11th Court of Appeals
Eastland, Texas
Memorandum Opinion
Jud Walton
Appellant
Vs. No. 11-03-00381-CV -- Appeal from Midland County
City of Midland, Texas
Appellee
This appeal arises from a lawsuit filed by Jud Walton against the City of Midland, Texas, with respect to the City=s operation of its sewer treatment farm. Walton alleged that the groundwater beneath his ranch had been contaminated by the City=s activities at the facility. He asserted a damage claim alleging that he has suffered both temporary and permanent damages. He also alleged inverse condemnation claims under the United States and Texas Constitutions. The trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the City on all claims asserted by Walton. We reverse and remand.
Background Facts
This is the second appeal involving Walton=s claims against the City. In the previous appeal, the Eighth Court of Appeals reversed a portion of a summary judgment order entered in favor of the City. See Walton v. City of Midland, 24 S.W.3d 853, 862 (Tex.App. - El Paso 2000, no pet=n) (Walton I).[1] The previous appeal dealt with the distinction between temporary damages and permanent damages to real property. Walton v. City of Midland, supra at 856. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court=s entry of summary judgment in favor of the City on the affirmative defense of limitations as to Walton=s claim for permanent damages. Walton v. City of Midland, supra at 858-60. However, the court of appeals reversed the portion of the summary judgment pertaining to Walton=s claims for temporary damages. Walton v. City of Midland, supra at 856. The court of appeals determined that the City=s motion for summary judgment only applied to Walton=s claims for permanent damages. Walton v. City of Midland, supra at 856. Accordingly, the court of appeals remanded Walton=s claims for temporary damages to the trial court. Walton v. City of Midland, supra at 862.
Walton sued other defendants for contamination in addition to the City in the underlying lawsuit. His claims against Phillips Petroleum Company were considered by the Eighth Court of Appeals in a separate appeal styled Walton v. Phillips Petroleum Company, 65 S.W.3d 262 (Tex.App. - El Paso 2001, pet=n den=d)(Walton II). The court of appeals in Walton II affirmed the trial court=s entry of summary judgment in favor of Phillips Petroleum Company on the ground that Walton=s claims for damages against it were in the nature of permanent damages which were time-barred rather than temporary damages as alleged by Walton. Walton v. Phillips Petroleum Company, supra at 272-74.
Underlying Proceedings
The City alleged in its motion for summary judgment that the Eighth Court of Appeals=s determination in Walton II was dispositive of Walton=s claims against the City under the doctrine of issue preclusion or collateral estoppel.[2] As discussed in Walton I and Walton II, the distinction between temporary and permanent damages is critical to assessing the timeliness of Walton=s suit. The City also alleged traditional and no-evidence summary judgment grounds to negate Walton=s takings claim under the Texas Constitution. See TEX. CONST. art. I, ' 17. Walton attacks the summary judgment order in one issue that is comprised of five sub-issues. We will address the sub-issues separately.
Standards of Review
A defendant is entitled to summary judgment if it either disproves an element of each of the plaintiff=s causes of action or establishes an affirmative defense on each of the plaintiff=s causes of action as a matter of law. American Tobacco Company, Inc. v. Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420, 425 (Tex.1997); Science Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex.1997). With respect to a traditional summary judgment motion brought under TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(c), the moving party has the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Provident Life and Accident Insurance Company v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215-16 (Tex.2003). In reviewing a summary judgment, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant and resolve any doubts in the non-movant=s favor. Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Company, Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex.1985). Under TEX.R.CIV.P. 166a(i), a party may move for summary judgment on the ground that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of a claim or defense on which an adverse party would have the burden of proof at trial. Unless the respondent produces summary judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact, the court must grant the motion. Rule 166a(i); Johnson v. Brewer & Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W.3d 193, 207 (Tex.2002).
Necessity of Pleading an Affirmative Defense
In his first sub-issue, Walton argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on the City=s affirmative defense of issue preclusion. Walton first contends that the trial court erred because the City did not plead issue preclusion as an affirmative defense.[3] Walton raised this contention in the trial court by including the following objection in his response to the motion for summary judgment:
Plaintiff objects to the City of Midland=s attempt to seek summary judgment based on the defense of res judicata (claim preclusion) or collateral estoppel (issue preclusion) when the City has failed to plead either defense in its Answer to Plaintiff=s Petition.
The City responded to Walton=s objection by alleging that the inclusion of issue preclusion as a ground in its motion for summary judgment constituted a sufficient pleading of the affirmative defense. The City cited Keck, Mahin & Cate, Grant Cook v. National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, 20 S.W.3d 692, 699 (Tex.2000), for this proposition. We disagree with the City=s interpretation of Keck. The supreme court held in Keck that a party may raise an unpleaded affirmative defense in an effort to defeat summary judgment in its response to the motion for summary judgment. Keck, Mahin & Cate, Grant Cook v. National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, supra at 699. Keck is distinguishable from the instant appeal because the City sought to obtain summary judgment on an unpleaded affirmative defense as opposed to seeking to defeat summary judgment on an unpleaded affirmative defense. Moreover, the City=s analysis presumes that a motion for summary judgment constitutes a pleading. The supreme court recently stated that a motion for summary judgment is not a pleading. In the Interest of S.A.P., 156 S.W.3d 574, 576 (Tex.2005); see TEX.R.CIV.P. 45(a).
