IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-08-00256-CV
Texas State Technical College,
Appellant
v.
John Donald Evans,
Appellee
From the 170th District Court
McLennan County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2006-4342-4
MEMORANDUM Opinion
John Donald Evans sued Texas State Technical College for injuries sustained when he tripped on protective matting on the floor of TSTC’s gymnasium. The trial court denied TSTC’s plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss. TSTC challenges the denial of its plea on grounds that: (1) Evans failed to provide notice of his claims; (2) there was no unreasonably dangerous condition regarding the mat, Evans knew about the condition, and TSTC did not have actual knowledge of the condition; and (3) Evans’s claims are based on discretionary acts. We reverse and render.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A plea to the jurisdiction challenges the trial court’s “power to determine the subject matter of the suit.” Vela v. Waco Indep. Sch. Dist., 69 S.W.3d 695, 698 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, pet. withdrawn). We review a plea “based on sovereign immunity de novo because the question of whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a matter of law.” Hoff v. Nueces County, 153 S.W.3d 45, 48 (Tex. 2004); see Vela, 69 S.W.3d at 698. Where “the pleading requirement has been met and evidence has been submitted to support the plea that implicates the merits of the case, we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant.” Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004) (citing Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex. 1997)). “We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.” Id.
NOTICE OF CLAIMS
In its first issue, TSTC contends that Evans failed to provide notice of his claims within six months of the accident.
The Tort Claims Act requires a claimant to provide notice to the governmental unit no later than six months after the incident giving rise to the claim. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.101(a) (Vernon 2005). Formal notice must reasonably describe the damage or injury claimed, the time and place of the incident, and the incident. Id. at § 101.101(a)(1)-(3). Formal notice is not required where the governmental unit has actual notice of an injury. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.101(c). Because Evans filed suit after September 1, 2005, the notice requirement is jurisdictional. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034 (Vernon Supp. 2008).
Statutory Notice
Evans contends that he provided notice by sending an email to Harold Fischer, a member of TSTC’s drafting department, only six days after the accident:
I had failed to pass on that Saturday, I tripped on the blue matting in the gym. There was no tape over the seam. Someone might be interested in knowing that so someone else does not get hurt like I did. [E]specially if they are an old guy like me.
Citing University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351 (Tex. 2004) and Casanover v. Tomball Regional Hospital Authority, No. 01-04-00136-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 108 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 5, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.), TSTC contends that this email fails to either notify it of the claims against it or reasonably describe the claimed injury.
In Loutzenhiser, parents of a child born with birth defects sued the Medical Center. See Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d at 354, 356. The child’s father had contacted the Medical Center via telephone:
I called after he was born to inform them that he had -- the situation with his hand -- he had no fingers, thinking that they would want to be made aware of that. The reason that I thought they may want to be made aware of that is because I thought it would be relevant to them, and that I had read in June or July a Newsweek article that said that CVS possibly causes limb reduction -- is, I believe, the term that it used. And since it happened to my son, I thought that they would want to know about it. . . . And at that time I was told that it didn’t have anything to do with the test, and they didn’t act interested in finding out about it. And I said, “Would you like some information for your records?”, and they never followed up on it.
Id. at 357. The Texas Supreme Court held that this conversation merely advised the Medical Center that Loutzenhiser had a CVS procedure and the child was born with a limb reduction. See id. It neither informed the Medical Center that it had performed the procedure nor gave notice of the time or claim. Id. at 357-58. The father merely thought “they would want to be made aware” of the deformity “for [their] records.” Id. at 358.[1]
In Casanover, the Hospital was sued for damages arising out of Rosa Lee Evans’s death. See Casanover, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 108, at *1. Counsel wrote two letters informing the Hospital that he represented Casanover for “‘injuries sustained’ by [] Evans on or about March 23, 2001.” Id. at *7-8. The first letter requested medical records and the second requested billing records. See id. at *8. The Fourteenth Court held that the letters failed to reasonably describe the injury claimed, indicate that Evans had died, mention an incident, or indicate the Hospital’s responsibility for the injury. Id. at *9. They “merely refer[ed] to ‘injuries sustained on the referenced date.’” Id.
