Robert Puckett and James Julius Puckett, Jr., Individually and D/B/A Puckett Ranch Properties, Merrill John Stokes, A/K/A Butch Stokes, and Cbm Comfort, Inc., D/B/A Ranchbuyers Real Estate, A/K/A ranchbuyers.com v. Quint Burris, Individually and D/B/A Qb Properties

NUMBER 13-07-00703-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

ROBERT PUCKETT, JAMES JULIUS
PUCKETT, JR., INDIVIDUALLY AND D/B/A
PUCKETT RANCH PROPERTIES, MERRILL
JOHN STOKES, A/K/A BUTCH STOKES, AND
CBM COMFORT, INC., D/B/A RANCHBUYERS
REAL ESTATE, A/K/A RANCHBUYERS.COM, Appellants,

v.

QUINT BURRIS, INDIVIDUALLY
AND D/B/A QB PROPERTIES, Appellee.

On appeal from the 377th District Court
of Victoria County, Texas.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Yañez, Garza, and Vela
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Yañez

Appellants, Robert Puckett, James Julius Puckett, Jr., individually and d/b/a Puckett Ranch
Properties, Merrill John Stokes, a/k/a Butch Stokes, and CBM Comfort, Inc., d/b/a

Ranchbuyers Real Estate a/k/a Ranchbuyers.com ("Ranchbuyers"), challenge the trial

court's judgment in favor of appellees, Quint Burris, individually and d/b/a QB Properties.1

We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Larkin Thedford, an attorney, and the Hartnett Law Firm ("the Firm") represented

the Velma Lee and John Harvey Robinson Charitable Foundation ("the Foundation") in a

will contest. In that proceeding, the Foundation was awarded ownership of property known

as the "Robinson Ranch," which included nineteen acres of land in Jackson, Victoria, and

Hayes Counties, Texas. The Foundation assigned a percentage interest in the Robinson

Ranch to the Firm and Thedford for providing legal services. According to Thedford, the

owners, including the Firm and the Foundation, eventually agreed to sell the Robinson

Ranch. Thedford testified that after the owners discussed the sale of the Robinson Ranch,

it was understood that Dan Braman would be given the first opportunity to purchase the

property.

Thedford then told his step-son-in-law, Burris, a real estate broker, to ask Robert,

Braman's real estate agent, if Braman was interested in buying the Robinson Ranch.2

Burris contacted Robert and informed him that Braman would be given the first opportunity

to purchase the Robinson Ranch. Robert went to Burris's office and acquired appraisals

1
Robert and Jam es have subm itted a single brief. W e will refer to them collectively as "Puckett."

2
In their briefs, Puckett and Stokes em phasize that Thedford wanted to help Burris and his step-
daughter m ake m oney.

2
of the property, and at Burris's request, Robert signed a "Confidentiality Agreement."3

The Robinson Ranch was eventually sold to SMZ Investments, L.P. ("SMZ") in

August 2006. Thedford later discovered that Burris was not listed as a broker receiving

payment of a commission for the sale.4 SMZ immediately re-sold the property to "High

Country & Cattle" (the "second sale") for thirty-six million dollars; Stokes, Sara Friend a real

estate agent for Prudential Classic Realty, and Carlos Jackson Klutts divided a four percent

commission on that sale.5 Stokes split his share of the commission with Robert. Burris

3
The agreem ent states, in pertinent part:

[Robert] and Puckett R anch Properties . . . expressed a desire to investigate a
possible acquisition of the Robinson Ranch. . . . This Confidentiality Agreem ent will confirm
[Burris], QB Properties and [Robert], Puckett Ranch Properties m utual understanding and
agreem ent in connection with "Receipt of Inform ation" regarding the real estate. [Robert] and
Puckett Ranch Properties hereby acknowledge that he has entered into this Confidentiality
Agreem ent.

