IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-05-00386-CR
Richard Oduol,
Appellant
v.
The State of Texas,
Appellee
From the County Criminal Court at Law No. 4
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court No. 1319226
MEMORANDUM Opinion
A jury convicted Richard Oduol of interfering with the duties of a public servant, assessed his punishment at 30 days’ confinement, and recommended that he be placed on community supervision. The court followed the jury’s recommendation. Oduol, acting pro se, contends in seven issues that: (1) the prosecutor improperly used information obtained from Oduol during plea negotiations; (2) he was denied a jury of his peers; (3) the court abused its discretion by sustaining certain of the prosecutor’s objections; (4) the court abused its discretion by excluding evidence favorable to the defense; (5) the prosecutor made a “doctored closing statement”; (6) the court abused its discretion by permitting the prosecutor to ask “directed questions”; and (7) the prosecutor’s closing argument contained “false allegations” which Oduol was not permitted to clarify before the jury began its deliberations.[1] We will affirm.
Procedural Background
Oduol represented himself at trial and represents himself on appeal. Because the record did not reflect that he has waived the right to counsel in writing or that he had been admonished of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation and because Oduol challenged the accuracy of the reporter’s record, we abated the appeal for the trial court to resolve these issues. See Oduol v. State, No. 10-05-00386-CR, slip op. at 2-3 (Tex. App.—Waco May 10, 2006, order) (per curiam) (not designated for publication).
Pursuant to our abatement order, the trial court conducted a hearing in which the trial judge recalled that he had “discussed at length, perhaps on several occasions, your representing yourself was not a good idea.” Oduol stated that he recalled those discussions. Oduol also recalled being provided a “Waiver of Attorney” document which explains in detail the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation. However, Oduol stated that he never signed this document and never signed a written waiver of counsel. Oduol further said that he represented himself at trial only because the court had concluded that he owned too much property to qualify for court-appointed counsel.
After this hearing, the trial court prepared written findings of fact and conclusions of law. In these findings and conclusions, the court reviewed each of Oduol’s complaints regarding the accuracy of the reporter’s record and found them to be without merit. Regarding self-representation, the court noted that “a three page Faretta warning” was given to Oduol before he was allowed to proceed pro se. The court further recited that “Oduol was simply adamant about his pro se status.”
Factual Background
Oduol’s prosecution stems from an incident at his apartment complex. His van had been towed the night before after another resident called to complain that it was blocking two cars. Oduol went to the apartment office to have his van returned. He first talked with Barbara Valdes who described him as “aggravated” when he first came into the office. She told him that the apartment would not make arrangements for the return of his van because it had been illegally parked. This made Oduol angrier, and he told Valdes he wanted to speak to the manager. When Valdes told Oduol that the manager could not see him at that time, he became even more agitated and “got louder.”
The manager Linda Brunson came out of her office to discuss the matter with him. Brunson told him that if he did not calm down that he would have to leave the office. When Oduol did not, Brunson told him to leave or she would call the police. He refused, so she called a police officer who lived in the apartment complex and who also served as a “courtesy officer” for the complex.
Officer Matt Hong came to the office within five minutes. He told Oduol he needed to leave the office, but Oduol refused. Hong then cuffed Oduol and escorted him from the premises to a parking lot to await a patrol car. As Hong did this, Oduol was “yelling and screaming at the top of his lungs.” Hong told Oduol to sit down on a sidewalk, but he refused. Hong then “sat him down” and “told him not to get up.”
Hong walked “about fifteen steps away” and called the intake division of the district attorney’s office to discuss the charges.[2] While Hong was on the phone, Oduol got up and “started walking towards [him] in a fast manner.” Hong and Oduol both fell to the ground as Hong tried to restrain him. Both suffered minor abrasions. An ambulance responded at Hong’s request and an emergency medical technician treated Oduol’s injury. Oduol was then taken to the county jail. Hong called the district attorney’s office again, and it was determined that Oduol would be charged with criminal trespass and interfering with the duties of a public servant.
