IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-94-318-CR
CHRISTOPHER LEE ORTIZ,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the 54th District Court
McLennan County, Texas
Trial Court # 94-58-C
O P I N I O N
A jury found Christopher Ortiz guilty of the offense of murder with a deadly weapon, and the court assessed punishment of seventy-five years in prison. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02 (Vernon 1994). Ortiz appeals the conviction, urging two points of error. In his first point, Ortiz asserts that the trial court allowed the State to infringe upon his constitutionally guaranteed presumption of innocence when the prosecution referred to a leg brace he was required to wear in court. In point two, Ortiz claims that error resulted from the prosecution's closing argument attacking his truthfulness when he testified on his own behalf. We will affirm.
PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE
At trial, Ortiz wore a concealed knee-restraint or leg brace that is designed to discourage a defendant from escaping or running. The knee-restraint caused him to limp while walking to the witness stand. The following statements form the basis of Ortiz's complaint that the State's line of questioning infringed upon the presumption of innocence by alerting the jury to the fact that he was restrained during trial by a knee-brace.
Q: Do you have any sort of handicap to prevent you from being able to run?
A: No.
Q: You were limping in the courtroom. Were you limping October 17th 1993?
A: I've got a brace on my leg, so I can't run.
Q: You did not have that on that night. Isn't that correct?
A: That's correct.
(Emphasis added).
No objection was made to Ortiz's physical restraint or to the State's line of questioning concerning his limp. Citing Marin v. State, Ortiz asserts that this type of error, when egregious harm is suffered by the loss of a constitutionally guaranteed right, does not require an objection for appellate review. Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 279 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
However, most constitutional guarantees can be waived by the failure to object properly at trial. Id. The Marin court identified three categories of rights: (1) absolute requirements and prohibitions, (2) rights that must be implemented by the system unless expressly waived, and (3) rights to be implemented only upon request. Id. Examples of the first category include absolute, non-waivable rights such as trial-court jurisdiction or separation-of-powers principles. Id. Examples of the second category include rights that must be expressly waived, such as certain fundamental due-process rights, e.g., the right to trial by jury or the right to be represented by counsel. Id. Legislative prophylactic rules of procedure that are designed to impose uniformity where a flexible rule is too uncertain or unfair also fall into this category. Id. at 281. Unless expressly and consensually waived, a trial court's denial of this second category of rights is not subject to harm analysis. Id. Such an error will always constitute reversible error. See id.
Ortiz's complaint falls into the third category—rights that must be asserted at the trial court level to be preserved for appellate review. Id. Ortiz's desire to stand trial unencumbered by the knee-restraint is a trial-type right, comparable to the right to wear civilian clothing rather than a prison uniform. See Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 513-14, 96 S. Ct. 1691, 1697, 48 L. Ed. 2d 126 (1976) (holding that the defendant's failure to timely object to standing trial in "prison garb" waived complaint for appeal).
The right to stand trial unencumbered by restraints is forfeitable and must be raised by the accused in the trial court to be preserved for appellate review. Tex. R. App. P. 52(a); Marin, 851 S.W.2d at 279; Estelle, 425 U.S. at 513-14, 96 S. Ct. at 1697. Ortiz's failure to object to the knee-restraint or the State's questioning waived the complaint, and no error is preserved for review. Id. Point one is overruled.
PROSECUTION'S CLOSING ARGUMENT
Ortiz complains that error occurred when the prosecution argued to the jury that he was not being truthful when he testified. Specifically, Ortiz complains about the prosecutor's sentence, "And I submit to you that his version of the facts [is] not truthful." He acknowledges in his brief that he failed to object to the prosecution's closing argument, but avers that reversal is warranted because the argument was so prejudicial that an instruction could not cure its effect on the jury. Willis v. State, 785 S.W.2d 378, 385 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 908, 111 S. Ct. 279, 112 L. Ed. 2d 234 (1990).