1. "Inform ation" m eans all oral or written data, reports, records, or m aterials
and any other nonpublic inform ation or data received by [Robert] and
Puckett Ranch Properties.

2. Inform ation is being furnished solely in connection with consideration of
the acquisition of real estate. No portions of this inform ation shall be
disclosed to other[s] except to those persons or organizations whose
knowledge of the inform ation is required to evaluate the potential acquisition
or as required by law or governm ent authority and who shall assum e the
sam e obligations under the Agreem ent. The undersigned hereby assum es
full responsibility for the com pliance to the term s of this Agreem ent.

3. It is understood that [Burris] and QB Properties' rights are being
protected.

4
On page ten of plaintiff's Exhibit 8, a "Farm and Ranch Contract," "Ranch Buyers Real Estate"
(Stokes's com pany) is designated as the "Listing or Principal Broker" representing only the seller. The
docum ent further provides that Prudential Classic Realty is the "Other Broker" and represented only the buyer.
It also provided that the buyer would pay the "Listing/Principal Broker" and the "Other Broker" each two
percent of the sales price. However, there is no explicit m ention of Burris or Robert. Carlos Jackson Klutts,
a real estate broker, is also not m entioned in the docum ent; nonetheless, Sara Friend, the agent working for
Prudential Classic Realty and Klutts, signed a com m ission sharing agreem ent after closing, which instructed
the title com pany to pay a com m ission of one percent of the sales price to Klutts.

5
Stokes notified Klutts, a real estate broker, that the Robinson Ranch was for sale. Klutts then
contacted Friend, a real estate agent with Prudential Classic Realty, who represented SMZ, the buyer in the
first sale.

3
subsequently filed suit for breach of contract, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation

against the appellants, asking for fifty percent of the commission that appellants earned

on both sales.6

After hearing the evidence, the jury answered eleven questions in the charge in

favor of Burris.7 Burris filed an amended motion for judgment on the verdict and a request

for an additional finding, asking the trial court to: (1) make an additional express finding

that James was the sponsoring broker for Robert; and (2) render judgment on the theory

of fraud. The trial court ordered that Burris recover actual damages of $362,500 and

interest of $32,282.8 Appellants, including James, were held jointly and severally liable.

This appeal ensued.

II. THE EVIDENCE

A. Burris

At trial, Burris, testified that he contacted Robert in October 2005, after Thedford

informed him that the Robinson Ranch was for sale. Robert told Burris that Braman was

"very interested in the ranch and wanted to know the purchase price." Robert informed

6
Burris also sued Sue Seeliger, who is not a party to this appeal.

7
The jury found that: (1) Burris had an agreem ent with Robert and Stokes to share com m issions from
the sale of the Robinson Ranch; (2) Burris "did not fail" to disclose to his client that he intended to receive a
com m ission from a person other than his client or failed to obtain the consent of his client to do so; (3) Robert
and Stokes failed to com ply with the agreem ent to share com m issions from the sale of the Robinson Ranch;
(4) Robert and Stokes com m itted fraud against Burris; (5) Robert and Stokes m ade a negligent
m isrepresentation on which Burris justifiably relied; (6) the sum of $362,500 would fairly and reasonably
com pensate Burris for his dam ages that resulted from Robert's and Stokes's failure to com ply with the
agreem ent; (7) the sum of $362,500 would fairly and reasonably com pensate Burris for his dam ages that were
proxim ately caused by the fraud; (8) the sum of $417,500 would fairly and reasonably com pensate Burris for
dam ages that were proxim ately caused by the negligent m isrepresentation; (9) Robert and Stokes were part
of a conspiracy to com m it fraud that dam aged Burris; (10) the reasonable fee for the necessary services of
Burris's attorney is $55,000; and (11) there was clear and convincing evidence that the harm to Burris resulted
from Robert's fraud.

