NO. 12-02-00351-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
RODERICK EDWARD LATHAM,§ APPEAL FROM THE
APPELLANT
V.§ COUNTY COURT OF
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE§ UPSHUR COUNTY, TEXAS
OPINION
Roderick Edward Latham ("Appellant") appeals his conviction for resisting arrest. In two issues on appeal, Appellant asserts that the evidence is not legally or factually sufficient to support his conviction. We affirm.
Background
Appellant was charged by information with resisting arrest. (1) Appellant pleaded not guilty and elected a trial by jury. At trial, Jeffrey Scott Moore ("Moore") testified that, in July of 2002, he was a peace officer with the Upshur County Sheriff's office, working as a patrol deputy. On July 18, at approximately 10:43 p.m., he was dispatched to the residence of Appellant and his wife, Tonya Latham ("Tonya"). When Moore arrived at the residence, he pulled into the driveway, and a truck driven by Tonya pulled in behind him. Tonya told him that Appellant was in the house, that he was tearing up the house, and that he was "acting crazy." Tonya explained that Appellant had come out of the house and chased her with a pool stick. Moore entered the house cautiously, listening carefully, but heard nothing. He began to identify himself, calling out as he systematically went through the house, but there was no response. In his search, Moore discovered the bottom half of a pool stick lying near a hallway in the living room.
Moore found Appellant lying on a bed, breathing very hard, and sweating. Moore asked Appellant what had happened, and Appellant responded by asking, using expletives, what Moore was doing in his house. Moore considered the manner of Appellant's response unusual. Moore explained that Tonya had called the sheriff's office, and that he was attempting to find out what had occurred. Appellant continued to curse at Moore, stating that Moore needed to get out of his house. Appellant became excited, sat up, and physically became rigid with clenched fists. Moore told Appellant to calm down, attempting to avoid a confrontation and stall for time until his backup arrived.
At that point, Appellant began asking where Tonya was, but Moore told Appellant that he, Appellant, needed to talk to Moore. Appellant continued to curse. Moore informed Appellant that he was going to handcuff Appellant for their safety until he determined what had occurred. Appellant angrily objected, yelled for Tonya, and rushed Moore. Moore was standing partly in the doorway of the bedroom, and reached out to grab Appellant. However, Appellant pushed his left forearm into Moore's chest area, shoving him out of the way.
Appellant began to walk down the hallway quickly with Moore following him and telling him to stop, put his hands behind his back, and comply with his requests. Moore attempted to grab Appellant several times, but Appellant shrugged and pulled away from him. Appellant went out the front door, continuing to curse Moore, shouted for Tonya, and began looking around. According to Moore, Appellant was in a threatening posture, clenched over with his arms bowed. Moore pushed Appellant down, attempting to subdue and handcuff him. However, Appellant got up, turned around, and faced Moore. Moore again told Appellant to comply with his instructions, but Appellant continued to curse at Moore.
At that moment, Moore believed that his safety was in danger because he was the only officer at the scene, and they were ten feet or less from the porch where a machete was located. As a result, Moore pepper sprayed Appellant. Moore continued to instruct Appellant to "get down," but he did not. In response, Moore again pushed Appellant, and he fell to his knees. Finally, Appellant complied with Moore's instructions, and put his hands behind his back. However, Appellant's hands were still clenched and he continued to curse. After Moore handcuffed Appellant's left wrist and was attempting to handcuff his other wrist, Appellant began to pull away, pull forward, and resist. Appellant and Moore wrestled for a time, but eventually Moore handcuffed Appellant's other wrist.
Moore informed Appellant that, if he would calm down and relax, Moore would get a water hose and wash the spray from his eyes. Appellant continued to curse and then spit in Moore's face. Moore took his eyeglasses off to remove the saliva and, as he was putting them back on, he noticed Appellant attempting to stand. Moore ran to Appellant, lunged forward, and knocked him to the ground. Although Appellant continued to curse, he did not try to get up again. Moore's backup, Deputy Wade Davis ("Davis"), arrived and transported Appellant to the jail. Moore testified that because of Appellant's behavior, attitude, and physical demeanor, he does not believe he would have allowed Appellant to leave the bedroom if Appellant had not used force against him. In his testimony, Moore used the term "arrest situation" while explaining the procedure a peace office must follow regarding the preparation and filing of a report. The jury found Appellant guilty, and assessed punishment at 180 days in jail. This appeal followed.
Evidentiary Sufficiency
In two issues, Appellant argues that the evidence was not legally or factually sufficient to support a conviction for resisting arrest. Appellant contends that the encounter between him and Moore was not an arrest, nor could a reasonable person in his position discern that Moore was attempting to effect an arrest. The State argues that, when Appellant struck Moore in the chest, the officer was authorized to arrest him. Further, the State contends that when Appellant wrestled with Moore after the assault, he was resisting arrest.
