IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-03-00253-CR
John David Wilkins,
Appellant
v.
The State of Texas,
Appellee
From the 54th District Court
McLennan County, Texas
Trial Court No. 1984-482-C
Memorandum opinion
John Wilkins filed a pro se motion for postconviction DNA testing and appointment of counsel under article 64.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. See Act of Apr. 3, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 2, § 2, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2, 2-3 (amended 2003) (current version at Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01 (Vernon Supp. 2004-05)).[1] The trial court denied Wilkins’s motion by written order as follows:
Came on to be considered on June 20, 2003, that certain document designated by the defendant as follows:
MOTION FOR FORENSIC DNA TESTING
and after review of same, the Court is of the opinion that the same should be, and is in all respects DENIED.
Wilkins contends that the court erred by failing to appoint counsel as required by statute. Under the version of article 64.01(c) applicable to Wilkins’s case, “if a convicted person informs the court that the person wishes to submit a motion under this chapter and if the court determines that the person is indigent, the court shall appoint counsel for the person.” Act of 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 2, § 2, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2, 3 (amended 2003). Wilkins’s motion satisfied the requirement of informing the court. See Winters v. Presiding Judge of Crim. Dist. Ct. No. 3 of Tarrant County, 118 S.W.3d 773, 775 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Rodgers v. State, No. 10-02-00080-CR, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 2330, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—Waco March 10, 2004, no pet.) (not designated for publication). Under the literal reading of the statute, the defendant need not ask to be appointed an attorney; the court must appoint an attorney if the two basic requirements of article 64.01(c) are met. Winters, 118 S.W.3d at 775. The merits of the request for DNA testing are irrelevant to this inquiry. Id.[2]
We abated this appeal for a determination of Wilkins’s indigency and, in the event the trial court found him indigent, appointment of counsel. Wilkins v. State, No. 10-03-00253-CR, (Tex. App.—Waco Nov. 12, 2004, order). The trial court found him indigent and appointed counsel to represent Wilkins in appealing the court’s denial of his motion for DNA testing.
Wilkins argues on appeal that the trial court erred by not determining Wilkins’s indigency and appointing counsel to assist him in filing his initial motion for DNA testing. Appointment of counsel was mandatory under the version of article 64.01(c) applicable to Wilkins’s case. Winters, 118 S.W.3d at 774.
The State responds by arguing that Wilkins does not have a remedy by appeal. The State cites Winters and Neveu v. Culver for the proposition that mandamus, not direct appeal, is the appropriate relief when the trial court fails to appoint counsel. See Winters, 118 S.W.3d at 775 (Chapter 64 does not provide for an appeal regarding indigence or the appointment of counsel under 64.01(c)); Neveu v. Culver, 105 S.W.3d 641, 643 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (Because Chapter 64 does not provide for appeal of a trial court’s finding regarding indigency or appointment of counsel, mandamus was appropriate.)[3]
The State’s argument is not persuasive. Wilkins has not appealed a trial court’s order regarding indigency or appointment of counsel. Rather, he appeals from an order of the court denying his motion for DNA testing based on findings under former article 64.03. Wilkins is complaining that he was without counsel at the time the findings were made. The issue he raises is within the scope of the appeal authorized by former article 64.05.
The trial court erred by denying Wilkins’s motion for DNA testing without determining whether Wilkins was indigent and whether he was entitled to appointment of counsel. The court has since determined that Wilkins is indigent and is thus entitled to appointed counsel to assist him in his DNA motion. Thus, we reverse the judgment and remand this cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
.
BILL VANCE
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Vance, and
Justice Reyna
Reversed and remanded
Opinion delivered and filed September 7, 2005
Do not publish
[CRPM]
[1] The 2001 version of the statute applies because Wilkins filed his motion in June 2003. See Act of Apr. 25, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 13, §§ 8, 9, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 16, 17 (establishing effective date for amendments to art. 64.01 as Sept. 1, 2003).
