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NUMBER 13-03-760-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
IN THE INTEREST OF D.W.K., A CHILD
On appeal from the 105th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Hinojosa and Yañez
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Yañez
Appellant, Zack M. Knight, Jr., appeals a trial court order denying his motion to modify a parent-child relationship and awarding an increase in child support and attorney=s fees to appellee, Gae Strenge. By five issues, appellant challenges (1) the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court=s decision to increase the amount of child support and to apply the increase retroactively, (2) the absence of pleadings supporting the increase in the amount of child support, (3) the award of attorney=s fees to appellee, and (4) the trial court=s denial of his motion to modify custody. Appellant also challenges the trial court=s jurisdiction in awarding attorney=s fees and modifying and ordering retroactive child support.[1] We affirm.
As this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court=s decision and the basic reasons for it.[2]
Jurisdiction
We first address appellant=s challenge to the trial court=s jurisdiction. Appellant contends the trial court lacked jurisdiction to address the issues of attorney=s fees and modification of child support.
In response to appellant=s November 1999 Petition to Modify Parent-Child Relationship, appellee filed a Counter-Petition requesting, among other relief, a retroactive and prospective increase in child support and attorney=s fees. On March 28, 2000, the parties entered into a mediated agreed order (AModified Order@) in the suit to modify the parent-child relationship. The Modified Order states, in relevant part, A[Appellee] reserves the right to litigate her pending Counter-Petition to Modify in Suit Affecting Parent-Child Relationship.@ In August 2001, appellant filed another Motion to Modify Parent-Child Relationship. Following a bench trial which concluded August 1, 2003, the trial court awarded appellee an increase in the amount of child support and applied the increase retroactively beginning in January 2003, awarded appellee attorney=s fees, and denied appellant=s motion.
Appellant contends the Modified Order was Afinal,@ and that appellee was required to file new pleadings to raise the issues of attorney=s fees and modification of child support. Appellant argues that absent such pleadings, the trial court was without jurisdiction to modify support, order retroactive support, or award appellee attorney=s fees. We disagree.
The Modified Order preserves appellee=s right to litigate the issues in her pending Counter-Petition. Appellant relies on Brines v. McIlhaney[3] for the proposition that the Modified Order was Afinal.@ In Brines, the court ruled a divorce decree was a Afinal order,@ after noting that (1) nothing was expressly left unadjudicated in the decree, and (2) the decree expressly stated, Aall matters in controversy . . . were submitted to the Court.@[4]
The present case is distinguishable from Brines because the issues in appellee=s Counter-Petition were expressly reserved for litigation in the Modified Order, and the Modified Order did not expressly state that all matters in controversy were submitted to the court.
A judgment is final for appeal purposes if it actually disposes of all claims and parties then before the court, regardless of its language, or states with unmistakable clarity that it is a final judgment as to all claims and all parties.[5] Here, even the inclusion of a AMother Hubbard@ clause in the Modified Order does not indicate a final judgment,[6] given that the Modified Order reserved all issues raised in appellee=s Counter-Petition (including modification of child support and attorney=s fees) for future litigation. Thus, the Modified Order did not resolve all issues and was, therefore, not final.[7]
Moreover, even if the issues raised in appellee=s Counter-Petition did not survive the Modified Order, the trial court nonetheless retained authority to increase child support. [8] Detailed pleadings are not required in suits affecting the parent-child relationship, because the trial court=s paramount concern is the best interests of the child; therefore, the technical rules of pleading and practice may be of little importance.[9] A court may even award child support without any request for it in the pleadings.[10]
The issue of attorney=s fees, however, must be raised before the court by way of an affirmative pleading filed in the case, unless the issue is waived or tried by consent.[11] We have already determined, however, that the Modified Order preserved appellee=s right to litigate all issues raised in her Counter-Petition, including the issue of attorney=s fees.
