11th Court of Appeals
Eastland, Texas
Opinion
Nathaniel Grant Daughtry
Appellant
Vs. No. 11-01-00329-CR B Appeal from Dallas County
State of Texas
Appellee
The jury convicted Nathaniel Grant Daughtry of robbery. The trial court found the enhancement paragraphs to be true and assessed appellant=s punishment at 25 years confinement. We affirm.
In his first issue on appeal, appellant contends that the evidence is factually insufficient to support his conviction. In order to determine if the evidence is factually sufficient, we must review all of the evidence in a neutral light and determine whether the evidence supporting guilt is so weak as to render the conviction clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or whether the evidence supporting guilt, although adequate when taken alone, is so greatly outweighed by the overwhelming weight of contrary evidence as to render the conviction clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Vasquez v. State, 67 S.W.3d 229, 236 (Tex.Cr.App.2002); Goodman v. State, 66 S.W.3d 283 (Tex.Cr.App.2001); Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404 (Tex.Cr.App.1997); Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126 (Tex.Cr.App.1996). We review the fact finder=s weighing of the evidence and cannot substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder. Cain v. State, supra; Clewis v. State, supra. Due deference must be given to the jury=s determination, particularly concerning the weight and credibility of the evidence. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1 (Tex.Cr.App.2000); Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642 (Tex.Cr.App.1996), cert. den=d, 522 U.S. 832 (1997). This court has the authority to disagree with the fact finder=s determination Aonly when the record clearly indicates such a step is necessary to arrest the occurrence of a manifest injustice.@ Johnson v. State, supra at 9.
Harmelinda Patino testified at trial through an interpreter that on April 30, 2001, she was working at the Wilshire Baptist Church. On that day around lunch, Patino was cleaning when she heard a noise coming from the second floor of the church. Patino saw appellant coming down the stairs with a bag. Patino asked appellant if he needed any help, and appellant started to go back up the stairs. Patino asked appellant, AIs there anything I can do for you?@ Appellant came back down the stairs. Patino testified that appellant Acame on top@ of her and pushed her. When appellant pushed Patino, the bag he was carrying hit her. Patino said the bag was Ahard.@ Patino stated that she lost her balance when appellant pushed her and that she fell. Patino was able to catch herself with her hands.
Patino testified that she called for help on her radio. Appellant told Patino to Ashut up@ and not to say anything or he would Acome back and hurt [her].@ Appellant left the church, and Patino followed appellant and asked him to stop. Some other workers from the church came to help Patino and tried to stop appellant. Appellant then stopped at the request of Dale Pride, the facility manager at the church. Patino said that appellant gave Pride the bag, which contained a VCR from the church. Appellant apologized for taking the VCR, and Pride allowed appellant to leave.
Patino testified that, while she and Pride were walking back to the church, she told Pride she did not feel well because appellant had pushed her. Patino stated that she had bruises on her wrist, shoulder, and leg as a result of appellant pushing her. Patino said that, because of the injury to her wrist, she did not have strength to perform her duties at work.
Pride testified at trial that, on April 30, he was in his office around lunch when he heard Patino cry for help over the radio. Pride got up and ran down the hall. Pride said that he was concerned because Patino was working in the preschool area of the church where children were present attending the church=s parent=s day out program. Pride saw Patino and other custodians following someone. Pride caught up with them and asked what was the problem. The custodians pointed out appellant carrying the bag. Pride called for appellant to stop, and appellant stopped and returned to Pride. Appellant gave Pride the bag which contained a VCR from the church. Appellant told Pride he was sorry, that he Adidn=t mean to take it,@ and that he was just hungry.
Pride testified that he felt sorry for appellant and that he told appellant he would let him go if appellant promised to never return to the church. Pride stated that, while walking back to the church, he noticed that Patino was Areal shakey and very traumatized.@ Pride said that he saw the swelling in Patino=s wrist and that he realized there was contact between the two. Pride decided to call the police. Pride then went to look for appellant. Pride testified that he found appellant by the bus line and that he kept appellant in sight while talking to the police on the telephone. Pride said that appellant went into a Jack-in-the-Box restaurant where he was taken into custody by the police. Appellant testified at trial that on the day of the offense, he was homeless and living on the streets. Appellant went to look for work and for assistance from churches. Appellant stated that he went to two churches for assistance, but that he was told he was not eligible because his identification indicated he Awasn=t in that zip code.@ Appellant then went to the Wilshire Baptist Church seeking assistance. Appellant did not see anyone in the church so he went up to the second floor to A[l]ook for opportunity.@ Appellant said that he was very hungry and that he did not have any money.
