NUMBER 13-08-00074-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
KRISTY KAY REAVES, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 156th District Court of Live Oak County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza, and Vela
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza
Appellant, Kristy Kay Reaves, was convicted on two counts of assault against a
public servant and was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN .
§ 22.01(b)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2007). Reaves now appeals, contending that the trial court
erred by: (1) permitting the State to recall its primary witness to testify in its case-in-chief;
and (2) admitting hearsay testimony. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On the evening of March 23, 2007, Deputy Brad Whitworth of the Live Oak County
Sheriff’s Department was dispatched to 1009 Fannin Street in George West, Texas, to
respond to a call reporting that Reaves was drunk, belligerent, and had assaulted her
mother. Upon arriving at the scene, Deputy Whitworth was met by David Smith, Reaves’s
neighbor. Smith identified Reaves, who was talking on the telephone in her front yard.
Deputy Whitworth walked over to Reaves, who was visibly upset, and asked her twice to
come into the house so that they could talk, but Reaves refused both times. Deputy
Whitworth reached out and put his left hand on Reaves’s right shoulder to escort her into
the house. At that point, Reaves turned and swung her left arm around, striking Deputy
Whitworth’s left arm. Deputy Whitworth then forced Reaves to the ground, handcuffed her,
and placed her in the rear seat of his patrol unit.
Deputy Whitworth then began to walk toward Reaves’s mother when he heard a
noise coming from his patrol unit. Reaves had removed her right hand from her handcuffs
and was waving her hands in the air. Deputy Whitworth returned to the vehicle and again
handcuffed Reaves. When Deputy Whitworth returned to talk with Reaves’s mother, he
heard another noise, and discovered that Reaves had once again removed her right hand
from the handcuffs. Deputy Whitworth again returned to the vehicle, opened the rear
passenger door, and attempted to grab Reaves’s arm in order to replace the handcuffs a
second time. As he leaned into the rear passenger compartment of the vehicle, Reaves
kicked Deputy Whitworth in the right shoulder. When he turned away, Reaves kicked him
again, this time making contact with his face and right shoulder. Deputy Whitworth then
crawled into the car and attempted to secure Reaves, at which point Reaves bit his right
hand.
On July 12, 2007, Reaves was charged by indictment with two counts of assaulting
a public servant, each a third-degree felony. See id. § 22.01(b) (Vernon Supp. 2007),
(b)(1). Trial commenced on January 14, 2008; the jury found Reaves guilty on both counts
on January 15, 2008. The court sentenced Reaves to four years’ confinement in the
Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Reaves filed her notice
2
of appeal on January 18, 2008.
II. DISCUSSION
A. State’s Recall of Deputy Whitworth
By her first issue, Reaves claims that the trial court erred in permitting the State to
“bolster” Deputy Whitworth’s testimony by recalling him to the witness stand after he had
concluded his initial testimony.1 In response, the State contends that: (1) Reaves waived
this issue by failing to object on these grounds at trial; and (2) the rules of evidence do not
prohibit a party from “bolstering” the testimony of a witness.
In order to preserve an issue for appellate review, the appellant must make a timely
and specific objection in the trial court. TEX . R. APP. P. 33.1(a). When the State recalled
Deputy Whitworth at the conclusion of its case-in-chief, the following exchange occurred:
[State’s attorney]: Your Honor, State recalls Deputy Brad
Whitworth.
[Reaves’s attorney]: Your Honor, I’m going to object to that. I don’t –
he’s had his chance and I’ve not been – there’s
no rebuttal. I haven’t put on any evidence.
There’s absolutely no reason for him to be
recalled and that’s – she [State’s attorney] asked
to keep him for the purpose of rebuttal and now
she’s asking to have a second bite at the apple
and this is –
THE COURT: Overruled.
