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Opinion filed January 30, 2009
In The
Eleventh Court of Appeals
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No. 11-07-00181-CR
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REBEKAH A. HAWKINS, Appellant
V.
STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 42nd District Court
Callahan County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 6529
O P I N I O N
The jury convicted Rebekah A. Hawkins of the offense of injury to a child. The trial court assessed punishment at confinement for two years but suspended the imposition of the sentence and placed appellant on community supervision for three years. We affirm.
Issues
Appellant presents five issues for review. In the first issue, she challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence. In the second issue, she argues that the trial court committed egregious error by failing to charge the jury that her culpable mental state must apply to the result of her conduct. In her third issue, appellant contends that the trial court committed egregious error by failing to give an accomplice witness instruction to the jury. In the fourth issue, appellant complains of incurable, prejudicial comments made by the prosecutor. In the final issue, appellant complains that she received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
The jury found that appellant B acting alone or as a party with the intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense by the victim=s mother B encouraged, aided, or attempted to aid the victim=s mother to cause bodily injury to the victim by cutting her with a scalpel. We will apply the following well-recognized standards of review to appellant=s sufficiency challenges in her first issue. To determine if the evidence is legally sufficient, we must review all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979); Jackson v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). To determine if the evidence is factually sufficient, we must review all of the evidence in a neutral light and determine whether the evidence supporting the verdict is so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or whether the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the conflicting evidence. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction under the law of parties where the defendant is physically present at the commission of the offense and encourages the commission of the offense either by words or other agreement. Beier v. State, 687 S.W.2d 2, 3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).
The record shows that the victim in this case was the seven-year-old daughter of Deziree Gideon. The victim had an infection on her left inner thigh in her groin area. The infection originally appeared as a golf-ball size lump. The victim had been taken to the hospital twice for treatment of the infection, which was associated with cat scratch fever, and had received antibiotics and Tylenol with codeine. However, the infection kept getting worse. The victim and appellant=s daughter were friends, and the victim spent the night at appellant=s house on September 14, 2003, and stayed there during the day of September 15. At appellant=s house on the evening of September 15, a procedure was performed on the victim to lance the boil or remove the infection. During the procedure, Gideon used a scalpel to make an incision into the infected area. The victim never woke up or regained consciousness after the procedure, and she was pronounced dead the next day at Cook Children=s Medical Center. The cause of death could not be determined by the medical examiner.
Gideon and appellant were the only adults present at the time of the procedure. Each testified at trial and gave her version of what occurred at appellant=s house. Gideon, who had already pleaded guilty to the offense of negligent injury to a child, testified that she had known appellant for about ten years and that appellant held herself out as possessing specialized knowledge with respect to nursing and medical procedures and as being a physician=s assistant. On the day of the offense, appellant told Gideon that the victim was not getting better. Appellant suggested that they, not a hospital or doctor, do something themselves before the infection continued to spread. Gideon testified that appellant told her A[t]hat we needed to try to see if we could remove it@ before the victim got worse. Gideon and appellant decided to lance the wound to get the infection out. Gideon left appellant=s house and returned later with a scalpel. The victim was conscious and was playing on the computer when Gideon left; however, when Gideon returned, the victim was slurring her speech and falling asleep in her ice cream B Alike she was drugged.@ Appellant told Gideon that she had given the victim something because she did not want the victim to remember the procedure or wake up scared. When the victim was completely unconscious, they took her into a room, which was Alike a treatment room/bedroom,@ and put her on a bed. The room contained medical equipment and books. Gideon testified that appellant drew up some lidocaine and something else to keep the victim from bleeding too badly and that Gideon, with instructions from appellant, injected it into the victim=s leg. According to Gideon, the needle and lidocaine were furnished by appellant. Gideon then cut into the skin around the infection with a scalpel. Appellant squeezed the wound and suggested that Gideon cut deeper because she had not yet reached the infected lymph node. Gideon testified that she got sick to her stomach because of the odor, pus, and dead flesh and that appellant finished the procedure. Although the victim looked pale and was Abreathing funny,@ appellant assured Gideon that the victim was okay. Gideon and the victim stayed at appellant=s house for approximately two more hours before going home. Shortly after they arrived at their house, the victim turned blue and an ambulance was summoned. The victim was taken to the emergency room in Abilene and was later transported to Cook=s in Fort Worth.