The state must confine its jury argument to four areas: (1) summation of the evidence, (2) reasonable deductions from the evidence, (3) response to defendant's argument, and (4) pleas for law enforcement. Borjan v. State, 787 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). A prosecutor's improper jury argument is not "error;" only the court can commit error. Washington v. State, 822 S.W.2d 110, 118 (Tex. App.—Waco 1991), rev'd on other grounds, 856 S.W.2d 184 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Error occurs when (1) the court overrules an objection to an improper jury argument, (2) the objection is sustained but the court denies a request for an instruction to disregard the improper argument, or (3) the objection is sustained, the instruction is given, and the court improperly denies a motion for mistrial. Id. When the court overrules an objection to improper jury argument, error results, and a harm analysis must proceed under Rule 81(b)(2). Tex R. App. P. 81(b)(2); Orona v. State, 791 S.W.2d 125, 129-30 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). As a general rule, the failure to object to impermissible jury argument waives any complaint. Tex. R. App. P. 52(a); Romo v. State, 631 S.W.2d 504, 505 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982). However, an exception to the general rule exists when the argument is manifestly improper, violates some mandatory statute, or injects some new facts harmful to the defendant's case. Willis, 785 S.W.2d at 385; but see Campell v. State, 900 S.W.2d 763, 774 (Tex. App.—Waco 1995, no pet.) (Thomas, C.J., concurring).
Ortiz took the witness stand and testified on his own behalf. Therefore, his credibility as a witness became crucial. Juhasz v. State, 827 S.W.2d 397, 404 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1992, pet. ref'd). Citing Vasquez v. State, Ortiz asserts that the prosecutor improperly injected his personal opinion that Ortiz was not a credible witness and appealed to the jury to return a verdict of guilty based merely on the prosecutors's belief that he had lied on the stand. Vasquez v. State, 819 S.W.2d 932, 936 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1991, pet. ref'd).
Vasquez stands for the proposition that it is improper for the prosecutor to argue that the jury should rely on the prosecutor's opinion that a witness is credible. Id. Such argument constitutes bolstering the witness' credibility through unsworn testimony. Id. Conversely, it would be improper for the prosecutor to encourage the jury to rely on the prosecutor's opinion that a witness lied. See id.
Here, the prosecutor inferred from the conflicting testimony that only one theory of the case could be true. He argued that Ortiz's version was not truthful and that the jury, as the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses, should not be deceived. The prosecutor's argument was proper because he did not refer to personal belief to support his conclusions. Juhasz, 827 S.W.2d at 404 (allowing prosecutor to urge the jury to examine evidence and conclude that the evidence supported state's version of the events when the defendant's credibility was crucial).
It is permissible in argument to draw inferences from the evidence, even inferences that a defendant lied. Id. In Mock v. State, the defendant complained of the prosecutor's following arguments:
And I submit he has been lying up right through his teeth the whole time just to avoid becoming convicted for this offense.
. . .
And then he wants you to believe he [came] up firing wildly, wildly enough to hit our officers every time he fired. And then he says he didn't even shoot Officer Pasque. Didn't even know what happened to him. That's a lie. Blatant bald-faced lie. . . ."
Mock v. State, 848 S.W.2d 215, 220-21 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1992, pet. ref'd).
The Mock court held that the challenged portions of the argument were reasonable and legitimate inferences when considered in light of the entire record. Id. at 221. Therefore, the trial court did not err by overruling the objection to the prosecutor's jury argument that the defendant had told a "[b]latant bald-faced lie" in his testimony. Id. The complained-of language in this cause is nowhere as abrasive and confrontational as that used by the prosecutor in Mock. A prosecutor is entitled to draw reasonable and legitimate inferences from the evidence. Allridge v. State, 762 S.W.2d 146, 156 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1026, 109 S. Ct. 835, 102 L. Ed. 2d 968 (1989).
Looking at the record in its entirety, Ortiz's version of the facts conflicted with other evidence introduced at trial. As the State's advocate, the prosecutor had a duty to direct the jury's attention to variances between Ortiz's testimony and conflicting evidence. The prosecutor did not use extreme language that was manifestly improper, did not violate a mandatory statute, and did not prejudice the defense by injecting new facts into the case. Nor did he suggest that the jury should accept and rely on the prosecutor's opinion that Ortiz's testimony had been untruthful. To the contrary, the prosecutor first asked the jury to determine the truthful version of the facts and to judge Ortiz's credibility just like any other witness. He then argued his reasonable and legitimate inferences from the facts in evidence, including the inference that Ortiz had not been truthful. Therefore, Ortiz is not excused from preserving error and his complaint is waived. Willis, 785 S.W.2d at 385-86; Cambell, 900 S.W.2d at 776. Point two is overruled.
The judgment is affirmed.
BOB L. THOMAS
Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Thomas,
Justice Cummings, and
Justice Vance
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed October 11, 1995
Do not publish