We conclude the Modified Order was not a final order with regard to the issues raised in appellee=s Counter-Petition.[12] The issues in the Counter-Petition were properly tried by the trial court. Thus, the trial court had jurisdiction to consider the attorney=s fees and child support matters raised in appellee=s Counter-Petition.[13]
Modification of Child Support
In his first three issues, appellant challenges generally the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court=s order increasing the amount of child support and applying the increase retroactively. Appellant also argues there were no pleadings to support the award.[14]
We review a trial court=s order setting or modifying child support under an abuse of discretion standard.[15] The test for abuse of discretion is whether the court acted arbitrarily or unreasonably, that is, without reference to guiding rules and principles.[16] We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court=s action, indulging all legal presumptions in favor of that action.[17] A trial court does not abuse its discretion if some evidence of a substantive and probative character supports its decision.[18] We do not treat allegations of legal and factual insufficiency as independent grounds of error in this context because the appropriate standard of review is abuse of discretion.[19] A trial court is given broad discretion in setting child support payments and also in decreasing or increasing such payments.[20]
In March 1997, the court ordered appellant to begin paying appellee child support in the amount of $630.00 per month. In the order at issue here, dated December 16, 2003, the court ordered appellant to pay support prospectively and retroactively (beginning January 1, 2003) to appellee in the amount of $1012.16 per month.
Appellant contends that appellee was required to establish the existence of a material and substantial change in circumstances since the 1997 order. Appellant argues that appellee was required to rely on her pleadings in her Counter-Petition, which were filed November 10, 1999. According to appellant, because appellee=s Counter-Petition was filed within three years of the 1997 order, she may not rely on paragraph (2) of section 156.401 of the family code[21] as the basis for the modification. Appellant cites no authority in support of his argument and we are unpersuaded by it.
Section 156.401 provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), the court may modify an order that provides for the support of a child if:
(1) the circumstances of the child or a person affected by the order
have materially and substantially changed since the earlier of:
(A) the date of the order's rendition; or
(B) the date of the signing of a mediated or collaborative law
settlement agreement on which the order is based; or
(2) it has been three years since the order was rendered or last
modified and the monthly amount of the child support award under the
order differs by either 20 percent or $100 from the amount that would
be awarded in accordance with the child support guidelines.[22]
Here, the trial court=s modification order was issued December 16, 2003, more than three years since the 1997 order, and the existing amount of child support ($630.00) differed by more than twenty percent from the amount to be awarded in accordance with the child support guidelines.[23] We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in modifying the child support order.
The amount of a periodic child support payment established by the child support guidelines in effect at the time of a hearing is presumed to be reasonable; an order of support conforming to those guidelines is presumed to be in the best interest of the child.[24] Under the guidelines, if an obligor=s monthly net resources are $6000.00 or less, and the obligor is supporting one child, the court presumptively calculates twenty percent of the obligor=s net resources to determine the amount of child support.[25]
Appellant=s personal tax returns and financial statements from 1999-2002 and the tax returns of his company, Knight Architectural & Construction Service, from 2000-2002 were submitted to the court. After reviewing the documents, the trial court found appellant=s total resources for 2002 to be $84,758.00 and his net monthly resources to be $5,060.80. The trial judge calculated twenty percent of the appellant=s net monthly resources as $1,012.16, and ordered monthly support in that amount.
Appellant contends that the trial court miscalculated his 2002 actual earned income, and that his total resources for 2002 were actually only $54,809.00. Specifically, appellant contends that his tax returns reflect $48,243.00 in dividends and distributions, which includes his corporate income of $29,949.00; appellant contends that by including both figures in calculating his resources, the trial court erred by counting the $29,949.00 twice. The record shows appellant and appellee=s counsel submitted documentary evidence to the trial judge on this issue. The record includes a letter from appellant=s counsel and his accountant in support of appellant=s argument that appellee=s calculations overstated his income. The trial court reviewed the documents submitted by the parties, determined net resources, and used the child support guidelines to calculate support. We have reviewed the evidence and conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in calculating the amount of child support.
We next address whether the trial court abused its discretion in awarding retroactive child support. Section 154.131 of the family code vests a trial court with discretion to determine whether to award retroactive child support and the amount of that support.[26] Retroactive support is available in two separate circumstances. First, it can be ordered in instances where child support has not been previously ordered.[27] Secondly, a trial court has the discretion to retroactively modify a child support obligation.[28]
Here, based on the evidence of appellant=s total resources for 2002, the trial court ordered appellant to pay retroactive child support in the amount of $1,012.16 per month beginning January 2003 through July 2003, in compliance with the family code.[29]
We have reviewed all of the evidence. On this record, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in increasing the amount of child support and in awarding retroactive child support.[30] Accordingly, we overrule appellant=s first three issues.
Attorney=s Fees
In his fourth issue, appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion in awarding appellee attorney=s fees.
