IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-06-00394-CR
Mike McKenna d/b/a
Bondman Bail Bonds,
Appellant
v.
The State of Texas,
Appellee
From the 18th District Court
Johnson County, Texas
Trial Court No. B200100026
MEMORANDUM Opinion
Mike McKenna presented a docketing statement with a motion to this Court for filing, indicating that a notice of appeal was filed with the trial court on August 11, 2006. Initially, we had returned these materials when previously submitted, including the docketing statement, because we were unable to locate a notice of appeal. However, upon being advised further through a letter that a notice of appeal was filed, this appeal has now been docketed. The district clerk has been unable to locate the notice of appeal McKenna asserts was filed on August 11, 2006.
Even if a notice of appeal was filed on the date noted in the docketing statement, August 11, 2006, pursuant to Rules 42.3 and 44.3 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, the Clerk of the Court notified McKenna by letter that this appeal is subject to dismissal for want of jurisdiction because it appears the notice of appeal is untimely. The trial court’s judgment was signed on May 18, 2006, and the notice of appeal was allegedly filed with the trial court clerk on August 11, 2006, 55 days late.
McKenna also presented with his docketing statement a “Motion Tex. R. Civ. P. 306a for Filing Notice of Appeal.” The Clerk also notified McKenna that the Court has nothing to indicate that the trial court signed a written order that finds the date when McKenna or his attorney first either received notice or acquired actual knowledge that the judgment or order was signed. Tex. R. App. P. 4.2(c); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 306a(5).
The Clerk then warned McKenna that the Court will dismiss this appeal unless, within 21 days of the date of this letter, (1) Appellant provides documentation of compliance with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 4.2(c), see Tex. R. App. P. 42.3(a); (2) Appellant provides a copy of the notice of appeal which was filed on August 11, 2006; and (3) these records, when provided, confirm that our jurisdiction was timely invoked to decide the merits of the issues to be presented in this appeal.
More than 21 days have passed, and McKenna has not responded to the Clerk’s letter. This appeal is dismissed.
TOM GRAY
Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Vance, and
Justice Reyna
Appeal dismissed
Opinion delivered and filed January 24, 2007
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[CV06]
lign: center">Brazos County, Texas
Trial Court # 2408-91
O P I N I O N
Ussery appeals his conviction for the misdemeanor offense of driving while intoxicated causing serious bodily injury. The jury found him guilty, and the court assessed punishment at two years in jail and a $2500 fine.
In point one Ussery complains that the court abused its discretion in refusing to accept his written election for the jury to assess punishment, filed on the day of trial. Article 28.01, section 2, of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides that when a case is set for pretrial hearing any preliminary matters "not raised or filed seven days before the hearing will not thereafter be allowed to be raised or filed, except by permission of the court for good cause shown." According to the Court of Criminal Appeals, when a pretrial hearing is held the defendant is required to file his election to have the jury assess punishment within the time prescribed by article 28.01, section 2. In this case pretrial hearings were held on January 17 and February 7, 1992. The trial, which had originally been set for February 11, was reset for March 17, and the final pretrial hearing was held on March 13. Ussery announced ready for trial at the final pretrial hearing but did not file the written election for the jury to assess punishment until March 17. Because the election was not filed within the time prescribed by article 28.01, we overrule point of error one.
In point two Ussery contends that the court erred in admitting an oral admission in violation of article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. An oral admission made while in custody is generally inadmissible under section 3 of article 38.22. According to section 5, however, "Nothing in this article precludes the admission . . . of a statement that does not stem from custodial interrogation . . . ." In Wicker v. State the Court of Criminal Appeals set out four factors to consider when determining whether a defendant was in custody at the time an oral admission was made: (1) whether probable cause to arrest existed; (2) whether the defendant was the focus of the investigation; (3) the subjective intent of the police; and (4) the subjective belief of the defendant.