Jury Selection
Oduol contends in his second issue that he was denied a jury of his peers. He explains in the argument section of his brief that there were only three African Americans in the jury pool and the State exercised peremptory challenges against all three.
No record was made of the jury selection process other than a hearing on the State’s challenges for cause.[3] Oduol made no written or oral objection to the composition of the petit jury which heard his case. Because Oduol failed to object, this issue has not been preserved for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Batiste v. State, 888 S.W.2d 9, 17 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Montgomery v. State, 198 S.W.3d 67, 77 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref’d); Flores v. State, 33 S.W.3d 907, 926 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d). Accordingly, we overrule Oduol’s second issue.
Information Obtained from Oduol
Oduol contends in his first issue that the prosecutor improperly used information obtained from him during plea negotiations.
Oduol explains in his brief that, after the trial court determined he was not eligible for court-appointed counsel and after he demanded a jury trial, he met with the prosecutor to discuss his case. The prosecutor made a plea offer, which Oduol rejected, then asked Oduol to explain why he considered himself to be innocent. According to Oduol, the prosecutor asked him to write his narrative explanation on a legal pad so he could show it to the judge for consideration. Oduol complied with this request.[4]
Oduol disputed the stated basis for the towing of his van. He stated that the tow truck driver came into the apartment office about the same time he did on the date in question and went straight to Brunson’s office.[5] According to him, “the argument” did not begin until Brunson, “to try to cover for the wrecker driver,” said that a neighbor had called to complain about his van blocking her car. Oduol asked Brunson to call the police to resolve the matter, but she declined. While Oduol was writing down what happened, he felt Hong’s hand on his shoulder. Hong told Oduol that he “was going to pay for making them wake him up.” Oduol says the sidewalk was too hot to sit on, so he tried to squat, which caused Hong to come running toward him “screaming” to sit back down. He contends that Hong intentionally pushed his head against the concrete to injure him and that, as a result of the blow, “I had a concussion and was in a daze and my head was bleeding.”
Oduol says that there were several witnesses who observed the confrontation, but none would help. He contends that his injuries and the heat made him nauseated and he vomited from the rear of the patrol car. He also alleges that Hong told the EMT to treat his wound rather than transport him to the hospital so the extent of his injuries would not be “noted and recorded.” He concludes by stating that the officer who transported him to jail “felt that Officer Hong was in the wrong.”
These are essentially the same contentions Oduol explained in his opening statement to the jury and in his trial testimony. He contends that the prosecutor improperly used this information by “coaching” witnesses. However, Oduol did not raise this objection at trial. Thus, this complaint has not been preserved for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1).
Oduol also suggests that he was somehow denied the ability to secure the attendance of witnesses who would verify his version of the facts. To the extent Oduol’s complaint is premised on the unavailability of witnesses, he has not properly preserved this complaint for appellate review.
To secure the attendance of a witness at trial, a defendant must file an application for subpoena with the clerk of the trial court. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 24.03(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006). If the witness fails or refuses to appear, the trial court will issue a writ of attachment. Id. art. 24.12 (Vernon 1989); Sturgeon v. State, 106 S.W.3d 81, 89-90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). A defendant may also request a continuance if a subpoenaed witness fails to appear for trial. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 29.06 (Vernon 2006); Harrison v. State, 187 S.W.3d 429, 434 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Here, Oduol did none of these things to secure the attendance of witnesses at trial.[6] Thus, he has failed to preserve any complaint regarding the unavailability of witnesses for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1). For the foregoing reasons, we overrule Oduol’s first issue.
Exclusion of Evidence
Oduol contends in his third and fourth issues respectively that the court abused its discretion by sustaining certain of the prosecutor’s objections and by excluding evidence favorable to the defense.
Oduol first complains that the trial court sustained several of the prosecutor’s objections that questions had been “asked and answered.” Our review of the record reveals that the prosecutor made this objection three times: twice during Oduol’s cross-examination of Officer Hong and once during his cross-examination of apartment employee David Oliver.
