IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-01-303-CR
     LARRY WAYNE MULLEN, JR.,
                                                                         Appellant
     v.
     THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                                         Appellee
From the 249th District Court
Johnson County, Texas
Trial Court # F34755
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Â
O P I N I O N
                                                                                                               Â
      Larry Wayne Mullen, Jr. pled guilty to one count of manslaughter. He let the jury decide his punishment, and it assessed punishment at 20 years in prison and a $10,000 fine. Mullen brings two issues on appeal regarding: 1) the propriety of the Stateâs closing argument; and 2) the propriety of a photograph admitted into evidence. We affirm.
Background
      On the night of November 14, 2000, the Johnson County Sheriffâs Office was dispatched to the home of Bonnie Jo and Larry Wayne Mullen, Jr. regarding a shooting. Sergeant Isles was the first to arrive. When he arrived, a woman directed him to a weapon on the floor and informed him âtheyâ were in back. He pulled back a curtain to find Bonnie Jo on the floor with a gunshot wound to her head. Mullen and his father had been trying to perform CPR on Bonnie Jo. Isles called in EMS but it was too late. Bonnie Jo was dead.
Jury Argument
      In his first issue, Mullen contends the Stateâs jury argument was outside the record. The portion of the argument of which Mullen complains is as follows:
Let me ask you this. Based on the evidence before you, should the brutal execution of a defenseless woman be trivialized by a probated sentence? Should this beâshould this be, Bonnie, we donâtâwe know it was horrible, we know you were pleading for your life.
After a comment by Mullen, his attorney objected, stating:
Your Honor, Iâm going to have to object to that. I donât think there was any testimony whatsoever of what heâs saying as far as what she said or didnât say, so Iâm going to have to object to that[.] I think its inflammatory.
The trial court instructed the jury to ârecall what the evidence was.â
      The State contends that Mullenâs issue was not preserved for our review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2). Because there was no express ruling on Mullenâs objection, we cannot consider the Stateâs preservation argument until we determine whether the trial court implicitly ruled on the objection. Gutierrez v. State, 36 S.W.3d 509, 511 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). It appears from the record that when the trial court instructed the jury to recall the evidence, it implicitly sustained Mullenâs objection and instructed the jury to limit its consideration to the evidence. However, Mullen did not request a mistrial. â[A] defendant's failure...to pursue to an adverse ruling his objection to a jury argument forfeits his right to complain about the argument on appeal.â Cockrell v. State, 933 S.W.2d 73, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). See Mathis v. State, 67 S.W.3d 918, 927 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (â[W]e decline to overrule Cockrell, a case perfectly in line with Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1 and the policies underlying preservation of error.â). Thus, Mullen has not preserved his complaint for our review.
      Mullenâs first issue is overruled.
Photograph
      In his second issue, Mullen contends that the trial court erred in admitting a photograph because it created an unfair prejudice which outweighed any probative value it may have had. The Texas Rules of Evidence provide that although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Tex. R. Evid. 403.
      The admissibility of a photograph is within the discretion of the trial court and is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Chamberlain v. State, 998 S.W.2d 230, 237 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Kelley v. State, 22 S.W.3d 642, 644 (Tex. App.âWaco 2000, no pet.). We will not find error in a trial courtâs evidentiary ruling unless it falls outside âthe zone of reasonable disagreement.â Narvaiz v. State, 840 S.W.2d 415, 429 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
      In response to a Rule 403 objection to a photograph, the trial court must decide whether the probative value of the photograph is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 151 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Najar v. State, 74 S.W.3d 82, 89 (Tex. App.âWaco 2002, no pet.). When making this determination, the trial court should consider âthe number of photographs, the size of the photograph, whether it is in color or black and white, the detail shown in the photograph, whether the photograph is gruesome, whether the body is naked or clothed, and whether the body has been altered since the crime in some way that might enhance the gruesomeness of the photograph to the [defendantâs] detriment.â Reese v. State, 33 S.W.3d 238, 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Najar, 74 S.W.3d at 89.