The State contends that Reaves waived this issue because her trial counsel did not
specifically state in his objection that Deputy Whitworth’s additional testimony would
constitute impermissible “bolstering.” We disagree. All that is required to preserve an
appellate complaint is that counsel “state[] the grounds for the ruling that the complaining
party [seeks] from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of
1
The State actually called Deputy W hitworth to the witness stand three tim es. After his initial
testim ony, Deputy W hitworth was recalled to briefly testify as to Reaves’s m iddle nam e. The State then
recalled Deputy W hitworth a second tim e at the conclusion of its case-in-chief. It is this second recall of
Deputy W hitworth to which Reaves’s trial counsel objected and which she now challenges.
3
the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from the context.” TEX . R. APP.
P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). Here, Reaves’s counsel made clear that he objected to the State having
a “second bite at the apple”; this was sufficient to make the trial court aware of the grounds
of his objection. We conclude that Reaves has preserved this issue for our review. See
Weems v. State, 167 S.W.3d 350, 355 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d).
Nevertheless, we find the issue to be meritless. Under caselaw predating the
adoption of the Texas Rules of Criminal Evidence, it was held that “‘[b]olstering’ occurs
when one piece of evidence is improperly used by a party to add credence or weight to
some earlier unimpeached piece of evidence offered by the same party.” Montoya v.
State, 43 S.W.3d 568, 573 (Tex. App.–Waco 2001, no pet.) (citing Guerra v. State, 771
S.W.2d 453, 474 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)).2 However, the only “bolstering” rules surviving
the adoption of the Texas Rules of Criminal Evidence (now the Texas Rules of Evidence)
are rule 608(a), regarding opinion and reputation evidence of character, and rule 613(c),
regarding prior consistent statements of witnesses.3 Montoya, 43 S.W.3d at 573; Cohn v.
State, 849 S.W.2d 817, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); see TEX . R. EVID . 608(a), 613(c).
2
The Texas Court of Crim inal Appeals has also described “bolstering” as:
[A]ny evidence the sole purpose of which is to convince the factfinder that a particular witness
or source of evidence is worthy of credit, without substantively contributing to m ake the
existence of a fact that is of consequence to the determ ination of the action m ore or less
probable than it would be without the evidence.
Cohn v. State, 849 S.W .2d 817, 819 (Tex. Crim . App. 1993) (internal quotations om itted).
3
Texas Rule of Evidence 608(a) provides that:
The credibility of a witness m ay be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion
or reputation, but subject to these lim itations:
(1) the evidence m ay refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness;
and
(2) evidence of truthful character is adm issible only after the character of the
witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evidence
or otherwise.
T EX . R. E VID . 608(a). Rule 613(c) provides that “[a] prior statem ent of a witness which is consistent with the
testim ony of the witness is inadm issible except as provided in Rule 801(e)(1)(B) [regarding testim ony offered
to rebut a charge of recent fabrication or im proper influence or m otive].” T EX . R. E VID . 613(c).
4
Neither of these rules were invoked by Reaves in the trial court, nor was the substance of
those rules raised as an objection to Deputy Whitworth’s testimony in the trial court or in
this Court.4 We conclude that the trial court did not err in permitting the State to recall
Deputy Whitworth.
Reaves also argues that the recall testimony of Deputy Whitworth violated article
36.02 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure because it was not “necessary to a due
administration of justice.” See TEX . CODE. CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 36.02 (Vernon 2007)
(“The court shall allow testimony to be introduced at any time before the argument of a
cause is concluded, if it appears that it is necessary to a due administration of justice.”).
However, this article has generally been applied only in those cases where a party has
moved to reopen the evidence after resting or closing at trial. Love v. State, 861 S.W.2d
899, 903 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (citing Rogers v. State, 774 S.W.2d 247, 263 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1989); Scott v. State, 597 S.W.2d 755 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979)).
Moreover, as Reaves correctly notes, the application of this article is necessarily limited by
the rules of evidence. Id. In light of our conclusion above that Deputy Whitworth’s recall
testimony did not violate those rules, we further conclude that there was no violation of
article 36.02 of the code of criminal procedure. Reaves’s first issue is overruled.