[2] We note, however, that the 2003 amendment to art. 64.01(c) expressly permits the trial court to consider whether there are “reasonable grounds for a motion to be filed” in determining whether to appoint counsel. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(c) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05).
[3] Before it was amended in 2003, article 64.05 of the Code of Criminal Procedure stated that (except in capital cases) “[a]n appeal of a finding under Article 64.03 or 64.04 is to a court of appeals . . . .” Act of 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 2, § 2, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2, 4 (amended 2003). Both Winters and Neveu dealt with motions filed before the 2003 amendments to Chapter 64.
; Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the 66th District Court
Hill County, Texas
Trial Court # 29,491
O P I N I O N
Ricky Lowell Evans appeals his conviction for aggravated sexual assault and aggravated kidnapping. Brown was found guilty by a jury, and, as a result of one prior conviction that enhanced the range of punishment, the jury assessed punishment at fifteen years in prison on the aggravated-sexual-assault conviction and five years in prison on the aggravated-kidnapping conviction. The trial court sentenced Evans in accordance with the jury's verdict, with the terms to run concurrently.
Sufficiency of the Evidence Under the Conjunctive Charge
In points one and two, Evans contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the convictions for aggravated sexual assault and aggravated kidnapping under the theories of criminal responsibility in the charge given to the jury.
The state sought to prove that Evans was criminally responsible for the two offenses either as the primary actor or as a party. Therefore, the court's charge to the jury contained two separate application paragraphs purporting alternative theories of criminal responsibility for each of the two offenses charged in the indictment. However, each of the factual allegations presented in the indictment were listed in the charge in the conjunctive rather than the disjunctive.
Aggravated Sexual Assault
The first alternative for aggravated sexual assault instructed the jury to find the defendant guilty if it found that:
. . . the Defendant, Ricky Lowell Evans, acting alone did then and there intentionally and knowingly cause the penetration of the female sexual organ of [the victim] by Defendant's penis without the consent of [the victim] by compelling [her] to submit and participate by the use of physical force and violence and by threatening to use force and violence against [her] and [she] believed that Ricky Lowell Evans had the present ability to execute said threat, and Ricky Lowell Evans by acts and words threatened and placed [the victim] in fear that death and serious bodily injury would be imminently inflicted on [her], and said acts and words occurred in the presence of [her] . . . .
(Emphasis added).
This was followed by the second application alternative for aggravated sexual assault, listing, again in the conjunctive, the allegations of Evans as a party to the offense.
The State made no objection to the charge. Absent an objection to the charge, we presume the jury to have been correctly instructed on the theories and allegations advanced by the State. By not objecting to the charge, the state accepts any greater burden of proof placed upon it by that charge. Although the evidence presented at trial may suggest alternate theories of criminal culpability that could have been stated in the disjunctive, because the charge lists the factual allegations in the conjunctive, the state must prove all elements of each offense, either acting alone or as a party, as defined by the application paragraphs of the charge given.
Therefore, we must determine whether the sufficiency of the evidence supports a verdict of guilty under the charge as given. Sufficiency of the evidence must be considered from the charge given. If the evidence does not conform to the instructions given, it is insufficient as a matter of law.
Evans argues that there is insufficient evidence to support a jury finding that he threatened the victim with words under the application paragraph for aggravated sexual assault, acting alone. The victim testified that, as she was getting into her car at a convenience store on the evening of 1 October 1990, a man opened the passenger door, got into her car without invitation, and told her he needed a ride because his friends had driven off and left him at the store. The victim testified that she drove to a lake where she told the unwelcome passenger to get out of the car. At that point, according to her testimony, the passenger began to physically assault her, and Evans, who had been waiting at a table near the lake, forcibly removed her from her car. She testified that the two men then sexually assaulted her after pulling her clothes off and dragging her through gravel to the lake. The victim also testified that Evans was the first to sexually assault her and that she pleaded with them to stop. Then the following question and answer appears in the record:
QYou testified—You have already testified that the one man hit you in the face and that he was hitting on your hands and the other man was dragging you, and they drug you down through the gravel. Do you recall at that point, up until the time that you ran to the table where the third man was at, did they physically assault you in any other ways?