Gideon testified that she did not give the victim any medicine or drugs on the day of the offense but that appellant had Xanax at her house. A drug screen performed on the victim when she arrived at the emergency room in Abilene was positive for a benzodiazepine and an opiate. Xanax is a benzodiazepine. The doctor who treated the victim when she first arrived at the emergency room in respiratory arrest testified that the combination of Xanax and an opiate would cause the victim to become sedated, possibly Ato the point of coma,@ and would depress respiration.
Appellant=s version of the events differed from Gideon=s version. Appellant, a licensed practical nurse and master herbalist and certified iridologist, testified that she told Gideon that something needed to be done for the victim. While at appellant=s house, the victim was extremely lethargic intermittently and could not walk without hopping. Appellant told Gideon how serious the victim=s infection was and informed Gideon that she needed to take the victim to the hospital. Gideon stated that she was not going back to the hospital because the hospital personnel had treated them Alike trash.@ Appellant testified that Gideon gave appellant a tablet that looked like a generic Xanax. Appellant told Gideon that the victim did not need that, and appellant put the tablet away. Appellant testified that she did give the victim some of the Tylenol with codeine that had been prescribed for the victim=s pain. When Gideon said she wanted to drain the victim=s leg, appellant told her that that was Acrazy.@ Appellant knew that would be dangerous because of the artery near the wound. According to appellant, Gideon then said, AWell, nobody=s going to touch my child but me.@ After trying to talk Gideon out of attempting to perform the procedure herself, appellant allowed Gideon to use her house because Gideon=s residence was filthy.
Appellant testified that Gideon had two needle syringes, a scalpel, Betadine, and another injectable liquid that was probably lidocaine with her. Gideon scrubbed the area, stuck a needle in, and cut a tiny cut in the victim=s leg; gunk oozed out. Gideon cut again, and Ait, like, popped out into her hair and the side of her face.@ Appellant told Gideon that that was enough and that she needed to stop. Appellant then put the dressing on the wound. Appellant testified that she did not squeeze the wound or even clean it.
Appellant=s written statement was also introduced into evidence. The statement was similar in many respects to appellant=s testimony. However, in her statement, appellant admitted crushing up a tablet and giving it to the victim. Appellant said that the tablet came from a bottle containing Tylenol with codeine that had been prescribed for the victim. The evidence showed, however, that the victim=s Tylenol with codeine was in liquid form. At trial, appellant recanted that portion of her statement, testifying that she Awas confused about it being a tablet or a liquid.@ In her statement, appellant also admitted telling Gideon that the amount of lidocaine that she had drawn up was too much. Gideon then decreased the amount before injecting it into the victim=s leg. Appellant also stated that Gideon became really sick when the infection began coming out and that Gideon asked appellant to finish. Appellant packed and dressed the wound.
Dr. Marc Andrew Krouse performed the autopsy on the victim and was not able to determine the cause of death. Dr. Krouse also testified that there was no evidence of serious bodily injury and that he found no drugs in the victim=s urine sample or in the blood sample that was received from Cook=s.
After reviewing all of the evidence, we hold that the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury=s verdict. The jury, as the trier of fact, was the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and of the weight to be given to their testimony. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.13 (Vernon 2007), art. 38.04 (Vernon 1979). As such, the jury was free to believe or disbelieve all or any part of any witness=s testimony. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). There was evidence from which the jury could have determined that appellant B with the intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense by Gideon B encouraged, aided, or attempted to aid Gideon to cause bodily injury to the victim by cutting her with a scalpel. The jury could also have determined that appellant and Gideon were aware that cutting the victim with a scalpel would cause her bodily injury, which was defined in the charge as Aphysical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.@
Appellant also argues that the evidence corroborating Gideon=s testimony was insufficient to connect appellant to the offense. In order to support a conviction based upon the testimony of an accomplice, there must be corroborating evidence that tends to connect the accused with the offense. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.14 (Vernon 2005); Reed v. State, 744 S.W.2d 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). To determine the sufficiency of the corroboration, we must examine the testimony of the non‑accomplice witnesses and determine if there is inculpatory evidence Atending to connect@ appellant to the crime. Reed, 744 S.W.2d at 127. An accomplice witness need not be corroborated in all her testimony, and the corroboration need not directly link the accused to the crime or be sufficient in itself to establish guilt. Id.
In this case, appellant=s testimony and her statement tend to connect her to the crime. Appellant admitted being at the scene of the crime, giving the child some type of medication, instructing Gideon on the proper amount of lidocaine to use, and dressing the wound. Appellant=s first issue is overruled.