Like the telephone call in Loutzenhiser and the letters in Casanover, Evans’s email is inadequate notice under section 101.101(a). Stating that he was “hurt” does not reasonably describe the damage or injury claimed and does not indicate that TSTC might be at fault. See Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d at 357-58; see also Casanover, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 108, at *9; Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice v. Thomas, 263 S.W.3d 212, 218 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (Letter alleging that inmate died of asphyxiation and requesting records, reports, and video tapes was “merely a request for additional information,” not notice of a claim against TDCJ, and failed to describe the incident). Evans merely thought “[s]omeone might be interested in knowing.” See Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d at 358; see also Casanover, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 108, at *9. Accordingly, TSTC received no statutory notice of Evans’s injury.
Actual Notice
[A]ctual notice to a governmental unit requires knowledge of (1) a death, injury, or property damage; (2) the governmental unit’s alleged fault producing or contributing to the death, injury, or property damage; and (3) the identity of the parties involved. Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995). “Alleged fault” includes the governmental unit’s “subjective awareness of its fault, as ultimately alleged by the claimant, in producing or contributing to the claimed injury:”
It is not enough that a governmental unit should have investigated an incident as a prudent person would have, or that it did investigate, perhaps as part of routine safety procedures, or that it should have known from the investigation it conducted that it might have been at fault. If a governmental unit is not subjectively aware of its fault, it does not have the same incentive to gather information that the statute is designed to provide, even when it would not be unreasonable to believe that the governmental unit was at fault.
Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 347-48 (Tex. 2004).[2]
Citing Texas Department of Transportation v. Anderson, No. 12-07-00268-CV, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 449 (Tex. App.—Tyler Jan. 23, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.)., TSTC contends that it did not have subjective awareness of its alleged fault. In Anderson, TxDOT was sued regarding a traffic accident that was allegedly caused by a defect in the roadway. See Anderson, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 449, at *1-2. C. L. Hollis, the TxDOT officer who investigated the accident, informed other employees that the accident resulted in injuries and one fatality, the date and location of the accident, and the victims’ identities. Id. at *2-3. He opined that the accident was caused by the road’s faulty condition. Id. He previously worked other accidents in that location and had warned TxDOT of the problem. Id. The Tyler Court found that “TxDOT’s knowledge of Hollis’s opinion, without more, does not show subjective awareness of fault.” Id. at *11. The “matter never reached the stage of TxDOT’s assessing its fault.” Id. “Without assessment of its fault, TxDOT cannot be said to have had subjective awareness of its fault for this accident.” Id. Similarly, the letters in Casanover and the telephone call in Loutzenhiser were insufficient to inform the respective governmental unit that its “fault allegedly produced or contributed to the claimed injury.” Casanover, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 108, at *12-13; see Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d at 358.
In his deposition, Evans testified that he was unaware that any TSTC employees were in the area when the accident occurred. Other than his email to Fischer, he did not communicate with any TSTC employees about the accident. Yet, the record does not even suggest that Fischer was an “individual charged with reporting or investigating claims.” Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice v. Simons, 197 S.W.3d 904, 911 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2006, no pet.) (record did not contain evidence that “warden was an individual charged with reporting or investigating claims.”). Rather, the affidavit of TSTC chief of safety Rhett Reddell establishes that he was the official charged with being notified of the accident, but was not notified, and that TSTC was not aware of any previous accidents involving the mats. The record contains no other evidence addressing actual notice.
As in Loutzenhiser, Casanover, and Anderson, Evans’s email is insufficient to convey the message to TSTC that its alleged fault produced or contributed to Evans’s injury. See Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d at 358; see also Casanover, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 108, at *12-13; Anderson, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 449, at *11; Thomas, 263 S.W.3d at 218 (Actual notice not shown even though TDCJ investigated the matter and where no evidence indicated “whether, how, or why any TDCJ employee was reprimanded in connection with Hollimon’s death.”). The evidence does not demonstrate actual notice as contemplated by section 101.101(c). See Simons, 140 S.W.3d at 347; see also Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d at 358; Casanover, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 108, at *12-13; Anderson, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 449, at *8-11; Thomas, 263 S.W.3d at 218. We sustain TSTC’s first issue and need not address its remaining issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
The trial court’s judgment is reversed and judgment is rendered dismissing Evans’s claims for want of jurisdiction.