      The State offered exhibits 7 and 8 at the same time through the testimony of Sergeant Marvin Isles. The exhibits were 3.5" x 5" color photographs of Bonnie Jo. Exhibit 7 depicts a trail and large pool of blood on the floor which appears to have flowed from Bonnie Joâs head. The head and clothed shoulders of Bonnie Jo are seen in the lower right corner of the photograph. Exhibit 7 was offered to show that Bonnie Joâs body had been moved from its original location first by Mullen and then by EMS personnel. Exhibit 8 is a photograph of Bonnie Joâs face, covered in blood. It was offered to show her condition when Sergeant Isles arrived at the Mullenâs home and to show the bullet wound to her head. Mullen only objected to exhibit 8, arguing that its introduction would inflame the minds of the jurors, causing an unfair prejudice to Mullen. A much larger (8" x 10") color photo of Bonnie Joâs face, after it had been cleaned to some extent, showing the bullet wound was admitted later during the medical examinerâs testimony without objection.
      As would be any photograph depicting a gunshot wound to the head which caused the death of that person, exhibit 8 is gruesome. However, we do not find that its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photograph.
      Mullenâs second issue is overruled.
Conclusion
      Having overruled Mullenâs issues on appeal, the trial courtâs judgment is affirmed.
Â
                                                                         TOM GRAY
                                                                         Justice
Before Chief Justice Davis,
      Justice Vance, and
      Justice Gray
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed October 9, 2002
Do not publish
[CR25]
which was within 20 days of trial. McClentonÂs attorney, who had been appointed on August 27, 2002, told the trial court that he had never been told that copies of the tapes were available for him; that for Âtwo or three months he had the investigating officerÂs report that refers to the recorded statements; that about two weeks before he had Âre-read the report and realized that there were two tapes; on February 10 he visited the district attorneyÂs office and obtained copies of the tapes; and that prior to then the tapes had not been Âprovided to him.
The district attorney informed the trial court that copies of the tapes (of McClenton and two others charged with the robbery) were made on January 6, 2003; that the copies had been in the district attorneyÂs file and available for defense counsel since then; that his office had an Âopen-file policyÂ; that the file had been open since the case was filed; that he furnished defense counsel with the written offense report; and that as far as he knew, McClentonÂs attorney had knowledge of the tapes and their availability.
Several courts have addressed similar scenarios.[1] For example, in Tinker v. State, the defendant argued that his recorded statements were improperly admitted because the State failed to provide defense counsel with copies at least 20 days before trial. Tinker v. State, 148 S.W.3d 666 (Tex. App.ÂHouston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet. h.).  The defense attorney admitted that he was aware of his clientÂs taped statements and that he had free access to his clientÂs file at the district attorneyÂs office, but the tapes were not in the file. The prosecutor noted that the tapes are not kept in individual files but are kept in a separate filing cabinet and that defense counsel could have obtained them from that cabinet. Following Lane, the court of appeals found: ÂNothing in the record indicates defense counsel specifically requested or was denied access to the tape recorded statements at any time prior to trial. Where, as here, defense counsel is aware of the existence of taped statements, the State is only required to Âpermit reasonable access to a copy. Id. at 673.
Likewise, we read McClentonÂs trial attorneyÂs statements to the trial court to be that he was aware of the recorded statements two to three months before trial and that he knew he had access to them. We thus follow Lane and hold that the State Âprovided the tapes because McClentonÂs trial attorney was aware of the recorded statements and had access to them. Lane, 933 S.W.2d at 516. We overrule the first issue.
Victim-Impact Testimony
         McClentonÂs second issue complains that the trial court erred in admitting Âvictim-impact testimony during the guilt-innocence phase of the trial. Specifically, he complains of the following State-elicited testimony of Diane Kempenski, the clerk of the convenience store (the A-1 Drive In) allegedly robbed by McClenton and three others:
Q.     Now, were you placed in fear of imminent bodily injury or death by these defendants who robbed the A-1 Drive In?
Â
A.     Yes, sir.
Â
Q.     Tell the jury how you felt while this robbery was going.
Â
A.     I though they were going to kill me. I kept telling them, you know, ÂPlease donÂt kill me, just take whatever you want. When youÂve got a gun to your face, itÂs hard.