Under the Texas Family Code, it is within the trial court's discretion to award reasonable attorney fees in a suit affecting the parent‑child relationship.[31] The test for abuse of discretion is whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles, or stated another way, whether its decision was arbitrary or unreasonable.[32] An appellate court is very deferential to a lower court=s ruling,[33] and thus the mere fact that a trial judge may decide a matter within his discretionary authority in a different manner than an appellate judge in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred.[34]
Appellee=s attorney submitted evidence as to his hourly rate, hours spent on the case, and the reasonableness of the fees relating to his experience working in family law.[35] This evidence supports the trial court=s award of attorney=s fees in the amount of $13,515.00. We therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorney=s fees.[36] We overrule appellant=s fourth issue.
Appellant=s Motion to Modify Custody
In his final issue, appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion to modify, in which he requested appointment as joint managing conservator with the right to determine the legal domicile of the parties= minor child. We affirm the trial court=s denial of appellant=s motion.
Conservatorship issues are evaluated against an abuse of discretion standard.[37] An abuse of discretion does not occur where the trial court bases its decision on conflicting evidence or where some evidence of a substantial and probative character exists to support the trial court=s judgment.[38]
The trial court may modify an order or portion of a decree that provides for the appointment of a conservator of a child, that provides the terms and conditions of conservatorship, or that provides for the possession of or access to a child if (1) modification would be in the best interest of the child and (2) the circumstances of the child, conservator, or other party affected by the order have materially and substantially changed since the date of the rendition of the order.[39] In conservatorship cases, the child=s best interest is always the court=s primary consideration.[40] The desires of the child, the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future, the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future, the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child, the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody, the stability of the home or proposed placement, the acts or omissions of the parent that might indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent, are all factors taken into consideration when evaluating the best interest of the child.[41] These considerations are not exhaustive, nor do all such considerations have to be proved as a condition precedent to parental determination.[42]
Appellee has had legal custody of the minor child since 1997. The record indicates appellee and the minor child have made their primary residence at a house appellee has owned for approximately twenty years. Appellee has a stable position as a social worker. The record further shows the minor child has performed well academically and has good attendance at the neighborhood school he has attended since 2002. The record indicates appellee has cooperated with appellant and abided by the terms of the Modified Order. The record indicates both parties are loving, dedicated parents who provide for the emotional and physical needs of the minor child.
The matter of determining who should be appointed managing conservator of the minor child was addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court as the trier of fact.[43] The trial court is in a better position than an appellate court to determine the best interest of the child because the trial court faces the parties and their witnesses, observes their demeanor, and has the best opportunity to evaluate the claims made by the parties.[44] Here, the trial court found it in the best interest of the minor child for appellee to remain as the joint managing conservator with the exclusive right to determine the child=s legal domicile and primary physical residence. We have carefully reviewed all of the evidence and conclude there is ample evidence to support the trial court=s denial of appellant=s motion.[45] Appellant=s final issue is overruled.
We affirm the trial court=s judgment.
_______________________
LINDA REYNA YAÑEZ,
Justice
Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 22nd day of August, 2005.
[1] Although appellant does not raise jurisdiction as a separate issue, he challenges the trial court=s jurisdiction in the ASummary of the Argument@ section of his appellate brief.
[2] See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
[3] Brines v. McIlhaney, 596 S.W.2d 519, 522-23 (Tex. 1980).
[4] Id. at 523.
[5] Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 192-93 (Tex. 2001); Chalu v. Shamala, 125 S.W.3d 737, 739 (Tex. App.BHouston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (holding that final order in suit affecting parent‑child relationship is one that disposes of all issues and parties before court).
[6] Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 192 (holding inclusion of a AMother Hubbard@ clause in an order or judgment issued without a full trial does not indicate finality).
[7] See id. at 192-93; Chalu, 125 S.W.3d at 739.
[8] See Wolters v. White, 659 S.W.2d 885, 888-89 (Tex. App.BSan Antonio 1983, writ denied) (holding court may award child support without any request for it in pleadings); Boriack v. Boriack, 541 S.W.2d 237, 242 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 1976, writ dism=d) (holding best interest of children is of paramount concern and technical rules of pleading are of little importance).