AYes, sir. He kept telling me that if I wouldn't fight that they wouldn't beat me.
(Emphasis added).
Evans' argument presupposes that the victim's use of the pronoun, "He," precludes the use of her testimony as evidence that Evans was the one who voiced the threats. However, it was reasonable for the jury to infer that the victim was referring to Evans because he was the primary focus of the conversation during that portion of the victim's testimony.
Evans also points to the victim's testimony related to threats made by the other two men, but not by Evans, after all three had sexually assaulted her at the lake. The victim testified that, after she was forcibly taken by car to another location and repeatedly sexually assaulted, the two men in the front seat of the car told her they would kill her if she ever told anybody. She also testified that, Evans, who was then in the back seat with her, was trying to calm her down and assured her that he would not let them harm her. On cross-examination the victim testified as follows:
QAnd concerning questions about going to kill you and kill your boy, Ricky had nothing to do with that?
ANo, sir. He never said—he never threatened with that.
Notwithstanding Evans' belated assurances that he would not let the other men harm her, and his apparent reluctance to exacerbate the brutal offenses by silencing the victim, the callous words and brutal acts of Evans were sufficient to place the victim "in fear that death and serious bodily injury would be imminently inflicted" on her. Therefore, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that any rational trier of fact could find, beyond a reasonable doubt, the essential elements of aggravated sexual assault, as submitted in the first application paragraph of the charge. Having found the evidence sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated sexual assault, acting alone, we need not consider whether the evidence is sufficient to support a conviction, under the second alternative application paragraph for aggravated sexual assault, as a party to the offense. Point of error one is overruled.
Aggravated Kidnapping
Likewise, the first alternative for aggravated kidnapping instructed the jury to find the defendant guilty if they found that:
. . . Ricky Lowell Evens, did then and there with the intent to violate and abuse sexually [the victim], and inflict bodily injury on [her], did then and there intentionally and knowingly abduct [her] by restricting the movements of [the victim] without her consent, so as to interfere substantially with her liberty, by moving her from one place to another, with the intent to prevent her liberation by holding her in a place where she was not likely to be found . . . .
(Emphasis added).
This was followed by the second application alternative for aggravated kidnapping, listing, again in the conjunctive, the allegations of Evans as a party to the offense.
Therefore, as in point one, we must determine whether the sufficiency of the evidence supports a verdict of guilty under the charge as given. Sufficiency of the evidence must be considered from the charge given.
Evans argues that there is insufficient evidence to support a jury finding that he intended to inflict bodily injury on the victim under the application paragraph for aggravated kidnapping, acting alone. At trial the victim testified that two men, one of whom was Evans, dragged her painfully through gravel after forcibly removing her cloths. She also testified as follows:
Q:How did they physically assault you in other ways?
A:They hit me with their fists and then kicked me and punched and everything.
Q:Where on your body were you getting hit and kicked at?
A:All over. They hit my face, my rib right beneath my chest, my butt.
From the acts and events described by the victim, the jury was entitled to infer that the actions taken by Evans were done intentionally. Therefore, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that any rational trier of fact could find, beyond a reasonable doubt, the essential elements of aggravated sexual assault, as submitted in the first application paragraph of the charge. Having found the evidence sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated kidnapping, acting alone, we need not consider whether the evidence is sufficient to support a conviction, under the second alternative application paragraph for aggravated kidnapping, as a party to the offense. Point of error two is overruled.