Jury Charge
In her next two issues, appellant complains that the jury charge contained egregious errors: the failure to apply the culpable mental states to the result and the failure to include an accomplice witness instruction.
With respect to her mens rea argument, appellant correctly states that the offense of injury to a child is a result-oriented crime. Haggins v. State, 785 S.W.2d 827, 828 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The jury was properly instructed that a person acts intentionally Awith respect to a result of her conduct when it is her conscious objective or desire to cause the result@ and that a person acts knowingly Awith respect to a result of her conduct when she is aware that her conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.@ The application paragraph at issue reads:
Now if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 16th day of September, 2003, in Callahan County, Texas, the defendant, Rebekah A. Hawkins, did then and there, acting alone or as a party as that term has been previously defined, with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense by Deziree K. Gideon, encourage, aid or attempt to aid Deziree K. Gideon to cause bodily injury to [the victim], a child fourteen (14) years of age or younger by an act, to wit: cutting the said [victim] with a scalpel, then you will find the defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of injury to a child causing bodily injury.
The charge as given, including the instructions and the application paragraphs, limited the culpable mental states to the result of the conduct and did not permit the jury to find appellant guilty for acting knowingly or intentionally with respect to the nature of the conduct or the circumstances surrounding the conduct. Thus, we hold that the trial court=s charge regarding the culpable mental states was not erroneous. Appellant=s second issue is overruled.
With respect to appellant=s contention relating to the omission of an accomplice witness instruction, the State concedes that the trial court was required to include such an instruction even though appellant did not request its inclusion or object to its omission. See Blake v. State, 971 S.W.2d 451, 455 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (if witness is accomplice as a matter of law, trial court is under duty to so instruct jury). Because the alleged error was not brought to the attention of the trial court, we must review the entire jury charge, the evidence, the arguments of counsel, and any other relevant information in order to determine whether the error was so egregious that appellant was denied a fair and impartial trial. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (Vernon 2006); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). Under the egregious harm standard, the omission of an accomplice witness instruction is generally harmless unless the corroborating, non‑accomplice evidence is Aso unconvincing in fact as to render the State=s overall case for conviction clearly and significantly less persuasive.@ Herron v. State, 86 S.W.3d 621, 632 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (quoting Saunders v. State, 817 S.W.2d 688, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).
In this case, the corroborating evidence was not unconvincing; it included appellant=s written statement and her testimony at trial. As discussed in the first issue, appellant=s own statement and her testimony tended to connect her to the offense. Under these circumstances, the trial court=s failure to give an accomplice witness instruction did not constitute egregious harm. The third issue is overruled.
Jury Argument
In her fourth issue, appellant complains that the prosecutor made improper, incurable, and prejudicial comments during closing argument about Dr. Krouse and about appellant and Gideon killing the victim. The State=s closing argument reads in relevant part:
Krouse was irrelevant to me; didn=t really have anything to say about the case, so we didn=t call him. Now, as far as him being used by the State as [Defense Counsel] has told you. He=s never testified for me, and I guarantee you after the garbage that came out of his mouth yesterday he will never be used by the State of Texas in Callahan County because I was thoroughly disgusted with him yesterday and his complete incompetence. . . .
Deziree Gideon -- why did we plead her? There was two people there when that child was rendered unconscious and operated on and killed basically. Two people there. Well, we=ve got to have one of them to testify. . . .
Now, when it comes down to it they want to also have you question Deziree=s testimony and her credibility. And I can certainly see that. You know, she did give them some false stories at first. And why would she do that? . . . And third, no mother, even Deziree, and with all of the problems that she has, nobody wants to think that they=ve killed their own child.
As pointed out by the State in its brief, appellant did not object to these comments. We hold, therefore, that appellant failed to preserve the issue for appeal. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Cockrell v. State, 933 S.W.2d 73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Moreover, the comments at issue were not improper; each constituted a summation of the evidence, a reasonable deduction from the evidence, or an answer to the arguments of opposing counsel. See Cantu v. State, 842 S.W.2d 667, 690 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Appellant=s fourth issue is overruled.
Assistance of Counsel
In her final issue, appellant contends that she received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. She complains that trial counsel failed to object to the jury charge=s failure to apply the culpable mental states to the prohibited results, failed to request a jury charge on the defense of emergency medical care, failed to object or request a jury charge on the defense of necessity, allowed appellant to testify, failed to object to the omission of an accomplice witness instruction, and failed to object to the improper comments made during the prosecutor=s closing argument.
