IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
Nos. 10-04-00349-CR, 10-04-00350-CR,
10-04-00351-CR & 10-04-00352-CR
Robert Lee Austin, III,
Appellant
v.
The State of Texas,
Appellee
From the 82nd District Court
Falls County, Texas
Trial Court Nos. 8001, 8002, 8003 & 8004
ORDER
The opinion and judgments dated January 4, 2006 are withdrawn, and the opinion and judgments of even date herewith are substituted therefor.
PER CURIAM
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Vance, and
Justice Reyna
Order issued and filed March 8, 2006
Do not publish
dent:.5in;line-height:200%; text-autospace:none'>When reviewing a challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we ask whether a neutral review of all the evidence, though legally sufficient, demonstrates either that the proof of guilt is so weak or that conflicting evidence is so strong as to render the jury's verdict clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The court reviews the evidence weighed by the jury that tends to prove the existence of the elemental fact in dispute and compares it with the evidence that tends to disprove that fact. Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 7 (quoting Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). The appellate court does not indulge in inferences or confine its view to evidence favoring one side. Rather, it looks at all the evidence on both sides and then makes a predominantly intuitive judgment. Id. The nature of a factual sufficiency review authorizes an appellate court, although to a very limited degree, to act as “thirteenth juror” to review the fact finder's weighing of the evidence and disagree with the fact finder's determination. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 416-17 (citing Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42-3, 102 S. Ct. 2211, 2218, 72 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1982), and Meraz v. State, 785 S.W.2d 146, 156 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). If an appellate court concludes that the evidence is factually insufficient, it must clearly state why it has reached that conclusion. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 417; Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 7 (citing Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986)).
Abbs contends that there is legally and factually insufficient evidence to support conviction because proof of paternity of a child born to a minor does not prove sexual assault of a minor beyond a reasonable doubt.
The charge against Abbs stems from a Child Protective Services investigation in which Abbs came forward as the father of the infant who was the subject of that investigation. In judicial proceedings he claimed paternity and was granted sole custody of his child. CPS Officer Lynley Brooke Jenkins met with Abbs on numerous occasions regarding the child and interviewed Abbs extensively. In those interviews, Abbs stated that the child was the result of his relationship with C.W. while she was still a minor. It is this sexual relationship with C.W. which forms the basis of the sexual assault charge.
The only witness at trial was Jenkins, who testified regarding her conversations with Abbs. Jenkins stated that Abbs told her he had a sexual relationship with then 15-year-old C.W. Abbs claimed that C.W. told him she was eighteen and that upon learning of C.W.’s pregnancy and that she was underage, he terminated the relationship. In addition to the testimony of Jenkins, the State offered the results of a DNA test proving Abbs was the father of C.W.’s child and other family court documents in which Abbs asserts he is the child’s father.
Abbs argues that this evidence is deficient in that it does not prove each element of sexual assault. He complains there is no proof that the assault occurred in Harris County or on the dates alleged in the indictment. He also complains there is insufficient proof of penetration and that his conviction was based solely on the unreliable testimony of Jenkins.
With regard to venue, the prosecution need only prove the county of the occurrence of the crime by a preponderance of the evidence. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 13.17 (Vernon 2005). In a sexual assault case, venue is proper in the county in which the offense was committed. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 13.15 (Vernon 2005). The State may use direct or circumstantial evidence as proof of venue. Black v. State, 645 S.W.2d 789, 790 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). At trial the State offered various court documents noting Abbs’s address as being within Harris County and the testimony of Jenkins that Abbs stated he and C.W. spent most of their time at his home in Harris County and had sexual relations there. This testimony is sufficient for the jury to “reasonably conclude that the offense was committed in the county alleged.” Rippee v. State, 384 S.W.2d 717, 718 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964). There is legally and factually sufficient evidence of venue.
When an indictment, as in this case, alleges that a crime occurred “on or about” a certain date, the State can rely upon an offense with a date other than the one specifically alleged so long as the date is anterior to the presentment of the indictment and within the statute of limitation period. Sledge v. State, 953 S.W.2d 253, 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Shea v. State, 167 S.W.3d 98, 104 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d). The statute of limitations for sexual assault of a child is ten years from the child’s eighteenth birthday, which in this case would expire on January 12, 2010. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.01(5)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2006). The date stated in Abbs’s indictment is approximately nine months prior to the birth date of C.W.’s child. The date of the offense was sufficiently proven that it occurred anterior to the indictment and within the statute of limitations.
Abbs further argues that there is insufficient evidence of penetration in that C.W. could have become pregnant by in vitro fertilization or by contact with his sperm but not his penis. He also points to the lack of testimony from C.W. or any member of her family as support for this contention. In a prosecution for rape, penetration may be proven by circumstantial evidence. Nilsson v. State, 477 S.W.2d 592, 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972); Quinton v. State, 56 S.W.3d 633, 641 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet ref’d). There is no requirement that the complainant testify. Nilsson, 477 S.W.2d at 596. Evidence of the slightest penetration is sufficient. Vernon v. State, 841 S.W.2d 407, 409 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
At trial, the proof of penetration consisted of the evidence that Abbs was the father of C.W.’s child and Jenkins’s testimony that Abbs admitted to having a “sexual relationship” with C.W. Abbs offered no contravening evidence.[1] The jury is presumed to know and apply the ordinary meaning to common words not statutorily defined. See Cuevas v. State, 742 S.W.2d 331, 346 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Ordinarily, “sexual relationship” is understood as a euphemism for intercourse. The term sexual relationship is often used by Texas courts in describing the sexual assault of a minor. See Daggett v. State, 187 S.W.3d 444, 453-454 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Pool v. State, 981 S.W.2d 467, 468 (Tex. App.—Waco 1998, pet. ref’d).
When viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence of paternity coupled with the testimony of Abbs’s admission of a “sexual relationship” with C.W. is sufficient circumstantial evidence for a rational juror to find the element of penetration. See Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 914. Similarly, when viewed neutrally, the proof of guilty is not so weak nor is the contravening evidence so great as to render the judgment clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. See Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15. The evidence of penetration is both legally and factually sufficient.
Abbs also complains of the reliability Jenkins’s account of conversations with Abbs. However, the credibility the jury gave to the testimony is not within the scope of a legal sufficiency review. Dewberry, 4 S.W.3d at 74. While in a factual sufficiency review the court, to a limited degree, takes the role of the thirteenth juror, there must be some objective basis demonstrable from the record to hold the verdict clearly wrong. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-17. There is no such basis here. Abbs, rather than impeaching Jenkins’s account of her conversations with him, relied on Jenkins’s recollection of events to show that Abbs attempted to care for his son and became a father figure for C.W., supporting her financially.
Therefore, we find the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support the conviction for sexual assault of a minor. We overrule Abbs’s complaint and affirm the judgment of conviction.
FELIPE REYNA
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Vance, and
Justice Reyna
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed February 7, 2007
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[CR25]
[1] Abbs offered no evidence that C.W. became pregnant by some act other than sexual intercourse. He only presented that theory to jury in closing arguments. Closing arguments are not evidence. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 173 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).