8
The trial court ordered a take-nothing judgm ent in favor of defendant Seeliger.

4
Burris that Braman was "ready to go" and that Robert "talked about how much money [the

two men] were going to make together as a team." Burris believed that Robert represented

Braman. After several months passed, Burris told Robert that the mineral rights were not

included in the sale of the Robinson Ranch, and according to Burris, Robert stated that

was not a "problem."

In March 2006, Thedford instructed Burris to give Robert a copy of the appraisals

for Braman to review. On March 28, 2006, when Robert picked up a copy of the appraisals

and signed the "Confidentiality Agreement," Burris, while in Robert's presence, crossed out

"Puckett Ranch Properties" and wrote "Ranchbuyers.com" because Robert informed him

that he had "moved his license to Ranchbuyers.com." Burris wanted to protect his rights

to "[a]ny commissions [he] was going to get. . . . Protect [himself] legally for giving [Robert]

that information to make sure that it wasn't going to any other people besides himself and

who he represented." After Robert signed the "Confidentiality Agreement," Burris provided

him with a copy of the appraisals. Upon Robert's request, Burris emailed a copy of the

appraisals to Stokes, whom Robert described as his "partner."

Thedford, Burris, and Robert agreed to meet to discuss the sale of the property to

Braman. Robert told Burris that Stokes wanted to attend the meeting "because [Stokes]

does all the contracts and everything for Robert." When Thedford entered the meeting

room, he saw Stokes and "looked at him kind of concerned and wanted to know who this

fellow was. And Robert said, he's with me." When Thedford asked Stokes why he was

at the meeting, Stokes stated that he was there for Braman.

Stokes indicated that he was "prepared" to give a $30 million offer to buy the

Robinson Ranch. Thedford stated, "[T]his is the deal. [Burris] is my son-in-law and Robert

5
we brought this deal together. . . . I want to make sure you and [Burris] have everything

worked out, everything is good between y'all two. I want everything to go through [Burris].

This is [Burris's] deal. We're going through [Burris] to make this deal happen." Burris

stated, "Everybody shook their heads, said yes, sir, we're all in agreement." After hearing

the offer, Thedford asked if there was any commission, and Burris and Stokes said "[Yes,]

we want a 6 percent commission; 3 percent for QB Properties and 3 percent for

Ranchbuyers.com." Thedford stated that he would present the offer to the Firm and tried

calling Jim Hartnett, who was not available at the time.9 The meeting ended.

Thedford informed Burris that his name was not included in the contract that was

submitted. Burris called Robert, who stated that Robert's name was not on the contract

either, and that Robert did not know if he was going to get paid. Robert then told Burris

that "if [Robert] got anything he might give [Burris] 20 percent referral fee of whatever he

gets, and that's all [Burris] deserve[d]." Burris faxed Stokes a commission sharing

agreement, which Stokes refused to sign. Robert told Burris that Stokes "[was] not going

to pay [Burris] a dime."

In August 2006, Thedford sent Burris a copy of the "U.S. Department of Housing

and Urban Development Settlement Statement" showing that the buyer paid one percent

commission to Klutts and Prudential Classic Realty and two percent commission to

Ranchbuyers Realty. According to Burris, the document he received did not include

information concerning who purchased the property.

Burris stated that he had discussed the sale of the Robinson Ranch with two other

potential buyers, but that he had not disclosed the location of the property or the details

9
Hartnett was a lawyer that represented the Firm in the sale of the Robinson Ranch.

6
because Braman was given the first opportunity to purchase the property. Burris stated

that the Robinson Ranch had not been listed or advertised anywhere.