FELIPE REYNA
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Reyna, and
Justice Davis
Reversed and rendered
Opinion delivered and filed March 18, 2009
[CV06]
[1] Loutzenhiser’s holding that the notice requirement is not jurisdictional has been superseded by section 311.034 of the Government Code. Univ. of Tex. Southwestern Med. Ctr. v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351, 364 (Tex. 2004); Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034 (Vernon Supp. 2008).
[2] Like Loutzenhiser, Simons also held that the notice requirement is not jurisdictional, a holding which has been superseded. Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 349 (Tex. 2004); Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034 (Vernon Supp. 2008).
yle="font-variant: small-caps">Impeachment of the State’s Character Witnesses
In his first issue, Moore contends that the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s objection to Moore’s attempted cross-examination of the State’s character witnesses. To the extent that Moore preserves his complaint on appeal, the trial court’s error was harmless.
In rebuttal, the State called three character witnesses who testified that in their opinion Hauerland had a good reputation for truthfulness: Joe Russell, a Venus ISD school board member; Delinda Cervantez, a Venus ISD employee; and Brian Blackwell, a Venus ISD middle-school principal. For each of these witnesses, Moore made an offer of proof of the evidence that he sought to introduce through the witness in question-and-answer form. See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2). Russell testified outside the presence of the jury that he was aware that Hauerland had committed one shoplifting offense; Blackwell testified that he was aware that Hauerland had twice been convicted of theft; and Cervantez testified that she had heard that Hauerland had twice been convicted of theft. As to Russell, the State objected generally to improper impeachment. As to all of these witnesses, the State objected that the danger of unfair prejudice of evidence of these convictions substantially outweighed their probative value for impeachment. See Tex. R. Evid. 403. The trial court sustained the objections.
Moore preserved his complaint at trial as to each witness, by making an offer of proof of the excluded evidence. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2); Warner v. State, 969 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (per curiam); see also Alonzo v. State, 67 S.W.3d 346, 355 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. granted on other grounds).
However, Moore forfeits his complaint in part on appeal. An appellant who presents an issue on appeal other than that presented in the trial court forfeits the issue on appeal. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Turner v. State, 87 S.W.3d 111, 117 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), cert. denied, 123 S. Ct. 1760, 155 L. Ed. 2d 519 (2003); Montoya v. State, 43 S.W.3d 568, 571 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.). The trial court ruled that Moore’s attempted means of impeachment was improper only as to Russell. As to Cervantez and Blackwell, the court ruled only that the danger of unfair prejudice of evidence of Hauerland’s shoplifting citations substantially outweighed the evidence’s impeachment value. Moore does not argue that the court erred in its Rule 403 analysis. Thus, the only ruling of the trial court of which Moore complains on appeal that comports with his trial objection is that the impeachment of Russell as to his knowledge of Moore’s shoplifting citations was by an improper means.
In this regard, the trial court erred. A character witness is subject to proper cross-examination on the basis of the witness’s knowledge of the character of the person about whom the witness is testifying. Any witness is subject to impeachment. Tex. R. Evid. 607. One means of impeachment is to undermine the basis of the witness’s knowledge of the subject of the testimony. A character witness, thus, who testifies to a person’s good character, is subject to cross-examination on specific instances of conduct by the person that would be inconsistent with a good character. Tex. R. Evid. 405(a); Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 350 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Murphy v. State, 4 S.W.3d 926, 930 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, pet. ref’d). In general, a witness who testifies as to his or her opinion of a person’s character is subject to cross-examination by questions of the form “do you know”; that is, questions asking whether the character witness’s knowledge of the person’s character includes knowledge of specific bad acts committed by the person. Wilson at 350; see Murphy at 932.
There are at least two limitations on the impeachment of an opinion character witness by specific instances of conduct. “First, the incidents inquired about must be relevant to the character traits at issue. Second, the alleged bad act must have a basis in fact.” Wilson at 351-52 (internal citation omitted); accord Murphy at 930-31.
Moore properly sought to impeach Russell with his knowledge of Hauerland’s theft convictions in accordance with the Rules of Evidence. Hauerland’s bad acts that Moore wanted to use to impeach Russell’s knowledge of Hauerland’s character had a basis in fact, since Hauerland admitted to the theft convictions. Those convictions were relevant to Hauerland’s character for truthfulness; theft is among the most damning crimes of deception. Thus, the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s objection to improper impeachment.