On the first occasion, Oduol asked Hong twice whether Hong recalled getting off the phone and informing Oduol that he had just gotten off the phone with the D.A. and was charging Oduol with trespassing. Hong answered this question both times, stating that he told Oduol at that point that he was being charged with trespassing and interfering with the duties of a public servant. After Hong answered the second time, the prosecutor objected that the question had been asked and answered. The court did not rule on the objection but essentially repeated the officer’s answer to the question.
On the next occasion, Oduol asked Hong, “And when you responded to the call in the office and they informed you about what had happened, what were you coming to do then?” Instead of sustaining the prosecutor’s objection, the court rephrased the question and asked Hong, “And so, after—as you’re coming towards the office, first thing, what’s your initial intent as you’re walking towards the office?” Hong answered, “Coming to discover what’s going on.” Thus, the court did not sustain the prosecutor’s objection, and Hong answered the question.
On the final occasion when the prosecutor objected that a question had already been asked and answered, Oduol asked Oliver, “And do you recollect saying that I don’t want to get involved because I don’t want to get in trouble?” The prosecutor objected to the relevance of this question. In reply, the court rephrased the question, “Did you ever tell Mr. Oduol that you can’t use my phone, like I don’t want to get in trouble here?” Oliver responded, “No, I never said that.” Oduol then asked, “And you don’t recall at all saying that? That I don’t want to get in trouble . . . ?” When the prosecutor objected that this question had been asked and answered, the court instructed Oduol to move on to something else. Thus, the court implicitly sustained the prosecutor’s objection.
On these three occasions, it appears that the questions about which Oduol complains were answered despite the State’s objections. Thus, we cannot say that the court abused its discretion by the manner in which it ruled on the objections. See Thomas v. State, 137 S.W.3d 792, 797 (Tex. App.—Waco 2004, no pet.).
Oduol next complains that the court abused its discretion by sustaining the prosecutor’s relevance objection to a question about Hong’s decision to have the EMT treat Oduol’s injury at the scene then transport him to jail rather than the hospital. Hong conceded on cross-examination that he may have told the EMT to “patch that up,” referring to Oduol’s head injury, without knowing whether Oduol had a concussion. The cross-examination continued as follows:
Q: Yet you just told them to patch it up.
A: I have seen people shot before and told them to patch it up.
Q: But yet you made the decision and told the EMT just to—
Prosecutor: Objection, Your Honor. This is irrelevant.
The Court: Yes. Something else. Sustained.
Oduol had already established that Hong instructed the EMT to merely “patch up” Oduol’s injury without a comprehensive medical evaluation of Oduol’s condition. Thus, the court did not abuse its discretion by sustaining the prosecutor’s objection when Oduol asked the question again. See Thomas, 137 S.W.3d at 797.
He contends, however, that he should have been allowed to continue this line of questioning to demonstrate his claim of police brutality. However, Oduol did not make an offer of proof regarding the substance of any additional evidence he sought to introduce. See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2), (b); LaHood v. State, 171 S.W.3d 613, 621 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). Thus, he has failed to preserve any complaint regarding the court’s exclusion of this line of questioning. Id.
Finally, Oduol complains that the court abused its discretion by failing to publish photographic evidence of his injuries to the jury. During Oduol’s cross-examination of Hong, a photograph was marked as Defendant’s Exhibit No. 1 and admitted in evidence. Hong testified that the photograph was a fair representation of the injury Oduol sustained. However, Oduol never asked that the exhibit be published to the jury. Thus, this complaint has not been preserved for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Gonzales v. State, 929 S.W.2d 546, 550 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, pet. ref’d).
For the foregoing reasons, we overrule Oduol’s third and fourth issues.
Directed Questioning
Oduol contends in his sixth issue that the court abused its discretion by permitting the prosecutor to ask “directed questions.” He explains in the argument portion of his brief that this complaint concerns the prosecutor propounding “[d]irected questioning to lead the witnesses to recall what they had been coached to say.” Because Oduol did not make this objection at trial, this complaint has not been preserved for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Mayfield v. State, 803 S.W.2d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1991, no pet.). Accordingly, we overrule Oduol’s sixth issue.