Standard of Review
"Legal sufficiency is the constitutional minimum required by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to sustain a criminal conviction." Escobedo v. State, 6 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1999, no pet.) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 315-16, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2786-88, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)). The standard of review is whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; LaCour v. State, 8 S.W.3d 670, 671 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; LaCour, 8 S.W.3d at 671. The conviction will be sustained "unless it is found to be irrational or unsupported by more than a 'mere modicum' of the evidence." Moreno v. State, 755 S.W.2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). The jury is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and of the weight to be given their testimony. Barnes v. State, 876 S.W.2d 316, 321 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Any reconciliation of conflicts and contradictions in the evidence is entirely within the jury's domain. Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d 305, 309 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). If a reviewing court finds the evidence legally insufficient to support a conviction, the result is an acquittal. Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 41-42, 102 S. Ct. 2211, 2217-218, 72 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1982).
After a reviewing court has found that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict, the court may go forward with a review of the factual sufficiency of the evidence. Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). In reviewing factual sufficiency, a court examines all the evidence "without the prism of 'in the light most favorable to the prosecution' and sets aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust." Id. at 134. The court must inquire whether a neutral review of all the evidence, both for and against the verdict, establishes that the proof of guilt is so manifestly weak as to undermine faith in the jury's resolution, or the proof of guilt, although sufficient if taken alone, is greatly offset by conflicting proof. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
A proper deference should be demonstrated by the reviewing court in order to deter a court from substituting its judgment for that of the fact finder, and any examination of the evidence should not substantially intrude upon the fact finder's role as the exclusive judge of the weight and credibility given to witness testimony. Id. at 7; Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 133. Wrong and unjust verdicts include ones in which the verdict is "manifestly unjust," "shocks the conscience," or "clearly demonstrates bias." Santellan v. State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 165 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The reviewing court examines all of the evidence in the record pertaining to the factual sufficiency challenge, not just evidence confirming the verdict. Id. at 164.
In a criminal conviction, sufficiency of the evidence is determined by the elements of the crime as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The correct charge "would be one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried." Id.
Elements of the Offense
In order to convict an accused for resisting arrest under section 38.03 of the Texas Penal Code, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that the accused intentionally (2) prevented or obstructed (3) a person he knows is a peace officer (4) from effecting an arrest (5) of himself (6) by using force against the peace officer. Vaughn v. State, 983 S.W.2d 860, 862 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet); see Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.03(a). It is no defense to prosecution that the arrest was unlawful or arbitrary under the constitution. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 38.03(b); see Schrader v. State, 753 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tex. App.-Austin 1988, pet. ref'd). In applying section 38.03(a) of the Texas Penal Code, the essential inquiry is whether the actor has forcibly interfered with a peace officer's "arrest" transaction or process to bring the actor under control. Schrader, 753 S.W.2d at 735. The legislature intended the expression "effecting an arrest" to encompass the reasonable actions or process of a peace officer bringing a person under the officer's control for purposes of the law. Id.; see Bruno v. State, 922 S.W.2d 292, 294 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 1996, no pet.). From the moment the officer begins his efforts to gain control or physical restraint over an individual until the individual is restrained or controlled, the officer can be considered "effecting an arrest." Bruno, 922 S.W.2d at 294.
Although it is necessary for the officer to have a pre-existing intent to arrest together with some action taken pursuant to that intent, the process is not dependent upon the officer verbalizing his intention to arrest. Id.; see White v. State, 601 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980). Although not conclusive, the officer's opinion as to whether the person was under arrest is a relevant and important factor to consider. Vaughn, 983 S.W.2d at 862-63. Further, whether a person is under arrest is determined by asking if a reasonable person would have believed he was not free to leave in light of all the circumstances surrounding the incident. Wilson v. State, 943 S.W.2d 43, 45 (Tex. App.-Tyler 1996, pet. ref'd) (citing Gilbreath v. State, 412 S.W.2d 60, 61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1967)). Application of the reasonable person standard in the context of an arrest prevents a conviction based on a less intrusive type of seizure. Medford v. State, 13 S.W.3d 769, 773 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
Whether a stop is an actual arrest or a detention also depends upon whether a reasonable person would believe the seizure would be brief given the totality of circumstances. Vaughn, 983 S.W.2d at 862. Where no investigation is undertaken, the detention cannot be considered merely investigatory and rises to the level of an arrest. Burkes v. State, 830 S.W.2d 922, 925 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); see Amores v. State, 816 S.W.2d 407, 412 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)(concluding that a detention could not be characterized as investigatory because no investigation was conducted). But see Rhodes v. State, 945 S.W.2d 115, 119 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (rejecting the implication that an investigatory detention is not valid unless the officer first asks questions of the detainee because facts and circumstances may establish a detention as investigatory without such questioning).