Burris testified that he had an agreement to share a commission on the sale of the

Robinson Ranch with Robert "from the beginning" and that Robert never told Burris that

Robert could not share the commission with him. Burris stated, "[I]t was assumed between

both of us [Robert and Burris] that we were going to split the commission fifty-fifty." Burris

believed that he was entitled to half of the commission that Robert and Stokes received

because that was the agreement. According to Burris, had Robert informed him that he

would not share the commission with him, Burris would not have provided the appraisals

to Robert and would have stopped dealing with Robert.10

B. Robert Greer

Greer, a real estate broker, testified that Burris had told him that some property was

for sale; however, Burris never revealed where the property was located. Greer worked

with Andy Murphy, a real estate broker from Florida. Murphy represented real estate

investors and told Greer that he had a buyer who was interested in purchasing a large tract

of land. Burris provided Greer with copies of the appraisals and Steve Kopp took pictures

of the property for the investor to review. Kopp informed Greer that the response from

Murphy was "favorable." Because a contract for sale of the Robinson Ranch had already

been written "Greer would show the property to Murphy's client or to other investors who

were interested if the contract "fell through." Greer told Murphy that the sale price was

10
The appraisals adm itted as plaintiff's Exhibits 4 and 5 include: (1) several m aps and pictures of the
Robinson Ranch; (2) identification of the property with a description of its exact location; (3) a description of
the property including, am ong other things, the total acres, the types of soil, the topography, easem ents and
encum brances, hazards; and (4) other inform ation useful to a potential buyer. Burris testified that Exhibit 4
was the appraisal of the Jackson and Victoria County properties, while Exhibit 5 was the appraisal of the Hays
County properties.

7
thirty-six and one-half million dollars net to seller; Greer believed Murphy was "fine" with

that number. Once Greer discovered that the sale of the Robinson Ranch had closed,

there was no reason to continue.

C. Dan Hatfield

Hatfield, a real estate broker, testified that he is an accredited land consultant who

specializes in farm and ranch real estate.11 Hatfield explained that farm and ranch realty

is

kind of antiquated in the way we do a lot of our business. A lot of the
business that's done in residential is done electronically, very fast, very quick
based. You sell something this afternoon, close it in two days. . . . Farm and
ranch is not that way. Farm and ranch is very traditional. . . . A lot of the
listing agreements are not signed and they're not a signed listing agreement.
In other words, somebody says, please sell my place, I'll pay you. It's done
on a handshake. It's done on an honor basis. A lot of the agreements
between brokers works [sic] the exact same way. One broker contacts the
other, says, will you help me sell this place, we'll split a commission without
ever having any formalized written agreement. . . .

According to Hatfield, in a real estate sale, the seller usually pays the commission;

however, the buyer in some instances will pay the commission. In either event, the seller's

and buyer's brokers will share the commission with each other.

Hatfield identified plaintiff's Exhibit 8 as "the standard promulgated farm and ranch

contract form from the Real Estate Commission." Hatfield stated that page ten of the

contract was an addendum, which may include "sole and separate contracts and

agreements. . . . These [agreements] are between other people involved in the

transaction. [They c]an be between the different brokers involved as well as a receipt for

11
According to Hatfield, "The Realtors Land Institute bestows upon people who have gone through
the educational requirem ents and have shown the strict requirem ents as far as num ber of land sales you have
conducted, et cetera, to bestow upon those people who have gone through that educational process and m et
those requirem ents to be able to be an accredited land consultant."

8
the escrow money with the escrow company, et cetera."

D. Klutts

Klutts testified that Stokes told him that the Robinson Ranch was for sale and asked

if Klutts knew of a buyer. Klutts called Friend, who indicated that she had a client who was

interested in buying some ranch property.12 Klutts called Stokes and stated, "this man

[Friend's client] is keenly interested. [Friend] talked to him. He wants to pursue doing a

contract on this place, and we need to proceed forward on it." Stokes told Klutts that

someone else had "first shot at this place" and that he needed to contact that person. A

couple of days later, Stokes informed Klutts that the "man [that had first shot] had decided

not to pursue the purchase of the Robinson Ranch." Klutts asked Friend to contact Stokes

to make a deal, and Klutts "step[ped] back" from the transaction.