Appellant testified that he saw the VCR and that he thought he could sell it and get some food. Appellant testified that he put the VCR into a plastic bag and started to leave the church. Appellant went back downstairs where he saw Patino. Patino asked appellant if she could help him. Appellant said that he kept going toward the door and tried to hurry and get out of the church. Appellant testified that Patino Aslid over@ and tried to block his path. Appellant said that he might have Aaccidently bumped into@ Patino as he tried to leave the church. Appellant testified that outside the church several people were following him and that he decided to stop. Appellant put the bag down and apologized. Appellant said that Pride took the bag and left. Appellant testified that he was later arrested at Jack-in-the-Box.
A person commits the offense of robbery if, in the course of committing theft and Awith intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he: intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another.@ TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. ' 29.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). Appellant specifically argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to show that he caused bodily injury to Patino.
Patino testified that appellant pushed her while trying to leave the church with the VCR. Patino said that she suffered injuries to her wrist, shoulder, and leg. Appellant testified that he accidently bumped into Patino. Appellant contends that the evidence is factually insufficient because of the conflicting testimony. Appellant argues that Patino=s version of the event is Aillogical@ and that he had Aneither motive nor cause to harm@ Patino. The jury is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO. ANN. arts. 36.13 & 38.04 (Vernon 1979 and 1981). It is the exclusive province of the jury to reconcile conflicts in the evidence. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103 (Tex.Cr.App. 2000), cert. den=d, 532 U.S. 944 (2001). Viewing all of the evidence, we do not find that the verdict is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Clewis v. State, supra. Appellant=s first issue on appeal is overruled.
In his second issue on appeal, appellant complains that the trial court erred in admitting Aback door hearsay.@ We review the trial court=s decision to admit evidence under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex.Cr.App.2000); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex.Cr.App.1991). A trial court does not abuse its discretion when its ruling is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Montgomery v. State, supra. In reviewing whether testimony constitutes indirect hearsay, we examine how strongly the content of the out‑of‑court statement can be inferred from the context. Head v. State, 4 S.W.3d 258 (Tex.Cr.App.1999). We must decide whether the evidence compels an inescapable conclusion that the testimony is being offered to prove the substance of an out‑of‑court statement. Head v. State, supra. The trial court=s decision to admit testimony objected to on the basis of Aback door hearsay@ is not to be disturbed unless it is evident from the record that the sole intent in introducing the evidence was to prove the content of an out‑of‑court statement. Gurka v. State, 82 S.W.3d 416 (Tex.App. - Austin 2002, pet=n ref=d).
Appellant contends that Pride=s testimony concerning his decision to call the police after observing Patino=s arm is Aback door hearsay.@ The trial court ruled that Pride could testify Ato his state of mind that caused him to change his behavior@ and instructed Pride not to Ago into the conversation that [he] actually had.@ The State then asked Pride what he learned had happened. Pride responded that Patino showed him her wrist. The trial court sustained appellant=s objection as to Aany conversation,@ but ruled that Pride could testify Aas to why he changed his mind about the way to proceed.@ Pride then testified that he saw the swelling on Patino=s wrist and realized that there was contact between appellant and Patino. Pride said that he decided to call the police and file a report. We find that Pride=s testimony was not hearsay because it was admitted to show why Pride decided to call the police and not to show that appellant injured Patino. See TEX.R.EVID. 801(d). Moreover, the record shows that Patino testified that she told Pride that she did not feel well because appellant had pushed her. Gurka v. State, supra. Appellant has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence or that the sole intent in introducing the evidence was to prove the content of Patino=s statement. Appellant=s second issue on appeal is overruled.
In his third issue on appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting a partial Geesa[1] instruction on reasonable doubt. In Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570 (Tex.Cr.App.2000), the court overruled Geesa to the extent that it required trial courts to instruct juries on the definition of reasonable doubt. The court stated that Athe better practice is to give no definition of reasonable doubt at all to the jury.@ Paulson v. State, supra at 573. The court found that it would not be reversible error to include the definition if both parties agreed to provide it. Paulson v. State, supra at 573.