Adam Moses was the first police officer on the scene. He testified that when he arrived he saw a small gold car that was quite damaged from an accident. Moses left the driver of the passenger car with the paramedics, who had also just arrived, and began to look for another vehicle. A red pickup truck, which he found "quite a ways off the highway," had gone down an embankment. According to Moses, "There was a man standing at the back of the pickup truck, and I walked up and I asked him if it was his truck. And he said yes, so I asked him if he was injured. And he said no." Moses testified that he could smell alcohol on Ussery, who appeared to be in a dazed condition. Moses then helped Ussery back up the hill and "decided to detain him for the DPS troopers until they got there." Moses placed Ussery in the back seat of his patrol car until Gary Shaw, a trooper with the Department of Public Safety, arrived. Moses then turned Ussery over to Shaw and returned to the small gold car. Although Moses characterized Ussery as being in custody when he was placed in the patrol car, Moses testified that he had not actually placed Ussery under arrest at that point. According to Moses, he needed to make sure Ussery did not leave the scene of the accident. Moses also testified, "I didn't feel he needed to be walking around in a dazed condition like that."
Gary Shaw testified that when he arrived an emergency rescue team was trying to get the driver out of the passenger car with the Jaws of Life. He then looked over the scene and saw a pickup truck down a steep embankment. When Kelvin Dawson, another DPS trooper, arrived, Shaw assisted him with the investigation. Shaw testified that the only time he talked with Ussery was when Dawson got Ussery out of the car to examine the wounds on his leg. According to Shaw, Ussery appeared intoxicated and had the smell of alcohol on his breath.
Kelvin Dawson testified that volunteer firemen were cutting the roof off of a gold vehicle near the shoulder of the highway when he arrived on the scene. As he was examining the vehicle, he met Shaw and was informed that there was another vehicle down an embankment. After looking over the scene he interviewed several witnesses. He then went to the patrol car where Ussery was seated to see if he was a driver of a vehicle that may have been involved in the accident. Dawson asked Ussery to step out of the patrol car and interviewed him to determine his identity, whether he was the person whose driver's license Shaw had passed along to him, whether he was the driver of the pickup, and if he had been drinking. According to Dawson, Ussery said he did not know what happened but that he had been drinking and that he was driving the pickup. Ussery then told him that he did not hit anyone; his vehicle just ran off the roadway. According to Dawson, Ussery had a strong odor of alcohol on his breath, his eyes were red and watery, and he was a bit unsteady while attempting to stand. Ussery also complained that his leg was hurting, but he said that he did not want to go to the hospital. Dawson asked Ussery to have a seat again inside the patrol car while Dawson continued his investigation of the scene. He then returned to the patrol car and asked Ussery to step out. Ussery again complained of pain, and Dawson had a paramedic examine and treat a wound on Ussery's left leg. He still did not want to go to the hospital, however. Dawson then placed Ussery under arrest for driving while intoxicated, took him to the DPS patrol car, and advised him of his Miranda rights.
When a police officer properly detains a person to conduct an investigation, Miranda warnings are not required until a suspect is in custody. Furthermore, placing a person in a police patrol car does not necessarily result in a custodial arrest. Dawson's pre-arrest questioning of whether Ussery had been drinking and driving did not constitute custodial interrogation. The probable cause to arrest Ussery for driving while intoxicated arose out of the entire investigation. When Dawson interviewed Ussery, he was not yet the focus of the investigation. At that point, Dawson was attempting to determine whether Ussery had even been involved in the accident. The record reflects that Dawson's subjective intent was to conduct a complete investigation. As a result, Ussery's admissions were not the result of custodial interrogation. We overrule point of error two.
In point three Ussery contends that the court erred in refusing his special requested charge on unlawfully obtained evidence. Ussery asked "that the Court include a 38.23 Charge that specifically allows the jury and requests the jury to make a determination about whether any evidence was illegally obtained in this case and, therefore, should be disqualified for consideration by the jury." The court overruled his request.
The State argues that Ussery's request was insufficient to preserve his complaint. Article 36.15 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides:
Before the court reads his charge to the jury, counsel on both sides shall have a reasonable time to present written instructions and ask that they be given to the jury. The requirement that the instructions be in writing is complied with if the instructions are dictated to the court reporter in the presence of the court and the state's counsel, before the reading of the court's charge to the jury.