B. Hearsay Testimony
By her second issue, Reaves contends that the trial court erred by allowing
testimony by Deputy Whitworth that Reaves contends was inadmissible hearsay. The
challenged testimony is as follows:
Q. [State’s attorney] At this point in which you were placing Ms.
Reaves into your patrol unit, why were you doing
that? For what purpose?
4
W e note also that Deputy W hitworth’s testim ony did not m erely duplicate his prior testim ony. In fact,
the State posed a new question to him , asking whether Reaves appeared to be intoxicated when he arrived
at the scene. Deputy W hitworth responded: “I did not sm ell any alcohol. I don’t know. She was very
em otional; I know that. Very upset.”
5
A. [Deputy Whitworth] Because she was erratic and she’d already
struck my arm and I didn’t know if she was a
suspect as there was a gentleman telling me she
was or if she was a victim. I had no idea. But
she was becoming violent, so I had to –
[Reaves’s attorney]: I’m going to object to hearsay as well as the
comment; ask that it be struck, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Overruled.
We review a trial court’s decision regarding the admissibility of evidence under an
abuse of discretion standard. Cameron v. State, 241 S.W.3d 15, 19 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007) (citing Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).
Because trial courts are in the best position to decide questions of admissibility, appellate
courts uphold a trial court’s admissibility decision when that decision is within the zone of
reasonable disagreement. Id. An appellate court may not reverse a trial court’s decision
regarding the admissibility of evidence solely because the appellate court disagrees with
the decision. Id.
Hearsay “is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at
the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” TEX . R.
EVID . 801(d). It is not admissible except as provided by statute or rules. TEX . R. EVID . 802.
Here, Deputy Whitworth testified as to the reasons he placed Reaves in his patrol unit.
One of the reasons, he explained, was that he did not know whether Reaves was a
suspect with respect to the incident for which he was dispatched to the scene. He
mentioned that David Smith was “telling me she was” a suspect.5 However, this statement
was not offered to prove the matter asserted—that Reaves was a suspect in the assault
of her mother. Rather, it was offered to establish why Deputy Whitworth placed Reaves
in his patrol unit. Therefore, the statement was not hearsay. See Ellis v. State, 99 S.W.3d
5
W e note Deputy W hitworth’s earlier testim ony that, when he arrived on the scene, he saw Sm ith
“waving and pointing at another individual,” who happened to be Reaves. This testim ony was elicited without
objection by Reaves’s trial counsel.
6
783, 788 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d) (testimony of arresting officer as
to an out-of-court statement that defendant’s car “had been possibly involved in a robbery
three days earlier” was not hearsay; rather, it was offered to show probable cause for the
detention of the defendant for traffic violations).
We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the
challenged testimony.6 See Cameron, 241 S.W.3d at 19. Accordingly, Reaves’s second
issue is overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
Having overruled Reaves’s two issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Reaves’s appellate attorney has asked permission to withdraw as counsel. We
grant the motion to withdraw, and we order counsel to notify Reaves of the disposition of
this appeal and the availability of discretionary review. See Ex parte Wilson, 956 S.W.2d
25, 27 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (per curiam).
DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 28th day of August, 2008.
6
Reaves also contends that the trial court’s adm ission of this testim ony was a violation of her Sixth
Am endm ent right to confrontation. See U.S. C ON ST . am end. VI. However, it is well established that an
objection on hearsay grounds does not preserve error on Confrontation Clause grounds. Reyna v. State, 168
S.W .3d 173, 179 (Tex. Crim . App. 2005) (citing Paredes v. State, 129 S.W .3d 530, 535 (Tex. Crim . App.
2004)). Because Reaves’s trial counsel failed to raise this specific objection with the trial court, she has not
preserved this com plaint for appellate review. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 33.1(a)(1)(A).
7