The error, however, is harmless. Improper limitations on cross-examination violate the confrontation clauses of the United States and Texas Constitutions, and thus implicate the constitutional standard for harmless error review. See U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tex. Const. art. I, § 10; Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a); Lopez v. State, 18 S.W.3d 220, 222 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Under that standard, if a court of appeals finds “constitutional error that is subject to harmless error review, the court of appeals must reverse a judgment of conviction . . . unless the court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction.” Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a). A confrontation clause violation is subject to harmless error analysis. Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 1438, 89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986); Young v. State, 891 S.W.2d 945, 948 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); see Shilling v. State, 60 S.W.3d 280, 283 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. ref’d).
In analyzing harm from the erroneous exclusion of defense cross-examination of a State’s witness, a court begins with the assumption that “the damaging potential of the cross examination w[as] fully realized.” Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 684, 106 S. Ct. at 1438; Young at 948. The court then considers the following factors:
(1) the importance of the witness’s testimony in the prosecution's case,
(2) whether the testimony was cumulative,
(3) the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points,
(4) the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and
(5) the overall strength of the prosecution’s case.
Id. Under this assumption and in light of these factors, the court must determine whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.; Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a).
Thus, we assume that, had Russell testified before the jury as he had outside its presence, he would have testified that he knew about one of Hauerland’s shoplifting citations and did not know about the other. However, three defense witnesses testified that Hauerland had a poor character for truthfulness, and Moore further impeached Hauerland with a prior inconsistent statement. Two witnesses other than Russell testified as to Hauerland’s good character for truthfulness. Moreover, Hauerland’s testimony regarding the elements of the offense was corroborated by several other witnesses, and was contradicted only by Moore’s bald denials. The trial court otherwise generally allowed free cross-examination. Lastly, the overall strength of the State’s well-corroborated evidence was overwhelming. In light of these factors, the trial court’s error in excluding the evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. I would overrule Moore’s first issue.Limitation of Moore’s Character Witnesses
In his second issue, Moore contends that the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s objections to Moore’s offer of evidence of his good character for being truthful, and his offer of opinion evidence of his good character for being peaceful and law-abiding. If the trial court erred, the error was harmless.
Before Moore’s attorney began to present his case, he informed the court that he intended to call character witnesses for Moore’s good character for being peaceful, law-abiding, and truthful. The State objected that Moore’s character for peacefulness was not at issue, and that Moore’s credibility had not yet been impeached. The court limited the testimony of Moore’s character witnesses to reputation evidence of Moore’s character.
Moore called his pastor, who testified on direct examination that Moore’s reputation for being peaceful and law-abiding was good. Moore testified in his main case, and the State cross-examined him. Thereafter, Moore’s attorney again offered evidence of Moore’s character for truthfulness. The State objected that this was improper bolstering. The trial court again limited the evidence to reputation evidence of Moore’s character for being peaceful and law-abiding.
Thereafter, Moore called a friend, who testified that Moore’s reputation for being peaceful and law-abiding was good.
Moore preserved his complaints at trial, since the substance of the testimony that he sought to offer was apparent from the context. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2).
Evidence of Truthful Character
The Texas Rules of Evidence provide for the impeachment and rehabilitation of a witness’s credibility:
The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or reputation, but subject to these limitations:
(1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness; and
(2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evidence or otherwise.
Tex. R. Evid. 608(a).
Moore argues that the State’s cross-examination of him impeached his credibility by attacking his character for truthfulness. “Vigorous cross-examination” can, in principle, effectively impeach a witness’s credibility. See Duckett v. State, 797 S.W.2d 906, 918-19 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), overruled on other grounds, Cohn v. State, 849 S.W.2d 817, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). However, before character evidence of truthfulness is admissible to rehabilitate an impeached witness’s credibility, the method of impeachment must have attacked the witness’s character for truthfulness, not just the witness’s testimony. 1 Steven Goode et al., Texas Practice: Guide to the Texas Rules of Evidence § 608.2 (3d ed. 2002). Reputation or opinion testimony as to the witness’s character for untruthfulness impeaches the witness for purposes of Rule 608(a); merely contradicting the witness’s testimony by cross-examination or otherwise generally does not. Stitt v. State, 102 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. ref’d); Spector v. State, 746 S.W.2d 946, 951 (Tex. App.—Austin 1988, pet. ref’d).