Exclusion of Evidence Under Rule 412
In points three through six, Evans contends that the trial court erred in excluding evidence of two instances of previous sexual conduct by the victim. Rule 412(b) of the Texas Rules of Criminal Procedure provides:
(b) In a prosecution for sexual assault or aggravated sexual assault, or attempt to commit sexual assault or aggravated sexual assault, evidence of specific instances of an alleged victim's past sexual behavior is also not admissible, unless:
(1) such evidence is admitted in accordance with paragraphs (c) and (d) of this rule;
(2) it is evidence (A) that is necessary to rebut or explain scientific or medical evidence offered by the state; (B) of past sexual behavior with the accused and is offered by the accused upon the issue of whether the alleged victim consented to the sexual behavior which is the basis of the offense charged; (C) that relates to the motive or bias of the alleged victim; (D) is admissible under Rule 609; or (E) that is constitutionally required to be admitted; and
(3) its probative value outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice.
In point three, Evans argues that, because rule 412 expressly applies to a prosecution for sexual assault, evidence of previous sexual conduct is admissible for a limited purpose related to the aggravated kidnapping charge. However, in Boyle v. State, the court held that pursuant to rule 412, evidence of the victim's past sexual behavior was not admissible in a capital murder trial in which the aggravating factor was sexual assault. Because the kidnapping charge was aggravated by a sexually assaultive offense, the court properly applied rule 412 to exclude evidence of previous sexual conduct. Point of error three is overruled.
In point four, Evans argues that rule 412 of the Texas Rules of Criminal Evidence, as applied in this case, abridges, enlarges, or modifies the substantive rights of a litigant in violation of section 22.109(a) of the Texas Government Code. We disagree. Prior to the promulgation of the Texas Rules of Criminal Evidence, the "rape-shield" provision was codified in section 22.065(a) of the Texas Penal Code. As the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals recently pointed out, the admissibility of past sexual behavior evidence is still subject to a two-part test under rule 412: (1) the evidence must be material to a fact issue in the trial; and (2) its probative value must outweigh the danger of unfair prejudice. However, rule 412(b) now defines when evidence of past sexual behavior is "material" to a prosecution for a sexually assaultive offense. Rather than determining materiality on a case-by-case basis, we look to rule 412(b)(2). Because rule 412(b) does not abridge, enlarge, or modify Evans' substantive rights, point of error four is overruled.
In points five and six, Evans argues that because his primary defense was consent, his constitutional right to confront his accuser was denied by exclusion of evidence of two prior instances of sexual conduct. The constitutional right to confront adverse witnesses is fundamental and is of such importance that a state's interest in protecting a certain class of witnesses from embarrassment must fall before the right of confrontation and cross-examination.
In this case, Evans sought to show that the victim had engaged in consensual sexual conduct with multiple partners on two prior occasions. The victim's husband testified merely that while in Colorado, where he lived until June 1990, he observed her in a lounge-club "[d]oing what she usually does, gets drunk, you know, and have a good time." He also testified that his wife was wearing a "very revealing, very low cut" jumpsuit, and that he followed her to a house when she left the bar with approximately four men. According to the victim's husband, when she entered the house with the men, "her hair [was] fixed up and her make-up [was] proper"; but when she left the residence a couple of hours later, her hair was "pretty messed up" and her make-up was "a wreck." He testified that "she denied everything" when he confronted her. However, the excluded testimony of the victim's husband did not establish by direct observation or by hearsay account that the victim engaged in consensual sexual conduct with multiple partners.
