 S.W.3d 716, 729 (Tex. App.ÂBeaumont 2004, pet. refÂd); see also Thieleman v. State, 187 S.W.3d 455, 456-58 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (uncontradicted statement of counsel regarding occurrence in courtroom Âprovides some evidence of the fact of occurrenceÂ). In addition, courts are not generally bound by a partyÂs concessions. See Nickerson v. State, 69 S.W.3d 661, 668 (Tex. App.ÂWaco 2002, pet. refÂd).
           Deputy Brown testified that Ruffin knew her personally because she had previously worked as a security officer at a business he owned. Ruffin also knew that she was a licensed peace officer. She identified herself to Ruffin on several occasions during the encounter, and Ruffin acknowledged that he knew who she was when he warned her to leave the premises. Several of the officers who drove patrol cars to the scene had their overhead lights activated when they arrived at the premises. The headlights of some of the officers vehicles illuminated the distinctive law enforcement markings of patrol cars already on the premises and illuminated deputies on the premises who were in uniform. Ruffin left his house at some point during the encounter and fired shots at the officers from the trees outside his home, forcing the officers to retreat. Ruffin also fired shots at a Department of Public Safety helicopter which flew over his property early that morning trying to establish his location on the property with heat-seeking equipment.
Â[D]irect evidence of the elements of the offense is not required. Juries are permitted to make reasonable inferences from the evidence presented at trial, and circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor. Circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 14-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational juror could have reasonably inferred that Ruffin knew his acquaintance Deputy Brown and other law enforcement officers had surrounded his home. Thus, a rational juror could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Ruffin knew there were public servants on his property and that he possessed this knowledge as he fired shots from his house and from the trees outside his house. See Flores v. State, 164 S.W.3d 435, 436-37 (Tex. App.ÂEastland 2005, pet. refÂd); Manrique v. State, 943 S.W.2d 115, 119 (Tex. App.ÂSan Antonio 1997) (Âfiring of at least 26 rounds of ammunition from an AK-47 assault rifle at a residential dwelling at 4 A.M. was sufficient to demonstrate that appellant intentionally and knowingly attempted to cause the death of person(s) unknown to the grand juryÂ), revÂd in part on other grounds, 994 S.W.2d 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999);[3] Ishmael v. State, 688 S.W.2d 252, 258 (Tex. App.ÂFort Worth 1985, pet. refÂd) (ÂWhen a person fires a gun into a crowd of people with no particular intended victim, the probability that serious bodily injury will result is so great that it is worse than reckless disregard of the consequences; if a death is thus caused, it is murder.Â); see also Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 15-16 (discussing how jurors may draw Âmultiple reasonable inferences from the evidence).
           Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the juryÂs findings that Ruffin knew Deputies Helms, Morgan and Blakely were public servants. Therefore, we overrule RuffinÂs second issue.
Factual Insufficiency
           Ruffin contends in his third issue that the evidence is factually insufficient to support the convictions regarding Deputies Helms, Morgan and Blakely for the same reason.
           In a factual insufficiency review, we ask whether a neutral review of all the evidence, though legally sufficient, demonstrates either that the proof of guilt is so weak or that conflicting evidence is so strong as to render the factfinderÂs verdict clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d. 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
We have already outlined the evidence supporting the verdict. The evidence to the contrary is primarily that these deputies were dressed in black and there was testimony from at least one of them that Ruffin was probably unable to see them in the dark. There is no testimony that any of the officers on the scene identified himself or herself as a law enforcement officer or announced that law enforcement officers were present. (E.g., ÂThis is the police. Come out with your hands up.Â).
We acknowledge that the StateÂs evidence on this issue cannot be characterized as overwhelming. Nevertheless, we cannot say that the supporting evidence is so weak or that conflicting evidence is so strong as to render the factfinderÂs verdict clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. See Flores, 164 S.W.3d at 437; see also Watson, 204 S.W.3d. at 414-15. Accordingly, we overrule RuffinÂs third issue.
We affirm the judgments.
Â
FELIPE REYNA
Justice
Â
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Vance, and
Justice Reyna
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed August 8, 2007
Publish
[CR25]
[1]              Each indictment alleges in pertinent part that Ruffin Âdid then and there intentionally or knowingly threaten [the complainant] with imminent bodily injury by firing gunshots, and did then and there use or exhibit a deadly weapon, to-wit: a firearm, during the commission of said assault, and the defendant did then and there know that [the complainant] was then and there a public servant . . . and that [the complainant] was then and there lawfully discharging an official duty.Â
[2]              Those complainants are Deputies Helms, Morgan, and Blakely. Although Ruffin purports to challenge the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction in trial court cause no. 17804 (aggravated assault of Deputy Medford), he did not perfect an appeal from that conviction.
[3]              The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the San Antonio CourtÂs legal sufficiency analysis but reversed on double jeopardy grounds. Manrique v. State, 994 S.W.2d 640, 642-43 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). As the Court of Criminal Appeals observed, ÂThe appellant was trying to Âlight up a house that contained more than four people, and he and his companion fired at least 26 shots. It seems reasonable to
conclude that more than one unknown person could have been the objects of these murderous acts.ÂÂ Id.