The cross-examination of Moore was unexceptional, and not particularly vigorous. Moreover, while the State pointed out contradictions within Moore’s testimony and between Moore’s testimony and that of other witnesses, the State did not directly attack Moore’s character for truthfulness. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of Moore’s character for truthfulness.
Opinion Evidence of Peaceful and Law-Abiding Character
If the trial court erred in excluding opinion evidence of Moore’s character for being peaceful and law-abiding, the error was harmless.
The Rules of Evidence provide for an exception to the general prohibition against character conformity evidence for “[e]vidence of a pertinent character trait offered . . . by an accused in a criminal case, or by the prosecution to rebut the same.” Tex. R. Evid. 404(a)(1). In a prosecution for a crime of violence, the defendant’s character for being peaceful is pertinent, since evidence of peaceful character makes it less likely that the defendant committed the crime. For example, “[i]n a murder case, the accused’s reputation for peacefulness, or non-aggressive behavior, is the appropriate inquiry.” Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 882 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (quoting Valdez v. State, 2 S.W.3d 518, 520 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d)).
The Rules of Evidence also generally provide that when character evidence is admissible, it may only be proved on direct examination “by testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion.” Tex. R. Evid. 405(a). Under the Rules, moreover, the rigid common-law distinction between opinion and reputation evidence has been relaxed. See Murphy v. State, 4 S.W.3d 926, 932-33 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, pet. ref’d); 1 Goode, Guide to the Texas Rules of Evidence § 405.2.2, at 266-67.
Although the trial court did not permit Moore to present opinion evidence of his character for being peaceful and law-abiding, the court did permit reputation evidence. Moore does not suggest how opinion evidence would have been preferable to reputation evidence, and we do not see how it would be. Indeed, even under the common law, opinion evidence was considered inferior to reputation evidence. 1 Goode § 405.2.2. Thus, Moore’s “substantial rights” were not affected by the limitation of evidence of Moore’s peaceful character to reputation evidence. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b).
I would overrule Moore’s second issue.
Impeachment of Hauerland by Prior ConvictionsIn his third issue, Moore contends that the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s objection to the impeachment of Hauerland by evidence of prior convictions. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the objection to evidence of remote convictions.
Before Hauerland testified on direct examination, Moore laid the predicate for impeaching Hauerland by evidence of his prior convictions for theft. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(a) (Vernon 2003). On cross-examination by Moore outside the presence of the jury, Hauerland testified that he had been arrested for shoplifting in 1987 and 1988, and had been issued a citation and paid a fine in municipal court in each case. Hauerland testified that he had not been convicted of a crime since. The trial court overruled Moore’s request to cross-examine Hauerland with the remote convictions in the jury’s presence. Thus, Moore preserved his complaint for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
The Texas Rules of Evidence generally provide for the impeachment of a witness by evidence of the witness’s prior convictions:
For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from the witness or established by public record but only if the crime was a felony or involved moral turpitude, regardless of punishment . . . .
Tex. R. Evid. 609(a). The general rule is that such convictions within the ten years prior to the witness’s testimony are admissible only if the trial “court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to a party.” Id. For “remote” convictions more than ten years old, however, a more stringent standard applies:
Evidence of a conviction under this rule is not admissible if a period of more than ten years has elapsed since the date of the conviction or of the release of the witness from the confinement imposed for that conviction, whichever is the later date, unless the court determines, in the interests of justice, that the probative value of the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect.
Tex. R. Evid. 609(b). The balancing of the probative value and prejudicial effect of evidence of a witness’s prior convictions usually arises where the witness is the defendant. In those cases, in weighing the probative value and prejudicial effect of evidence of convictions, the trial court should consider several factors:
(1) the impeachment value of the prior crime,
(2) the temporal proximity of the past crime and the witness’s subsequent criminal history,
(3) the similarity between the past crime and the offense being prosecuted,
(4) the importance of the witness’s testimony, and
(5) the importance of the credibility issue.
Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874, 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); White v. State, 21 S.W.3d 642, 646 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d). The impeachment value of crimes of deception is high, and their prejudicial effect is lower than that of crimes of violence. Theus at 880; White at 647. The passage of time between the witness’s last conviction and the time of the witness’s testimony tends to reduce the conviction’s probative value. Id. The similarity of the prior conviction and the charged offense is not applicable where, as here, the witness does not stand charged with an offense. Lastly, the importance of the witness’s testimony, and thus the importance of the witness’s credibility, decrease with the corroboration of the testimony by other evidence; and so decreases the probative value of evidence of the witness’s convictions. Id.