Ussery failed to present any requested instructions to the court as required by article 36.15. His request, although improper, was sufficient, however, to apprise the court of his objection to the omission of an instruction for the jury to disregard any unlawfully obtained evidence.
The State also argues that, because the record did not raise a fact issue on unlawfully obtained evidence, the court properly denied the special requested charge. Ussery relies solely upon Moses' testimony that Ussery was in custody when he was detained in the back seat of the patrol car to await the arrival of the DPS troopers. On redirect examination, however, Moses testified that Ussery was not actually under arrest at that point. Because we find that Ussery has failed to raise a fact issue on unlawfully obtained evidence, we overrule point of error three.
In point four Ussery contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for driving while intoxicated. In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Ussery argues that the case turned on a single issue—whether he was driving the pickup truck. Ussery's confession to driving the truck, which we have already determined to be properly admitted, was sufficiently corroborated by evidence that a crime had been committed.
Alice Eaton testified that she was working at a convenience store on the night of the accident when Ussery came in and purchased some orange juice, milk, cookies, and candy bars. According to Ms. Eaton, Ussery appeared intoxicated and had trouble paying for the goods. She also testified that, after Ussery left, two men came to the store asking her to call "911" because there had been an accident. Her husband, Joseph Eaton, testified that he was reading the gas pumps to help his wife close the store when he saw a white male with a beard get in a red pickup truck and leave without turning on the headlights. Someone then drove up and told him there had been accident. He drove down the highway to the accident scene and found the same red pickup truck that had just left the store. Mr. Eaton identified Ussery as the person whom he saw standing near the truck when he arrived on the scene. Mr. Eaton stayed with Ussery, who was the only person near the truck, until Moses arrived.
Chris and Cheli Winn testified that they followed a red pickup truck out of the convenience store parking lot. According to the Winns, the pickup traveled down the highway without any lights on, crossed over into the oncoming lane of traffic, and collided with a car. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that any rational trier of fact could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Ussery was the driver of the red pickup. Accordingly, we overrule point of error four.
In point five Ussery contends that he was denied effective assistance of counsel by his pretrial attorney's failure to timely file a written election for the jury to assess punishment. We note that John T. Quinn, Ussery's attorney on appeal, was substituted for Ussery's pretrial attorney several days prior to the final pretrial hearing. For obvious reasons, Ussery's brief complains only of ineffective assistance by his original "pretrial" counsel.
The error complained of occurred before trial but dealt solely with the punishment phase of the trial. Therefore, the proper standard for determining whether Ussery suffered ineffective assistance of counsel is whether he received reasonably effective assistance of counsel. In reviewing an attorney's assistance, the court must examine the totality of the representation. The "reasonably effective assistance" standard does not mean errorless counsel or counsel judged ineffective by hindsight, but counsel reasonably likely to render effective assistance and reasonably rendering effective assistance.
In this case Quinn was substituted for Ussery's original pretrial attorney on March 10, 1992. On March 17, in support of Ussery's motion for the jury to elect punishment, Quinn testified that he first spoke with Ussery by telephone on March 12 and made a "tentative decision" to have the jury assess punishment. Quinn attended the final pretrial hearing on March 13 but did not file a written election for the jury to assess punishment at that time. Quinn testified that he met with Ussery for the first time on March 16 and the decision to have the jury assess punishment "was firmed up." According to Quinn, he had never detected Ussery's original counsel as being incompetent and had not determined any inability on the part of that attorney to effectively represent Ussery. There is no other evidence that Ussery's original attorney was not reasonably likely to render effective assistance or that he did not reasonably render effective assistance. In light of Quinn's testimony that they did not "firm up" the decision to have the jury assess punishment until March 16, Ussery's original pretrial attorney, who withdrew from the case on March 10, cannot be faulted for failing to carry out Ussery's decision to have a jury assess punishment. Accordingly, we overrule point of error five.
We affirm the judgment.
BOBBY L. CUMMINGS
Justice
Before Chief Justice Thomas,
Justice Cummings, and
Justice Vance
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed April 21, 1993
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