Friend orally agreed to split any commission that was made on the sale of the

Robinson Ranch with Klutts. After the contract selling the property to SMZ was signed,

Friend signed a commission sharing agreement with Klutts; Klutts had written the

agreement so that he could furnish it to the title company to ensure that he received his

payment. Klutts understood that he and Friend were "bringing the purchaser to the table"

while Stokes was "the one who knew about the property and told [them] about the property

and said he needed a buyer for that property."

E. Thedford

Thedford testified that he had talked to Robert about the Robinson Ranch "through

the years," and Robert told Thedford that he wanted to work with him on the sale of the

property. The owners eventually agreed to sell the property, and Thedford was "given the

12
Friend split her share of the com m ission with Klutts.

9
authority to submit to the broker or whoever [he] was working with the bottom line that we

would take and [Braman] had the option to take it or not take it." Thedford had Burris

contact Robert and they held a meeting at Thedford's office. However, Thedford did not

"commit the Foundation to pay a commission," and Thedford informed Burris that the

Foundation would not pay a commission.

Robert told Thedford that "he worked with [Stokes] on various things and [Stokes]

had done some work for [Braman], so [Stokes] was going to help [Robert] present the sale

to [Braman]." Furthermore, neither Stokes nor Robert informed Thedford that Stokes was

not representing Braman, that Braman was not interested in purchasing the property, or

that there was another buyer presenting an offer. Thedford did not find out that Braman

had not purchased the property until after the "final contract had already been signed."

F. Kim Kubecka

Kubecka, Burris's employee, testified that she assists Burris by typing documents

for him and that she typed the "Confidentiality Agreement" between Burris and Robert.

Kubecka heard Robert tell Burris that Robert was not a broker and that his "license was

held by [Stokes] and Ranchbuyers.com." Kubecka thought that she would have to re-type

the document because Robert was now working for Ranchbuyers.com. She heard a

discussion wherein Robert told Burris to "scratch out" "Puckett Ranch Properties."

G. Mike Crane

Crane, Robert's friend and Burris's brother-in-law, testified that Robert told him that

he signed the "Confidentiality Agreement" and stated that he had the authority to sign for

the "ranch people, ranch properties."

H. Hartnett

10
 Hartnett testified that the sellers received multiple verbal offers and a few in writing

to purchase the property. They decided to sell it, and Thedford was

asked to let people know that the property was possibly for sale. And so that
would authorize him . . . to contact this [Burris] fellow or [Robert] or multiple
other people. . . . At a later point in time, [Thedford] was authorized
specifically to convey an offer to the group that we thought was [Braman] of
the specifics of what the offer was, and that was 35 million, we would not pay
commission. . . .

Hartnett did not discover that Braman was not the buyer of the property until after

the contract for sale was signed. According to Hartnett, if he had known that Braman was

not the buyer, he would not have dealt exclusively with SMZ. Hartnett stated, "I think I

would have definitely pitted people against each other to—to try and achieve a slightly

higher price. . . . [W]e dealt with [Braman] slightly differently than we probably would have

dealt with just people coming in from the outside."

I. Stokes

The trial court admitted Stokes's deposition testimony during Burris's case-in-chief.

Stokes, a licensed real estate agent, testified that Robert informed him that the Robinson

Ranch was for sale and that the "seller group" wanted to sell it to Braman, but Braman had

"passed on the property because there were no minerals." Robert asked Stokes if his

"large buyer group" would be interested in purchasing the property. Braman gave Stokes

"permission" to work on the sale of the Robinson Ranch. Stokes stated that he met with

Thedford and Burris and someone asked him "point blank, they said, do you represent

[Braman]. And [Stokes] said, [Braman] is the reason that I'm here. And that's all I said."