In ruling on the admissibility of prior convictions for impeachment, the trial court has “wide discretion.” Theus at 881; White at 646. Thus, an appellate court may reverse such a ruling only for a “clear abuse of discretion.” Theus at 881. The trial court abuses its discretion in ruling on the admissibility of such evidence only if the ruling lies “outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Id.; White at 646.
Theft is a crime of moral turpitude. Bowden v. State, 628 S.W.2d 782, 788 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982); Jackson v. State, 50 S.W.3d 579, 592 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pets. ref’d).
The trial court did not err in excluding evidence of Hauerland’s remote theft convictions. The dates of Hauerland’s convictions are not in the record, but the parties do not dispute that the convictions were remote. In themselves, Hauerland’s two citations for petty theft some thirteen or fourteen years before trial, without any intervening convictions, have little bearing on Hauerland’s present credibility. Moreover, at least five other witnesses testified to Moore’s threats against Hauerland. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the probative value of the convictions did not outweigh the danger of unfair prejudice. I would overrule Moore’s third issue.
Motion to Quash the Indictment
In his fourth issue, Moore contends that the trial court erred in overruling Moore’s motion to quash the indictment. Moore forfeits his issue on appeal.
Prior to trial, Moore filed a motion to quash the indictment on the grounds that:
It is alleged in COUNT TWO of the Indictment that the defendant did threaten to harm another, to-wit: J. Haverland, a public servant, “by an unlawful act . . . [.]” Said COUNT TWO fails to allege[] any manner and means by which the Defendant committed an “unlawful act.”
On the day of trial, Moore presented the motion to the trial court, and argued, “there’s no act alleged and I was just asking for the manner and means of the unlawful act, that it be stated with specificity to give us notice of what we’re accused of.” The trial court overruled the motion. Moore thus preserved the complaint at trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
But Moore forfeits his complaint on appeal. Moore’s issue presented on appeal does not comport with his trial complaint. An appellant who presents an issue on appeal other than that presented in the trial court forfeits the issue on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Turner, 87 S.W.3d at 117; Montoya, 43 S.W.3d at 571.
At trial, Moore complained of the indictment’s notice of the manner and means of the unlawful act that he threatened to commit against Hauerland. On appeal, relying on Doyle v. State, Moore complains of the indictment’s notice of the manner and means by which he communicated the threat to Hauerland. See Doyle v. State, 661 S.W.2d 726, 729 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (per curiam). On appeal, Moore argues, “Prior to the commencement of trial, Appellant was entitled to know the specific unlawful act that constituted the threat. Was the act verbal, i.e., a statement made by Appellant, or was the act some physical conduct on the part of the Appellant, perceived as a threat by the complainant?” This issue on appeal does not comport with Moore’s complaint at trial. Thus, I would overrule Moore’s fourth issue.
Jury Instructions
In his fifth issue, Moore contends that the trial court erred in overruling Moore’s requested jury instructions on the duty to report child abuse and the confidentiality of counseling records. In his eighth issue, he argues that the trial court erred in overruling his requested instruction on simple assault as a lesser included offense. The court did not err.
The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires that the trial court instruct the jury on the “law applicable to the case.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14 (Vernon Supp. 2004).
Defensive Instructions
Moore requested two special charges in writing prior to the submission of the charge to the jury. His requested instruction on the duty to report suspected child abuse or neglect generally tracked the language of Texas Family Code Sections 261.101, 261.103, and 261.105. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 261.101(a)-(b), 261.103(a), 261.105(a) (Vernon 2002). His requested instruction on the confidentiality of investigations of suspected child abuse loosely tracked the language of Family Code Section 261.201. See id. § 261.201(a) (Vernon 2002). The trial court overruled Moore’s requests. Thus, Moore preserved these complaints at trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
At trial and on appeal, Moore argues that Hauerland was not acting as a public servant, as required for retaliation, at the time of the incident, since Hauerland’s withholding of the check was contrary to those Family Code sections. The trial court was not required to give those defensive instructions.