Closing Argument
Oduol contends in his fifth and seventh issues respectively that the prosecutor made a “doctored closing statement” and the prosecutor’s closing argument contained “false allegations” which Oduol was not permitted to clarify before the jury began its deliberations. Because Oduol did not raise any objection to the prosecutor’s closing argument, this complaint has not been preserved for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Bible v. State, 162 S.W.3d 234, 248 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Accordingly, we overrule Oduol’s fifth and seventh issues.
Jury Charge
Although Oduol does not raise this complaint in his list of “issues presented,” he does criticize the court’s decision to strike from the charge one of the alternative allegations regarding the manner and means by which he committed the offense of interfering with the duties of a public servant.
The information alleges in separate paragraphs that Oduol committed this offense “by refusing to follow directions,” “by failing to remain seated,” and “by walking away from Officer M. K. Hong.” The court did not include the last allegation in the charge. When the court advised Oduol that this allegation would not be included in the charge and asked whether that sounded good to him, Oduol affirmatively nodded.
Oduol did not object to the proposed charge and essentially indicated that he had no objection. In this situation, a case will not be reversed on appeal unless there is an error in the charge which caused the defendant to suffer “egregious harm.” Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743-44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Here, there is no error. A “non-essential element allegation [may] be excluded from [a] hypothetically correct charge.” Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 256 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (citing Rosales v. State, 4 S.W.3d 228 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)). Moreover, the State may abandon allegations of alternative means of committing an offense. Alston v. State, 175 S.W.3d 853, 854-55 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, no pet.).
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the court did not err by excluding the allegation that Oduol committed the offense “by walking away” from the jury charge.
We affirm the judgment.
FELIPE REYNA
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Vance, and
Justice Reyna
(Chief Justice Gray concurs in the judgment without a separate opinion)
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed January 10, 2007
Do not publish
[CR25]
[1] This is the Court’s paraphrase of the issues presented by Oduol, based on the argument presented in his brief. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.9 (briefing rules should be construed liberally); White v. State, 50 S.W.3d 31, 45 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. ref’d) (briefs should be construed liberally); Barnes v. State, 832 S.W.2d 424, 426 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, orig. proceeding) (pro se pleadings should be reviewed “with patience and liberality”). The issues in Oduol’s own words, as stated on page 3 of his brief, are:
i) prosecutor attempt to avoid trial and being punitive by using my revealed defense to his betterment.
ii) Jury not of my peers
iii) Objections to subjects relevant to the case
iv) Deletion of my strong points that could have thrown the case out
v) Evidence of doctored closing statement
vi) Obvious Prosecutors directed questioning
vii) Unchallenged Prosecutors charges in his closing statement.
[2] Officer Hong explained that it is standard procedure in Harris County to discuss the charges with the district attorney’s office to see if they will accept the case and if any additional information is needed.
[3] Oduol recognizes in his brief that no record was made. Because he did not object to the court reporter’s failure to record the entire voir dire, he has failed to preserve for appellate review any complaint regarding such failure. See Valle v. State, 109 S.W.3d 500, 508-09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Washington v. State, 127 S.W.3d 111, 114-15 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.).
[4] Oduol states in his brief that he “wrote down the events that occurred on the day that I was arrested,” but he does not explain exactly what “events” he recorded on the legal pad. Nevertheless, we presume that he wrote something similar to the factual statements provided in pages 10-19 of his brief under the heading, “Events That Led to My Arrest.” See Tex. R. App. P. 38.9; White, 50 S.W.3d at 45; Barnes, 832 S.W.2d at 426.
[5] Valdes confirmed that the tow truck driver was in the office that morning, but Brunson did not recall him being there.
[6] Oduol says in his brief that the court dismissed his questioning of a “witness for not forwarding a subpoena.” However, he does not identify that witness; our review of the record does not reveal such an event occurring; and the clerk’s record does not contain a subpoena application.