[9] See Leithold v. Plass, 413 S.W.2d 698, 701 (Tex.1967) (holding technical rules of practice and pleadings are of little importance in determining issues concerning custody of children); Aguilar v. Barker, 699 S.W.2d 915, 917 (Tex. App.BHouston [1st Dist.] 1985, no writ) (holding detailed pleadings not required in suits affecting parent-child relationship because court=s paramount concern is best interests of child); Boriack, 541 S.W.2d at 242 (same).
[10] Wolters, 659 S.W.2d at 888; Boriack, 541 S.W.2d at 242.
[11] Tull v. Tull, 159 S.W.3d 758, 762 (Tex. App.BDallas 2005, no pet.) (holding general request for attorney=s fees in pleading sufficient to authorize award of attorney=s fees); Farish v. Farish, 921 S.W.2d 538, 546 (Tex. App.BBeaumont 1996, no writ); Wolters, 659 S.W.2d at 888-89.
[12] See Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 192-93; Chalu, 125 S.W.3d at 739.
[13] See Beck v. Walker, 154 S.W.3d 895, 901 (Tex. App.BDallas 2005, no pet.); Wolters, 659 S.W.2d at 888; Boriack, 541 S.W.2d at 242.
[14] We have already determined that appellant=s complaint regarding the absence of pleadings supporting the award of child support lacks merit. See Wolters, 659 S.W.2d at 888; Boriack, 541 S.W.2d at 242.
[15] In re Jane Doe 2, 19 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. 2000) (citing Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990) (per curiam)); In re M.E.G., 48 S.W.3d 204, 207 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 2000, no pet.); Boriack, 541 S.W.2d at 242.
[16] In re M.E.G., 48 S.W.3d at 207.
[17] Id.
[18] Zorilla v. Wahid, 83 S.W.3d 247, 253 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 2002, no pet.); Holley v. Holley, 864 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex. App.BHouston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ).
[19] In re D.S., 76 S.W.3d 512, 516 (Tex. App.BHouston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
[20] Id. at 520.
[21] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 156.401(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05).
[22] Id. ' 156.401(a)(1), (2).
[23] Id. ' 156.401(a)(2).
[24] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 154.122(a) (Vernon 2002).
[25] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 154.125(b) (Vernon 2002).
[26] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 153.131 (Vernon 2002); see In re Valadez, 980 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 1998, pet. denied).
[27] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 154.009 (Vernon 2002); In the Interest of J.G.Z., 963 S.W.2d 144, 146 (Tex. App.BTexarkana 1998, no pet.).
[28] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 156.401(b) (Vernon Supp. 2004‑05); In re Tucker, 96 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. App.BTexarkana 2003, no pet.).
[29] See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 156.401(b) (Vernon Supp. 2004‑05).
[30] See In re Valadez, 980 S.W.2d at 913-14.
[31] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 106.002 (Vernon Supp. 2004-05); Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 20 (Tex. 1998).
[32] City of San Benito v. Rio Grande Valley Gas Co., 109 S.W.3d 750, 757 (Tex. 2003); Temple v. Archambo, 161 S.W.3d 217, 224-25 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 2005, no pet.).
[33] City of San Benito, 109 S.W.3d at 757.
[34] Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex. 1985).
[35] See London v. London, 94 S.W.3d 139, 146 (Tex. App.BHouston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (holding trial court=s award of attorney=s fees must be supported by evidence).
[36] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '' 106.001-02 (Vernon 2004); See Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 32 (Tex. 2002).
[37] Agraz v. Carnley, 143 S.W.3d 547, 553-54 (Tex. App.BDallas 2004, no pet.); Tate v. Tate, 55 S.W.3d 1, 5-6 (Tex. App.BEl Paso 2000, no pet.).
[38] Agraz, 143 S.W.3d at 554; Zieba v. Martin, 928 S.W.2d 782, 787 (Tex. App.BHouston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ).
[39] Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 156.101(1)(A) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05); In the Interest of K.L.R., 162 S.W.3d 291, 307 (Tex. App.BTyler 2005, no pet.).
[40] Lenz, 79 S.W.3d at 14.
[41] Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976); In the Interest of A.P.P., 74 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 2002, no pet.).
[42] In the Interest of C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27-28 (Tex. 2002) (noting that every Abest interest@ factor need not be found).
[43] See Agraz, 143 S.W.3d at 553-54.
[44] Mumma v. Aguirre, 364 S.W.2d 220, 222-23 (Tex.1963); Altamirano v. Altamirano, 591 S.W.2d 336, 338 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 1979, no writ ).
[45] See Agraz, 143 S.W.3d at 554.