IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-01-078-CR
EUSEBIO LOREDO,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the 54th District Court
McLennan County, Texas
Trial Court # 2000-850-C
O P I N I O N
Eusebio Loredo was indicted on three counts of sexually molesting a child. Tex. Pen. Code. Ann. § 22.021 (Vernon Supp. 2002). A jury convicted him on each count and assessed thirty-year sentences. The State filed a motion that the three sentences run consecutively, which the court granted. Id. § 3.03 (Vernon Supp. 2002).
On appeal, Loredo raises three issues:
1.A venire member could not consider community supervision as a possible punishment, and the court erred by not granting a motion to strike the member for cause.
2.Defense counsel was ineffective by not requesting notice from the State of its intent to present, during the punishment phase, evidence of extraneous acts.
3.The statute authorizing consecutive sentences is unconstitutional, because it improperly delegates a legislative power to the judicial branch.
We will reverse the judgment based on the first issue.
Analysis
The record supports, and the State does not dispute, that Loredo properly preserved, under Johnson v. State, his complaint for harmful error, if there was error. Johnson v. State, 43 S.W.3d 1, 5-7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (applying Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b)). Those steps are that the defendant: (1) exercised a peremptory challenge on a venire member whom the trial court should have excused for cause; (2) exhausted his peremptory challenges; (3) was denied a request for an additional peremptory challenge; and (4) identified an objectionable venire member who sat on the case who he would have struck otherwise. Id. at 5-6. Therefore, the question is whether the court erred by refusing to strike the venire member for cause. If there was error, a reversal follows. Id. at 6-7.
During voir dire, the court engaged the venire panel in a lengthy colloquy. In one part, the court examined the venire members about whether they could consider, in any case involving child sex abuse, the various punishments possible in Loredo’s trial, including community supervision. None of the members said they could not consider any of these options. But when defense counsel questioned the venire panel, this exchange occurred with one member:
ATTY:Do you feel that probation is appropriate in some situations that involve aggravated sexual assault of a child?
MEMBER: Do I think that?
ATTY: Probation could be appropriate in some situations?
MEMBER:I would rather have to consider the situation because personally I feel that sexual perpetrators are very hard to rehabilitate.
ATTY:Well, then I guess the next question I have to ask you is – and I will tell you the law says that you really ought not to be a juror on a particular case if you automatically rule out one of the punishment objectives. And my question is in your mind do you feel realistically that you have ruled out probation as a punishment option?
MEMBER: If he is convicted of this aggravated assault?
ATTY: Yes, ma’am.
MEMBER: Yes.
ATTY:Okay. And so, considering that would not be an option if you were on a jury and found somebody guilty of that?
MEMBER: Yes.
The State did not rehabilitate the member.
After defense counsel concluded his voir dire, the court called four venire members into chambers for individual examination, but the member in question was not among them. At the conclusion of these examinations, defense counsel moved to strike the member for cause because she could not consider community supervision as a possible punishment. The motion was denied. This exchange occurred:
ATTY: Your Honor, the defendant at this time would move the court for an additional peremptory challenge. We are required to use a strike on [the venire member in question] who we had moved to strike for cause and that motion was denied. And we have at least one additional strike we would like to make.
COURT:My recollection of [the venire member in question] is that while she did tell you at one time that probation would not be a possible punishment in her mind that when I asked her a question she recanted and said that she would. Does anybody disagree with that? Or have I screwed the numbers up again?
STATE:She did say something about probation being an appropriate consideration.
COURT:And I recognize that she did not say that in response to you. So the ruling is the same.
The record does not show that the court ever questioned this venire member. But the court did speak with another member who, after being questioned by the court, changed her mind about whether she could consider community supervision; she ultimately said it would depend on the evidence.
A defendant is entitled to have only jurors who will consider the full range of punishment applicable to the offense with which he is charged. Johnson v. State, 982 S.W.2d 403, 405-06 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (citing Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art 35.15 (Vernon 1989 & Supp. 2002)). As a matter of law, if a venire member cannot do that, the court abuses its discretion by denying a challenge for cause as to that member. Id. at 406.
In Brantley v. State, we concluded that it was error for the trial judge not to grant challenges for cause against venire members who could not consider community supervision as an option to be considered in assessing punishment against the defendant if it convicted him. Brantley v. State, 48 S.W.3d 318, 326-27 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet ref’d); cf. Speth v. State, 6 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (community supervision is not part of the “sentence”). We now hold that, for purposes of testing a venire member’s inability or unwillingness to consider the “full range of punishment,” community supervision is part of punishment. Johnson, 982 S.W.2d at 406. Our conclusion is supported by the legislative directive that prospective jurors may be challenged for cause if they have “a bias or prejudice against any of the law applicable to the case upon which the defense is entitled to rely, either as a defense to some phase of the offense for which the defendant is being prosecuted or as a mitigation thereof or of the punishment therefor.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art 35.16(c)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2002) (emphasis added). In addition, when the court, rather than the jury, assesses punishment, the court’s “arbitrary refusal to consider the entire range of punishment would constitute a denial of due process . . . .” McLennan v. State, 661 S.W.2d 108, 110 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (involving consideration of probation); see also Burke v. State, 930 S.W.2d 230, 234 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d); Cole v. State, 757 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1988, pet. ref’d) (citing McLennan).
Twice, the venire member in question unequivocally said she could not consider community supervision. As a matter of law, the court abused its discretion in not granting the motion to strike her. We sustain issue one.
Other Issues
Because of our resolution of the first issue, we do not decide the remaining two.
Conclusion
We reverse the judgment and remand the cause for a new trial.
BILL VANCE
Justice
Before Chief Justice Davis,
Justice Vance, and
Justice Gray
(Justice Gray concurring)
Reversed and remanded
Opinion delivered and filed January 8, 2003
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