The trial court did not include the full definition of reasonable doubt as set out in Geesa. The trial court instructed the jury, AIt is not required that the prosecution prove guilt beyond all possible doubt; it is required that the prosecution=s proof excludes all >reasonable doubt= concerning the defendant=s guilt.@ Appellant argues that, because the trial court included the partial Geesa instruction on reasonable doubt and because the parties did not agree to submit the instruction to the jury, the trial court committed reversible error. We disagree.
Paulson criticizes the definition of reasonable doubt as set out in Geesa. However, Paulson does not specifically discuss or criticize Geesa=s distinction between reasonable doubt and possible doubt. Vosberg v. State, 80 S.W.3d 320, 324 (Tex.App. - Fort Worth 2002, pet=n ref=d). The language in question, AIt is not required that the prosecution prove guilt beyond all possible doubt; it is required that the prosecution=s proof excludes all >reasonable doubt= concerning the defendant=s guilt,@ merely notes that reasonable doubt does not mean possible doubt. Vosberg v. State, supra at 324. We find that it was not error to include the instruction given in this case. See Brown v. State, 91 S.W.3d 353 (Tex.App. - Eastland 2002, no pet=n); Carriere v. State, 84 S.W.3d 753 (Tex.App. - Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet=n ref=d); Vosberg v. State, supra.[2] Moreover, we note that appellant did not object to the trial court=s inclusion of the instruction. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex.Cr.App.1985). Therefore, assuming without agreeing that it was error to include the definition, appellant has not shown that he suffered egregious harm as a result of any error. Almanza v. State, supra. Appellant=s third issue on appeal is overruled.
In his fourth issue on appeal, appellant contends that the trial court erred in submitting an instruction in its charge to the jury that commented upon the weight of the evidence. Appellant specifically complains of the trial court=s instruction that a person=s intent Amay be inferred by acts done, words spoken, or by both.@ In Garcia v. State, 919 S.W.2d 370 (Tex.Cr.App.1994), the Court of Criminal Appeals considered whether the trial court erred in charging the jury that Aintent or knowledge may be inferred by acts done or words spoken.@ In Garcia, the court did not specifically hold that the phrase was erroneous, but assumed, arguendo, that it was and conducted a harm analysis. Garcia v. State, supra at 396. Citing Garcia, several courts of appeals have found the phrase to be error. See Ward v. State, 72 S.W.3d 413 (Tex.App. - Fort Worth 2002, no pet=n); Lam v. State, 25 S.W.3d 233 (Tex.App. - San Antonio 2000, no pet=n); Peterson v. State, 942 S.W.2d 206 (Tex.App. - Texarkana 1997, pet=n ref=d); but see Brown v. State, 92 S.W.3d 655 (Tex.App. - Dallas 2002, pet=n granted) (holding that the instruction did not comment on the weight of the evidence). Appellant did not object to the charge; and, therefore, he must show egregious harm as a result of any error. Almanza v. State, supra. We find that appellant has not shown he suffered egregious harm as a result of any error in admitting the instruction. Cook v. State, 99 S.W.3d 310 (Tex.App. - Eastland 2003, no pet=n). Appellant testified that he accidently bumped into Patino, and Patino testified that appellant intentionally pushed her. Although appellant=s intent was at issue, the issue of intent turned on the jury=s determination of the credibility of the witnesses. Appellant=s fourth issue on appeal is overruled.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
TERRY McCALL
JUSTICE
September 18, 2003
Do not publish. See TEX.R.APP.P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Arnot, C.J., and
Wright, J., and McCall, J.
[1]Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154 (Tex.Cr.App.1991).
[2] We note that in Phillips v. State, 72 S.W.3d 719 (Tex.App. ‑ Waco 2002, no pet=n), and Rodriguez v. State, 96 S.W.3d 398 (Tex.App. ‑ Austin 2002, pet=n ref=d), the trial courts gave a portion of the Geesa definition of reasonable doubt over the defendants= objections. In each case, the court of appeals found that it was error to include the definition over objection but found the error harmless.