“[A] defensive instruction is not required when the issue in question is not a statutorily-enumerated defense and merely serves to negate elements of the State’s case.” Ortiz v. State, 93 S.W.3d 79, 92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), cert. denied, 123 S. Ct. 1901, 155 L. Ed. 2d 824 (2003); accord Giesberg v. State, 984 S.W.2d 245, 248-51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Moore’s requested instructions on the duty to report suspected child abuse and on the confidentiality of investigations of suspected child abuse do not implicate statutory defenses or affirmative defenses. Those instructions would only serve, if they are of any effect, to negate the “public servant” element of the offense of retaliation. Thus, the trial court did not err in refusing the instructions. I would overrule Moore’s fifth issue.
Lesser-Included-Offense Instruction
Before the submission of the charge to the jury, Moore requested in writing an instruction on simple assault by threat as a lesser included offense of retaliation. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(a)(2). The trial court denied the request. Thus, Moore preserved this complaint at trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
The analysis of whether an instruction on a lesser included offense is required has two steps. Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d 738, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Aguilar v. State, 682 S.W.2d 556, 558 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). First, the court must “decide whether the offense is actually a lesser-included offense of the offense charged” under Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 37.09. Feldman at 750; see Arevalo v. State, 943 S.W.2d 887, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.09 (Vernon 1981). Next, the court must determine whether “the record contains some evidence that would permit a rational jury to find that the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense,” that is, guilty of the lesser offense and not guilty of the charged offense. Feldman at 750; accord Rousseau at 672. Only if some affirmative evidence so establishes the lesser included offense as a “valid rational alternative” to the charged offense is an instruction on the lesser included offense required. Feldman at 750; Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 113-14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
Moore argues, under Code of Criminal Procedure Article 37.09(2), that assault by threat is a lesser included offense of retaliation by threat. Article 37.09(2) provides that:
An offense is a lesser included offense if:
. . .
(2) it differs from the offense charged only in respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or public interest suffices to establish its commission . . . .
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.09. Moore argues that assault by threat, without the allegation of a public servant victim, is a less serious injury to the same victim than retaliation by threat against a public servant.
The elements of retaliation are that:
A person commits an offense if he intentionally or knowingly harms or threatens to harm another by an unlawful act:
(1) in retaliation for or on account of the service or status of another as a:
(A) public servant, witness, prospective witness, or informant; or
(B) person who has reported or who the actor knows intends to report the occurrence of a crime . . . .
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 36.06(a). The indictment alleges that Moore intentionally or knowingly threatened to harm Hauerland by an unlawful act in retaliation for or on account of the services or status of Hauerland as a public servant. The indictment also pleaded that Hauerland’s services or status as a public servant was as Venus ISD superintendent, and that the unlawful act was to harm Hauerland.
The elements of assault by threat are that:
A person commits an offense if the person:
. . .
(2) intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury, including the person’s spouse . . . .
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(a)(2).
The presence or absence of a victim’s service or status as a public servant does not render the injury to the victim more or less serious for purposes of Article 37.09. More serious and less serious injuries are usually distinguished, for purposes of determining lesser included offenses, as between the less serious, bodily injury and the more serious, serious bodily injury. See Hall v. State, 81 S.W.3d 927, 931 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, pet. granted in part); Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(8), (46) (Vernon 2003). Thus, the trial court did not err in denying Moore’s requested lesser included instruction. I would overrule Moore’s eighth issue.
Election
In his seventh issue, Moore contends that the trial court erred in overruling his request that the State elect between the two counts of the indictment. Moore argues that the court should have required the State to elect to proceed under the more specific of two offenses in pari materia. The trial court did not err in overruling Moore’s request.
Moore was indicted for one count of assault on a public servant by threat and for one count of retaliation against a public servant by threat. Prior to trial, Moore filed a motion to require the State to elect to proceed on only one count, on the grounds that both counts “allege the two different manners and means of committing the same statutory offense” of assault. Moore did not argue on which count the State must proceed. The trial court overruled the motion.