The resolution of this issue is governed by the holding in Roark v. Stallworth Oil and Gas, Inc., 813 S.W.2d 492, 494‑95 (Tex.1991). In the summary judgment context, if a party relies on an unpleaded affirmative defense to support a motion for summary judgment, the non‑movant must object in its response to that ground for summary judgment in order to avoid trying that issue by consent. If the non‑movant does not object, the trial court may properly grant summary judgment on a conclusively‑established yet unpleaded affirmative defense. Roark v. Stallworth Oil and Gas, Inc., supra at 494-95; Cianci v. M. Till, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 327, 329‑30 (Tex.App. ‑ Eastland 2000, no pet=n). In this case, Walton objected in his response to the City=s reliance on an unpleaded affirmative defense. Accordingly, the issue was not tried by consent. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment on the unpleaded affirmative defense of issue preclusion. See TEX.R.CIV.P. 94. Walton=s first sub-issue is sustained. Walton=s claim for temporary damages is remanded to the trial court for further consideration.
Limitations
The City alleged in the motion for summary judgment that Walton=s damage claims were barred by limitations. Walton attacks this summary judgment ground in his second sub-issue. The City based its limitations contention on the premise that all of Walton=s damage claims are permanent in nature. As a result of our resolution of Walton=s first sub-issue, his claim for temporary damages continues to exist. Accordingly, the limitations ground for summary judgment, as well as Walton=s second sub-issue, are moot at this time.
Intent Element for a Takings Claim Under the Texas Constitution
The City included a summary judgment ground premised on the element of intent with respect to Walton=s takings claim under the Texas Constitution. Walton challenges this summary judgment ground in his third and forth sub-issues. The parties offered differing interpretations of the intent element at the trial-court level and in their initial appellate briefs. The City asserted that Walton was required to show that the City intended to damage his ranch by its operation of the sewer treatment facility in order to assert a takings claim. Relying upon this contention, the City sought a traditional summary judgment with documentary evidence to the effect that it did not authorize or intend for Walton=s ranch to be damaged in its installation and operation of the sewer treatment facility. The City also sought a no-evidence motion for summary judgment on the grounds that Walton did not have evidence that the City intended to damage his ranch. Walton asserted that he did not have to establish that the City intended to damage his ranch in order to establish a takings claim. Instead, Walton asserted that he only had to show that his property was damaged as a result of an intentional act.
The supreme court issued an opinion after the trial court=s entry of summary judgment that resolves the parties= conflicting interpretations of the intent element. The claimants in City of Dallas v. Jennings, 142 S.W.3d 310, 311‑12 (Tex.2004), argued that a taking occurs if the governmental entity intentionally performs an act which causes damage. The defendant in Jennings asserted that the relevant question is whether the governmental entity intended to damage the subject property, not whether it merely intended to take an action that accidentally resulted in such damage. City of Dallas v. Jennings, supra at 313. Walton and the City have essentially presented the same contentions in this appeal. The supreme court resolved this issue by holding:
[W]hen a governmental entity physically damages private property in order to confer a public benefit, that entity may be liable under Article I, Section 17 if it (1) knows that a specific act is causing identifiable harm; or (2) knows that the specific property damage is substantially certain to result from an authorized government action -- that is, that the damage is necessarily an incident to, or necessarily a consequential result of the government=s action. (Quotations omitted)
City of Dallas v. Jennings, supra at 314; see City of Arlington v. State Farm Lloyds, 145 S.W.3d 165, 168 (Tex.2004). Accordingly, the supreme court adopted a new standard for assessing the intent element of a takings claim of which the parties to this appeal were unaware during the summary judgment proceedings. In light of the supreme court=s holding in Jennings during the pendency of this appeal, we remand the takings issue to the trial court in the interest of justice so that the parties may present the issue in accordance with the appropriate standard. See TEX.R.APP.P. 43.3(b); Kerr-McGee Corporation v. Helton, 133 S.W.3d 245, 258-59 (Tex.2004). We do not reach Walton=s third and fourth sub-issues as a result of the remand.
Federal Takings Claim
Lastly, Walton asserts in his fifth sub-issue that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment with respect to all of his claims because the City=s grounds did not address his federal takings claim. See U.S. CONST. amends. V & XIV; 42 U.S.C. ' 1983. We agree. The City restricted its inverse condemnation grounds to Walton=s claim under the Texas Constitution. The motion for summary judgment did not address Walton=s federal takings claim. A motion for summary judgment must stand or fall on the grounds expressly presented in the motion. See McConnell v. Southside Independent School District, 858 S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tex.1993). Granting a motion for summary judgment on a cause of action not addressed in the motion constitutes reversible error. See Mafrige v. Ross, 866 S.W.2d 590, 591 (Tex.1993). Walton=s fifth sub-issue is sustained.
This Court=s Judgment
The order granting final summary judgment is reversed and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
TERRY McCALL
JUSTICE
August 31, 2005
Not designated for publication. See TEX.R.APP.P. 47.2(a).
Panel consists of: Wright, J., and McCall, J.[4]
[1]As of September 1, 2003, appeals from Midland County are filed in the Eleventh Court of Appeals. See TEX. GOV=T CODE ANN. ' 22.201(l) (Vernon 2004).
[2]Issue preclusion, or collateral estoppel, prevents the relitigation of particular issues already resolved in a prior suit. Barr v. Resolution Trust Corp., 837 S.W.2d 627, 628 (Tex.1992). Issue preclusion is an affirmative defense. TEX.R.CIV.P. 94. A party asserting issue preclusion has the burden of pleading and proving its elements. See In re H.E. Butt Grocery Company, 17 S.W.3d 360, 377 (Tex.App. - Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, orig. proceeding)
[3]Walton alleges other reasons why summary judgment on the ground of issue preclusion constituted error. In light of our agreement with his pleading contention, we do not reach the other reasons.
[4]W. G. Arnot, III, Chief Justice, retired effective July 31, 2005. The chief justice position is vacant.