The court also excluded the testimony of a man who claimed to have participated, along with another man, in consensual sexual intercourse with the victim in the summer of 1989. Evans relies primarily upon Chew v. State, in support of his argument that his constitutional right to confront adverse witnesses was denied by the exclusion of such evidence. As in Chew, the only defense Evans relied on was based upon the consent of the victim. However, the appellant in Chew presented considerable and significant evidence in a bill of exceptions, revealing numerous separate sexual encounters between the complainant and several men at the same time, which took place in the complainant's home, in other homes, and in vehicles. The witnesses in Chew testified that the complainant not only participated willingly but at times instigated the sexual encounters, even with men who were complete strangers. The trial court in Chew also excluded the expert testimony of a psychiatrist who testified that the complainant's behavior was consistent with a diagnosis of nymphomania and that "a female so afflicted could possibly be raped but that it was not probable." The psychiatrist also testified that when females afflicted with this illness are caught or confronted, they have a tendency "to cover up you might say but that would not stop them usually." The appellant in that case made it abundantly clear from the outset of the trial that in presenting his only defense of consent, he would rely on the suppressed evidence to show that the complainant had a motive to lie initially about her lack of consent in order to hide her sexual affliction from the public as well as from her jealous husband. On motion for rehearing in banc, the court of appeals held that the appellant was denied the right of meaningful confrontation.
In this case, however, Evans failed to raise, by bill of exception or otherwise, the issue of the victim's motive or bias. Furthermore, there is no evidence that she instigated sexual activities with multiple partners or that she was afflicted with a sexual disorder. The facts reveal only a suspicious husband who was never able to substantiate his fears and one other witness whose excluded testimony of an alleged multiple-partner, but nonviolent, consensual-sexual encounter with the victim was completely dissimilar to the brutality she experienced in this case.
Evans' defense of consent was countered by the testimony of the State's witnesses, including the victim. The State's evidence, which was already before the trial court at the time the testimony offered by Evans was excluded, showed that Evans forcibly removed the victim from her car, physically assaulted her, verbally threatened her, and forced her to engage in sexual intercourse with him and two other men. An investigator for the Hill County Sheriff's Department testified that when he reported to the hospital emergency room the victim had numerous cuts and scrapes all over her body, a bruise on her chin, a couple of bruises around her neck, and that she was very hysterical. The investigator's photographs of the victim were also introduced into evidence. Furthermore, a police officer for the City of Whitney testified that, in the early morning hours of 2 October 1990, he was stopped by a man who was driving the victim to the hospital. The officer, who accompanied them to the emergency room, testified that the victim had dirt and leaves in her hair and that her face was scratched or bruised. As in Holloway, we find that, because the excluded testimony was not material, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding testimony of the victim's prior sexual conduct. Point of error six is overruled.
In point seven, Evans contends that the court abused its discretion by excluding question nine from a sexual assault kit questionnaire completed at the hospital and admitted into evidence at trial. Evans claims that her admission, in response to question nine, of a prior act of intercourse was necessary to explain scientific or medical evidence offered by the state. Evans argues that because question fourteen of the questionnaire suggests the victim's belief that Evans ejaculated in her vulva, her admission of sexual intercourse at approximately midnight on 29 September 1990 was necessary to explain the attending physician's testimony that he found only non-motile spermatozoa in his examination of the victim. The physician also testified as follows:
Q:All right. So, if Mr. Evans had children, and he ejaculated inside her body, you would suspect motile spermatozoa could be in her body, correct, and assuming she had not washed?
A:At the time of the ejaculation I would expect them to be motile.
Evans again offered to admit an unedited copy of the questionnaire to explain the non-motile spermatozoa. The State's objection was then overruled but the record does not reflect that the unedited questionnaire was ever admitted into evidence. Nevertheless, we will consider whether the court erred by excluding question nine from the copy of the questionnaire that was originally offered by Evans and admitted by the court.
As in Pinson v. State, we hold that Evans failed to demonstrate the materiality of the offered evidence. Simply because the victim might have believed Evans ejaculated during the assault does not automatically confer material status to the offered evidence. Because Evans failed to demonstrate how the victim's sexual conduct forty-eight hours prior to the assault was pertinent to the case, we overrule point of error seven.
We affirm the judgment.
BOBBY L. CUMMINGS
Justice
Before Chief Justice Thomas,
Justice Cummings, and
Justice Vance
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed April 22, 1992
Do not publish