Â
Q.     Are you still working there at the A-1?
Â
A.     Yes, I am.
Â
Q.     How do you feel now working there after August 18? Is it any different from the way you felt before August 18?
Â
A.     Yes, sir, it is.
Â
[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]Â Â Judge, IÂm going to object to relevance.
Â
THE COURT:Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Overruled.
Â
Q.     Describe that feeling that you have now that you did not have prior to your encounter with those four individuals who robbed you?
Â
[DEFENSE ATTORNEY]Â Â Judge, I am going to again object to relevance and would ask for a running objection.
Â
THE COURT:Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Running objection is noted, same is overruled.
Â
A.     Do I answer it?
Â
Q.     Yes.
Â
A.     Well, now I am more cautious who comes in. I watch more. I stay more around the register. I donÂt go to my cooler hardly at all once night comes. I wait until - - I lock the doors before I do anything, because IÂm really afraid. ItÂs a bad feeling when you see somebody walk up while IÂm doing something or turn around and somebody is there. It just startles me, you know. I think itÂs somebody else trying to come in and do the same thing. ItÂs just not the same.
Â
Relying on Stavinoha v. State, McClenton urges that this testimony was irrelevant and inadmissible and that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling his objections and admitting the testimony.[2] See Stavinoha v. State, 808 S.W.2d 76, 78 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (citing Miller-El v. State, 782 S.W.2d 892, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). The crimeÂs after-effects on the victim is not relevant at the guilt-innocence phase. Garrett v. State, 815 S.W.2d 333, 337-38 (Tex. App.ÂHouston [1st Dist.] 1991, pet. refÂd) (citing Miller-El).
We agree with McClenton (and with the StateÂs concession)[3] that KempenskiÂs testimony about how she felt after the robbery was irrelevant and that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling McClentonÂs relevance objections and admitting this testimony.
Having found error, we must conduct a harm analysis under Rule 44.2(b) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, which provides that a nonconstitutional error Âthat does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); see Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). While we consider the harm, if any, caused by the admission of the testimony, we will disregard any error that does not affect a substantial right of the defendant. Id.; Haynes v. State, 85 S.W.3d 855, 859 n.4 (Tex. App.ÂWaco 2002, pet. ref'd). "A substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict." King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S. Ct. 1239, 1253, 90 L. Ed. 1557 (1946)). We do not reverse if, "after examining the record as [a] whole, [we have] fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect." Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); see also Schutz v. State, 63 S.W.3d 442, 444 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The reviewing court should consider everything in the record, including all the evidence admitted, the arguments, and voir dire. Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355-57. The strength of the evidence of guilt, especially if it is overwhelming, is a factor to be considered. Id. at 356-58; Haynes, 85 S.W.3d at 859 n.4. However, if we have "grave doubt" about whether the error did not affect the outcome, then the error is treated as if it did affect the outcome. Thomas v. State, 137 S.W.3d 792, 796 (Tex. App.ÂWaco 2004, no pet.) (citing Fowler v. State, 958 S.W.2d 853, 865 (Tex. App.ÂWaco 1997), aff'd, 991 S.W.2d 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).
         After examining the evidence as a whole, we conclude that the admission of the testimony had no effect on the jury. Johnson, 967 S.W.2d at 417; Castillo, 910 S.W.2d at 127-28; Garcia, 827 S.W.2d at 30. The record includes McClentonÂs recorded statement in which he admitted to committing the robbery and holding the gun. This, along with the other testimony linking McClenton to the crime, is more than enough evidence of guilt to render the erroneous admission of the testimony harmless. See Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 357-58. While the State did mention during closing argument the fear that a person would have while being robbed at gunpoint by four masked people, it was not a reference to the victimÂs irrelevant after-effects testimony, but was in response to the defenseÂs closing argument in which the victimÂs credibility was attacked over her description of the robber who Âscared the hell out of her with a gun.Â
We cannot say that we have "grave doubt" about whether the error affected the outcome.  Thomas, 137 S.W.3d at 796. Given the strength of the evidence of guilt, we find the erroneous admission of the testimony harmless. Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 357-58; cf. Garrett, 815 S.W.2d at 338. Accordingly, we overrule McClentonÂs second issue.