On appeal, Moore argues that assault on a public servant and retaliation against a public servant are in pari materia. Statutes are in pari materia when they “deal with the same general subject, have the same general purpose, or relate to the same person or thing or class of persons or things.” Huynh v. State, 901 S.W.2d 480, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (quoting Cheney v. State, 755 S.W.2d 123, 126 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)); Alejos v. State, 555 S.W.2d 444, 449-50 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (op. on reh’g). “Similarity of purpose or object is the most important factor in assessing whether two provisions are in pari materia.” Burke v. State, 28 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Statutes may conflict “[w]here one statute deals with a subject in general terms, and another deals with a part of the same subject in a more detailed way.” Id. at 546-47. When such general and specific statutes in pari materia conflict irreconcilably, the specific statute controls. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.026 (Vernon 1998); see Burke at 546-47. Thus, when general and specific penal statutes in pari materia irreconcilably conflict, the State may prosecute only under the specific statute. Burke at 547 n.3.
Moore fails to show that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for election. On appeal, Moore argues only that the indictment pleaded the manner and means of assault more specifically than it pleaded the manner and means of retaliation. The specificity of pleading, however, does not determine whether statutes are in pari materia or, if they are in pari materia, which is the more specific. Moore does not argue that assault is the more specific statute as a matter of legislative intent. Accordingly, to the extent that Moore’s argument on appeal comports with his argument at trial, the argument is inadequately briefed. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h); McCarthy v. State, 65 S.W.3d 47, 49 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 536 U.S. 972, 122 S. Ct. 2693, 153 L. Ed. 2d 862 (2002); Tubbs v. State, 57 S.W.3d 519, 521 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. ref’d). I would overrule Moore’s seventh issue.
Discovery Violations
In his ninth issue, Moore contends that the trial court erred in overruling Moore’s motion for mistrial, which alleged that the State had violated the court’s discovery orders, including a motion to disclose exculpatory evidence. Moore forfeited his complaints.
Some eight months before trial, Moore filed discovery motions. Moore’s discovery motion under Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 39.14 moved the court to order the State to produce certain “evidentiary material which is in the possession, custody, or control of the State or any of its agencies,” including:
[t]he criminal record of any prospective witness, including indictments, convictions, acquittals or charges now pending against any State witness which information might conceivably be useful to the defense to determine whether there exists bias or prejudice on the part of the State’s witnesses.
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 39.14 (Vernon Supp. 2004). His Brady motion moved the court to order the State to “[d]isclose to the Defendant any exculpatory and/or mitigating facts within the possession, custody, or control of the District Attorney or any of his agents.” See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963). Several weeks before trial, the court granted the Brady motion, and granted the Article 39.14 motion in part, including granting the paragraph quoted above.
On the second day of trial, Moore again sought enforcement of the court’s orders. The attorney for the State responded that the State did not have in its possession any material covered by the discovery orders which the State had not already provided to Moore.
Later that day, the State called Dandy Earley, a Venus ISD principal and assistant superintendent. After Earley testified on direct examination, Moore elicited from Earley outside the presence of the jury that Earley had been indicted, but not arrested, for burglary. On the basis of the State’s non-disclosure of Earley’s indictment, Moore moved for mistrial. The attorneys for the State stated on the record that they were unaware of the indictment. When the trial court asked Moore how the indictment was material, Moore responded only that the State’s non-disclosure called into question the State’s good faith. Moore did not move for a continuance. The trial court overruled the motion. Moore later introduced the indictment against Earley for purposes of the appellate record.
In order to preserve for appellate review a Brady complaint concerning evidence that comes to light during trial, the defendant must move for a continuance to prepare to respond to the evidence. Wilson v. State, 7 S.W.3d 136, 146 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Yates v. State, 941 S.W.2d 357, 364 (Tex. App.—Waco 1997, pet. ref’d); Apolinar v. State, 106 S.W.3d 407, 421 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. granted on other grounds); but see Keeter v. State, 105 S.W.3d 137, 144 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003, pet. granted) (plurality op.) (dicta) (“Brady claims should . . . need not be ‘preserved’ for appellate review.”). Likewise, in order to preserve a complaint concerning discovery, a party must move for a continuance. Smith v. State, 779 S.W.2d 417, 431 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).
Moore failed to move for a continuance to prepare to respond to the evidence of the indictment against Earley, which evidence, in any case, was already in Moore’s possession. Thus, Moore forfeited his complaint. I would overrule Moore’s ninth issue.
CONCLUSION
I would affirm the judgment.
TOM GRAY
Chief Justice
Concurring opinion and dissent to
order granting motion for rehearing delivered and filed July 21, 2004
Publish