Force involved in the offense of resisting arrest must occur not only after the arrest begins, but also before it ends. Lewis v. State, 30 S.W.3d 510, 512 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (citing Young v. State, 622 S.W.2d 99, 100 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981); Vaughn, 983 S.W.2d at 862)). Further, "a person who uses force in order to shake off an officer's detaining grip, whether by pushing or pulling, may be guilty of resisting arrest." Torres v. State, 103 S.W.3d 623, 627 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2003, no pet.); see Hopper v. State, 86 S.W.3d 676, 679 (Tex. App.-El Paso 2002, no pet.); Bryant v. State, 923 S.W.2d 199, 207-08 (Tex. App.-Waco 1996), pet. ref'd, 940 S.W.2d 663 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). But see Leos v. State, 880 S.W.2d 180, 184 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1994, no pet.) (concluding that merely trying to flee, crawl away, or shake off a detaining grip is not sufficient force against a peace officer to sustain a conviction for resisting arrest); Raymond v. State, 640 S.W.2d 678, 679 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1982, pet. ref'd) (holding that merely pulling arm away from officer not sufficient force to sustain a conviction for resisting arrest).
Analysis
We must first determine whether Moore was effecting an arrest of Appellant. Although not conclusive, Moore's opinion as to whether Appellant was under arrest is relevant and a factor to consider. See Vaughn, 983 S.W.2d at 862-63. Based on Appellant's demeanor and actions, Moore testified that he did not believe he would have allowed Appellant to leave the bedroom if force had not been used against him. Further, Moore attempted to grab Appellant both in the bedroom doorway and down the hallway, culminating in attempts to subdue and control him once in the yard of the house. At one point in his testimony, Moore used the term "arrest situation" while describing the procedures for preparing and filing a report. This reference would support an inference that he considered Appellant to be under arrest. Thus, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found that Moore believed he was effecting an arrest of Appellant.
However, whether a person is under arrest is determined by asking if a reasonable person would have believed he was not free to leave based on the circumstances of the incident. See Wilson, 943 S.W.2d at 45. Moore tried to grab Appellant both in the doorway to the bedroom and down the hallway in order to handcuff him. Further, Moore attempted to subdue and control Appellant once outside the house, and did not allow Appellant to walk away from him. Based on these circumstances, a reasonable person in Appellant's situation would have believed that he was not free to leave. Whether a stop is an arrest or detention also depends upon whether a reasonable person would believe the seizure would be brief given the totality of the circumstances. See Vaughn, 983 S.W.2d at 862. Based on Appellant's behavior and actions after leaving the bedroom, and Moore's attempts to grab, subdue, and control him, a reasonable person in Appellant's situation would not have believed that the seizure would be brief. We conclude that, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational trier of fact could have found that a reasonable person would not have believed that the stop was an investigatory detention given the totality of the circumstances.
Our last inquiry is, essentially, whether Appellant forcibly interfered with Moore's actions or process of bringing him under Moore's control. See Schrader, 753 S.W.2d at 735. Appellant's actions in shoving Moore from the doorway of the bedroom with his forearm, shrugging and pulling away from attempts by Moore to grab him in the hallway, and pulling away from Moore while he was attempting to handcuff Appellant are sufficient force against Moore to sustain a conviction for resisting arrest. See Torres, 103 S.W.3d at 627; Hopper, 86 S.W.3d at 679; Bryant, 923 S.W.2d at 207-08. Based on our review of the record and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found the elements of resisting arrest beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, Appellant's first issue is overruled.
Having determined that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict, we address factual sufficiency. During the incident, Moore never verbalized his intent to arrest Appellant. In fact, Moore told Appellant that he was going to handcuff Appellant for their safety until he determined what had occurred. Further, Moore never testified that he intended to arrest Appellant, or that he considered Appellant to be under arrest. Similar to an investigatory detention, Moore attempted to investigate the events of that evening, asking who had broken the pool stick and trying to discuss the alleged events between Appellant and his wife earlier that evening. All this evidence is in favor of Appellant. However, Moore was not required to announce that Appellant was under arrest. See White, 601 S.W.2d at 366. Further, if little or no investigation has occurred, a detention may rise to the level of an arrest. See Burkes, 830 S.W.2d at 925; Amores, 816 S.W.2d at 412. Because of Appellant's behavior, demeanor, and subsequent actions, Moore was able to conduct little, if any, investigation. In reviewing the entire record, both for and against the jury's verdict, we do not find that proof of Appellant's guilt is so manifestly weak as to undermine faith in the jury's resolution, or that the proof of guilt, although sufficient if taken alone, is greatly offset by conflicting proof so as to render Appellant's conviction clearly wrong or manifestly unjust. Accordingly, Appellant's second issue is overruled.
Conclusion
Based upon our review of the record, we hold that the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury's verdict that Appellant was guilty of resisting arrest. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
DIANE DEVASTO
Justice
Opinion delivered January 30, 2004.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and DeVasto, J.
(PUBLISH)
1.