Confrontation-Clause Violation
         McClenton asserts in a third issue that the trial court erred in admitting hearsay testimony by Officer Jerry Stover relating to statements made to Stover by two of McClentonÂs codefendants and accomplices, Charlie Smith and Patrick Johnson. McClenton alleges that this hearsay testimony violated his Confrontation-Clause rights under the Sixth Amendment.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to . . . be confronted with the witnesses against him." U.S. Const. amend. VI. The Confrontation ClauseÂs central concern is to ensure the reliability of the evidence against a criminal defendant by subjecting it to rigorous testing in the context of an adversarial proceeding before the trier of fact. Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116, 123-24, 119 S. Ct. 1887, 1894, 144 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1999). The United States Supreme Court recently held that testimonial statements of witnesses absent from trial are admissible over a Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause objection only where the declarant is unavailable and only where the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1368-69, 158 L.Ed.2d. 177 (2004). The Sixth Amendment right of confrontation is a fundamental right and is applicable to the states by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment. Shelby v. State, 819 S.W.2d 544, 546 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (citing Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403, 85 S. Ct. 1065, 1068, 13 L. Ed. 2d 923 (1965)). We review de novo the trial court's ruling that the admission of StoverÂs testimony did not violate McClentonÂs Confrontation-Clause rights. Lilly, 527 U.S. at 136-37, 119 S. Ct. at 1900.
Statements taken by police officers in the course of interrogations are testimonial. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 52, 124 S. Ct. at 1364. Stover investigated the aggravated robbery of the A-1 Drive In. In addition to obtaining two recorded statements from McClenton, he obtained recorded statements from Smith and Johnson, both of whom implicated themselves and McClenton in the robbery. Under Crawford, the recorded statements of Smith and Johnson made to police during custodial interrogation constitute testimonial evidence. Id. The State agrees that their statements are Âtestimonial and that Crawford applies, but it argues that McClenton Âopened the door by first asking Stover on cross-examination about SmithÂs statement:
Q.     You actually had an opportunity to talk to Charlie Smith in the Brazos County Jail?
Â
A.     Yes, sir.
Â
. . .
Â
Q.     You talked to him there in the Brazos County Jail about the circumstances surrounding this case, is that correct?
Â
A.     Yes, sir.
Â
Q.     And that was your intent to do so?
Â
A.     Yes, sir.
Â
Q.     And in your conversations with Mr. Smith, did he indicate that someone other than Darrell McClenton was wielding the pistol?
Â
A.     Yes, sir.
Â
Q.     In fact, he indicated that someone other than Darrell McClenton was actually the first one into the store, correct?
Â
A.     This is Mr. SmithÂs testimony?
Â
Q.     Yes, sir.
Â
A.     Yes, sir.
Â
         On redirect examination, the State asked Stover more questions about SmithÂs statement, but it also began asking questions about JohnsonÂs statement, about which McClenton had not cross-examined Stover. Over McClentonÂs hearsay and Confrontation-Clause objections and his assertion that he had not opened the door as to JohnsonÂs statement, the trial court allowed Stover to testify that Johnson said in his statement that McClenton held the gun in the robbery (which McClenton admitted in his own statement), that Smith was the driver, and that they had gone to a Bremond housing complex before the robbery (which McClenton denied in his statement).
         Otherwise inadmissible evidence may be admitted if the party against whom the evidence is offered Âopens the door, but the party offering the evidence may not Âstray beyond the scope of the invitation. Schutz v. State, 957 S.W.2d 52, 71 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (quoting Bush v. State, 773 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989)); see Clay v. State, 102 S.W.3d 794, 797 (Tex. App.ÂTexarkana 2003, no pet.); Bell v. State, 867 S.W.2d 958, 962 (Tex. App.ÂWaco 1994, no pet.). It is not error to admit hearsay evidence in a criminal case over objection when it goes to clarify other hearsay evidence elicited by the opposition. Bunton v. State, 136 S.W.3d 355, 367 (Tex. App.ÂAustin 2004, pet. refÂd).