In order to determine whether appellant=s trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance, we must first determine whether appellant has shown that counsel=s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and, if so, then determine whether there is a reasonable probability that the result would have been different but for counsel=s errors. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984); Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We must make every effort to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel=s perspective at the time. We must indulge a strong presumption that counsel=s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and appellant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy. Stafford v. State, 813 S.W.2d 503, 508‑09 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). A defendant is not entitled to perfect or error‑free counsel. Isolated instances of errors of omission or commission do not render counsel=s performance ineffective; ineffective assistance of counsel cannot be established by isolating one portion of trial counsel=s performance for examination. McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Furthermore, the failure to object to admissible evidence does not constitute ineffective assistance. Id. at 846.
First, counsel=s failure to object to the application of the culpable mental states does not constitute deficient performance. As we discussed in the second issue, the jury was instructed properly concerning the applicable mental states.
Next, counsel did not perform deficiently by failing to object or request a charge with respect to the defenses of emergency medical care and necessity. Emergency medical care, as a defense to injuring a child, is provided for in Tex. Penal Code Ann. ' 22.04(k) (Vernon Supp. 2008). Section 22.04(k) provides in relevant part: AIt is a defense to prosecution under this section that the act or omission consisted of: . . . (2) emergency medical care administered in good faith and with reasonable care by a person not licensed in the healing arts.@ Counsel did not perform deficiently by failing to request such an instruction because, although the victim=s infection may have been serious as appellant testified, there was no evidence showing that the wound needed emergency medical care. Furthermore, appellant testified that she was a licensed practical nurse. The defense applies only to those Anot@ licensed in the healing arts. Thus, the defense was not available to appellant. See Shaw v. State, 181 S.W.3d 450, 454-55 (Tex. App.CWaco 2005), aff=d, 243 S.W.3d 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
The defense of necessity is found in Tex. Penal Code Ann. ' 9.22 (Vernon 2003), which provides:
Conduct is justified if:
(1) the actor reasonably believes the conduct is immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm;
(2) the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm clearly outweigh, according to ordinary standards of reasonableness, the harm sought to be prevented by the law proscribing the conduct; and
(3) a legislative purpose to exclude the justification claimed for the conduct does not otherwise plainly appear.
We cannot hold that counsel was deficient in failing to request an instruction on the defense of necessity because there was no evidence indicating that the conduct was immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm.
Appellant next argues that her counsel was ineffective for allowing her to testify. We cannot agree. Although appellant states in her brief that, prior to her testimony, the only evidence connecting her to the crime was the testimony of the accomplice, Gideon. The record shows, however, that appellant=s written statement was admitted and read to the jury during the State=s case-in-chief. That statement tended to connect appellant to the crime. Moreover, the question of whether or not to testify on one=s own behalf is ultimately to be decided by the client. Valdes‑Fuerte v. State, 892 S.W.2d 103, 111 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 1994, no pet.). Appellant has not shown that counsel=s action was not sound trial strategy.
Appellant next complains of counsel=s failure to object to the omission of an accomplice witness instruction. As conceded by the State, the trial court should have given such an instruction. Although counsel=s failure to object to such an omission may have been a Aglaring error,@ we cannot hold that the error prejudiced appellant=s defense because there was ample corroboration by other evidence. See Patterson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 852, 861 (Tex. App.CCorpus Christi 2006, pet. ref=d) (citing Robinson v. State, 665 S.W.2d 826, 831 (Tex. App.CAustin 1984, pet. ref=d)). Appellant has not shown that there is a reasonable probability that the result would have been different but for counsel=s failure to object to the omission of an accomplice witness instruction.
In her final argument, appellant asserts that counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the improper comments made by the prosecutor during closing argument. As we noted earlier, however, the comments at issue were not improper; each constituted a summation of the evidence, a reasonable deduction from the evidence, or an answer to the arguments of opposing counsel. See Cantu, 842 S.W.2d at 690. Thus, counsel=s failure to object cannot be considered deficient.
Appellant has not met the standards set out in Strickland. Consequently, we overrule her fifth issue and all its subparts.
Conclusion
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
TERRY McCALL
JUSTICE
January 30, 2009
Publish. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Wright, C.J.,
McCall, J., and Strange, J.