         We conclude that McClenton Âopened the door as to SmithÂs statement and the trial court properly allowed the State to question Stover about SmithÂs statement, but the court allowed the State to Âstray beyond the scope of the invitation by eliciting testimony from Stover about JohnsonÂs statement, over McClentonÂs objections. McClenton did not have a prior opportunity to cross-examine Johnson about his statement, and it is not disputed that Johnson, who was awaiting trial on the same charge, was unavailable. The admission of a testimonial statement by an accomplice or codefendant as evidence of guilt of the defendant on trial, absent opportunity by the defendant to cross-examine the declarant, is "sufficient to make out a violation of the Sixth Amendment." Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68, 124 S. Ct. at 1374. Thus, the trial court's ruling on the admissibility of StoverÂs testimony as to JohnsonÂs statement violated McClentonÂs Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause rights. StoverÂs testimony about JohnsonÂs statement was not admissible against McClenton, and the trial court erred in ruling otherwise. See id.
Because a violation of the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation constitutes constitutional error, we must reverse a trial court's judgment when Confrontation-Clause error is present unless we can determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a) (requiring reversal of constitutional error unless the appellate court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or punishment); see Wall v. State, 143 S.W.3d 846, 851-52 (Tex. App.ÂCorpus Christi 2004, no pet. h.); Hale v. State, 139 S.W.3d 418, 422 (Tex. App.ÂFort Worth 2004, no pet. h.).
In determining harm from Confrontation-Clause error, we are to apply the factors enunciated in Delaware v. Van Arsdall.  See Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986); Shelby, 819 S.W.2d at 547, 550-51. The Van Arsdall harm factors are the importance of the witness's testimony; whether the testimony was cumulative; the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting material points of the witness's testimony; the extent cross-examination was permitted; and the overall strength of the State's case. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 684, 106 S. Ct. at 1438. If, applying these factors, we cannot determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the Confrontation Clause violation did not contribute to the appellant's conviction or punishment, we must reverse the trial court's judgment. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a); Shelby, 819 S.W.2d at 546-47. In making this determination, we do not focus on the propriety of the trial's outcome but on calculating, as nearly as possible, the probable impact of the error on the jury in light of the other evidence.  Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 119 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Bratton v. State, 156 S.W.3d 689, 693 (Tex. App.ÂDallas 2005, no pet. h.).  In other words, the question is not whether the legally admitted evidence is sufficient to support the conviction.  McCarthy v. State, 65 S.W.3d 47, 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (quoting Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 258-59, 108 S. Ct. 1792, 1798, 100 L. Ed. 2d 284 (1988)). Rather, the question is whether the complained-of statement contributed to the jury's verdict, regardless of the sufficiency of the evidence, independent of the statement, to sustain the conviction.  Id.  Asked in another way, the question is whether a reasonable probability exists that the error moved the jury from a state of nonpersuasion to one of persuasion as to the issue in question.  Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 119; Bratton, 156 S.W.3d at 693.
McClenton was convicted of aggravated robbery.  He admitted to the offense and to pointing the gun at Kempenski, the store clerk, in two separate recorded statements with Stover. A witness who lived in Bremond near the store testified that earlier on the evening of the robbery, McClenton (whom she identified in court) and three other black males were in a car that drove up to her and asked her what time the store closed. Another local witness testified and corroborated the testimony regarding descriptions of the car, the four men, and that they asked what time the store closed. Their descriptions of the four men were consistent with KempenskiÂs descriptions.
In his first recorded statement, McClenton identified three accomplices in the robbery and provided details of it, including that he pointed a loaded gun at the store clerk. When McClenton was later confronted by Stover that one of the alleged accomplices could not have participated in the robbery because he was in prison, McClenton gave a second recorded statement in which he changed the names of two accomplices and asserted that the gun was not loaded.
StoverÂs testimony about JohnsonÂs statement was largely cumulative of lawfully admitted evidence. There was adequate evidence corroborating McClentonÂs and SmithÂs recorded statements confessing to the robbery. One of the witnesses previously knew and identified McClenton as being in Bremond that evening with three other black males and asking her what time the store closed, and a second witness gave similar testimony. On the day after the robbery, after hearing about it, one of the witnesses went to the store and told the owner about seeing and talking to McClenton the night before, and she later told Stover the same information. And given McClentonÂs two recorded statements confessing to the robbery, the State overall had a strong case. Disregarding StoverÂs testimony about JohnsonÂs statement, the lawfully admitted evidence overwhelmingly proved McClentonÂs guilt. See Wall, 143 S.W.3d at 852.  Given this caseÂs record, which we have carefully reviewed, we conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the admission of StoverÂs testimony about JohnsonÂs statement did not contribute to McClentonÂs conviction or punishment. See Bratton, 156 S.W.3d at 694-95. Accordingly, we hold that the trial courtÂs error was not harmful and thus overrule McClentonÂs third issue.
Impermissibly Suggestive Photo Line-Up
         In his fourth issue, McClenton says the trial court erred in the punishment phase by admitting an allegedly tainted photo line-up conducted in connection with an extraneous offense (aggravated robbery) allegedly committed by McClenton.
An in-court identification is inadmissible if tainted by an unduly suggestive pretrial identification. See Loserth v. State, 963 S.W.2d 770, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). In determining whether the trial court erred in admitting an in-court identification, we employ a two-step analysis, inquiring: (1) if the pretrial procedure was impermissibly suggestive; and (2) if so, whether the impermissibly suggestive pretrial procedure gave rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification at trial. See Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 195 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Delk v. State, 855 S.W.2d 700, 706 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). It is the risk of in-court misidentification that taints the identification. See Webb v. State, 760 S.W.2d 263, 269 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). The defendant has the burden to show by clear and convincing evidence that the in-court identification is unreliable. See Delk, 855 S.W.2d at 706. The admissibility of an identification is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo. See Loserth, 963 S.W.2d at 773.
         In the first step, we evaluate the pretrial photo line-up itself to determine whether it was impermissibly or unduly suggestive. ÂA lineup is considered unduly suggestive if other participants are greatly dissimilar in appearance from the suspect. Withers v. State, 902 S.W.2d 122, 125 (Tex. App.ÂHouston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref'd) (citing United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 232-233, 87 S. Ct. 1926, 1935, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1149 (1967)). A suspect may be greatly dissimilar in appearance from the other participants because of his distinctly different appearance, race, hair color, height, or age. See id. (citing Foster v. California, 394 U.S. 440, 442-43, 89 S. Ct. 1127, 1128, 22 L. Ed. 2d 402 (1969)). But minor discrepancies between line-up participants do not render a line-up impermissibly suggestive. See id. (citing Partin v. State, 635 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tex. App.ÂFort Worth 1982, pet. ref'd)). The line-up participants need not be identical to satisfy due process requirements. See Buxton v. State, 699 S.W.2d 212, 216 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).
         McClenton asserts that his photograph in the photo line-up was overly different in characteristics from the other five photographs because the height line of two photographs was not Âeven close to the others and the other individual closest in weight to McClenton was 18 pounds heavier than him.
         The extraneous-offense aggravated robbery was investigated by Sergeant Vince Angele of the Hearne Police Department, who generated photo line-ups from descriptions that he obtained from the three complainants (one who was struck on the head with a gun butt and one who was shot in the buttocks). He prepared the photo line-ups using a computer program that generates random photographs based on parameters defined by the user.
We have reviewed the photo line-up that McClenton complains of, and we find that none of the other photographed participants are dissimilar in appearance from McClenton. The six color photographs depict six black males of generally the same age, weight, height, and appearance. The height difference between the tallest and shortest is only four inches, and the height differences are not even readily apparent because of various, slight differences in distances between the camera and the subjects. And because all the photographs depict the subjects from the top of the shoulders and up, the various weight differences are not noticeable. We conclude that the photo line-up is not impermissibly suggestive.
         McClenton also claims that the trial court erred by letting Sergeant Angele and the three alleged victims testify about their prior photo line-up identification of McClenton, by admitting the photo line-ups that all three used, and by then allowing all three to identify McClenton in the courtroom. McClenton asserts that this amounted to Âimpermissible bolstering. But because McClenton did not object on this ground in the trial court and cites no authority in his brief, this complaint has not been preserved and also has not been adequately briefed, presenting nothing for review. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a), 38.1(h); Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 710 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Walder v. State, 85 S.W.3d 824 (Tex. App.ÂWaco 2002, order). We overrule McClentonÂs fourth issue.
Punishment Charge Error
         McClentonÂs final issue points to Huizar v. State to show that the trial court erred in the punishment-phase charge by not including a reasonable-doubt instruction on the extraneous-offense evidence admitted during the punishment phase. See Huizar v. State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 484 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The State concedes error but notes that McClentonÂs trial counsel did not object to this charge error, which his appellate counsel concedes.
         An unpreserved complaint about a charge error in a criminal case is reviewed for Âegregious harm.  Huizar, 12 S.W.3d at 484-85; Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Errors that result in egregious harm are those that affect Âthe very basis of the case, deprive the defendant of a Âvaluable right, or Âvitally affect a defensive theory. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 172). In deciding whether egregious harm exists, we look at (1) the charge itself, (2) the state of the evidence, including contested issues, (3) the arguments of counsel, and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Id.  In asserting egregious harm, McClenton focuses on the unadjudicated aggravated robbery that we addressed in McClentonÂs fourth issue.
McClentonÂs trial began on February 18, 2004, and the jury found him guilty that day. The guilt-innocence charge did contain a reasonable-doubt instruction for extraneous offenses. The punishment phase began immediately but was not completed until the next day.  The State stipulated that McClenton was eligible for community supervision. With a punishment range of 5 to 99 years for aggravated robbery, he received a 24-year sentence.
In his closing, McClentonÂs trial attorney argued to the jury that for them to consider the unadjudicated aggravated robbery, they had to believe that it was McClenton who committed that offense Âbeyond a reasonable doubt, and he then mentioned twice more Âbeyond a reasonable doubt.Â
In both phases of the trial there was no mention of any burden of proof other than Âbeyond a reasonable doubt.ÂÂ McClenton does not argue on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed the unadjudicated aggravated robbery, for which he attacked the credibility of the three complainants because of minor discrepancies, their prior drug use, and because they changed their story because the alleged robbery occurred during a drug buy that they did not initially reveal to law enforcement.
Having viewed the entire record, we do not find that Âthe very basis of the case was affected or that McClenton was deprived of a Âvaluable right as a result of the omitted reasonable-doubt instruction in the trial courtÂs punishment charge. McClentonÂs fifth issue is overruled.
Conclusion
         Having overruled all of McClentonÂs issues, we affirm the trial courtÂs judgment.
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BILL VANCE
Justice
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Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Vance, and
Justice Reyna
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed April 20, 2005
Publish
[CRPM]
   [1]      See also Atnip v. State, 1998 WL 393970 (Tex. App.ÂAustin 1998, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (holding that where defense attorney knew tape existed and State asserted that tape was available and defense could have obtained it any time, tape was made available and State did not have to deliver it); Riley v. State, 1997 WL 466555 (Tex. App.ÂHouston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (holding that where defense counsel had transcript and incomplete copy of recorded statement and thus was on notice of existence and content of statement several months before trial, defendant had been Âprovided with statement).
   [2]      We review a trial court's decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. Chamberlain v. State, 998 S.W.2d 230, 237 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Gipson v. State, 82 S.W.3d 715, 721 (Tex. App.ÂWaco 2002, no pet.).
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   [3]      In its brief, the State Âconcedes that this question did elicit testimony from the victim regarding the after-effects of AppellantÂs crime and that Âvictim impact testimony is, as a general rule and in and of itself, irrelevant to the issue of AppellantÂs guilt and is more commonly viewed as a proper consideration during the punishment phase of the trial.Â