Stokes then stated that he told Thedford that he did not represent Braman, and that

Braman was not the "buying party." Later, counsel for Burris asked:

Okay. Now there's—I want to make sure I understand this correctly because

11
 in my mind there seems to be a pretty big difference between a couple of
your answers. I want to find out what you told [Thedford and Burris]. Did
you specifically tell [Thedford] in response to his question, [Braman] is the
reason I'm here or did you tell him no, I don't represent [Braman] but he's the
reason I'm here.

Stokes responded, "Okay, I specifically remember a question being asked of me if I

represented [Braman] and I said he's the reason I'm here. . . . I specifically remember that.

I do not remember the other."

At trial, Stokes testified on his own behalf. Stokes stated that he only "represents

buyers" in the real estate transactions and that he has buyers that have "deep pockets."

Stokes and Robert had met many years earlier, and they both dealt in ranch real estate.

In early March 2006, Robert told Stokes that Thedford had informed him that the sellers

of the Robinson Ranch were ready to take offers. Stokes "went to work on it immediately"

by "[building] a book of facts in [his] mind" about the ranch. According to Stokes, he

probably had one hundred meetings and made "countless" phone calls to get prepared for

a presentation to a buyer. Stokes called Klutts, who told Stokes to contact Friend. Stokes

was not aware of Burris when he made a deal with Friend, who represented SMZ, to share

the commission they made on the sale.13

Stokes informed SMZ that Braman had the first opportunity to purchase the property

and then acquired Braman's permission to attend the meeting with Thedford. Stokes

stated that he was a "surprise guest of Robert at [Thedford's] office." Robert told Stokes

that Burris would be at the meeting and had "been named as lead broker on the deal."

Stokes testified that he informed Thedford and Burris that he did not represent Braman,

but did state that Braman was the reason he was there. However, Stokes was careful not

13
Stokes testified that he also represented the buyer, SMZ.

12
to reveal the identity of the buyer. The buyer authorized Stokes to make an offer of thirty

million dollars, which he did. Stokes insisted that he did not have a copy of the appraisals

before making the offer, and that when he finally received a copy, it was too blurry to read.

Thedford informed Stokes that the sellers wanted thirty-five million dollars net to the

sellers—in other words, the sellers would not pay a commission on the sale of the property.

On April 5, 2006, Thedford faxed a document to Hartnett and Stokes memorializing the

seller's terms.14

Robert informed Stokes that he had signed a "Confidentiality Agreement" with

Burris, but Robert did not mention that Burris had "crossed out "Puckett Properties" and

put in Ranchbuyers." Robert did not have authority from Stokes or from the broker to enter

into an agreement with Burris on behalf of Ranchbuyers.15

Stokes believed that he had an agreement with Burris that was limited to the first

offer presented at the meeting at Thedford's office. Stokes understood that the agreement

he had with Burris was that they would share a six percent commission only if it was paid

14
The trial court adm itted the docum ent into evidence, which states:

M r. M.H. Brock (Buddy Brock) is the one that I am talking with for and on behalf of the
foundation. Mr. Jim Hartnett Sr. and Jr. are the two that represent them selves, m yself, and
two other attorneys involved in partial ownership of the Foundation Property. Mr. Brock gave
m e the following inform ation this m orning. Mr. Hartnett Jr. gave m e the inform ation a day or
so ago, which I im m ediately passed on to [Robert]. I have always tried to m ade [sic] sure that
Mr. ________ had the opportunity to have last chance, which the parties have respected at
this point. The above will not be shipped any further and Mr. Brock and Mr. Hartnett, say they
will not seek any other purchasers if your purchaser will sign a contract in a few days.

The proposal is for a net of $35,000,000.00, no expense to the Foundation or Attorneys who
own with the foundation.

....

I suggest that you call Mr. Jim Hartnett, Jr. or Sr. . . . for deadlines and etc.

15
It is unclear from the record who was the broker for Ranchbuuyers at this tim e.

13
by the seller. Stokes believed that agreement "fell apart" when the seller refused to pay

any commission on the sale of the Robinson Ranch.

When the seller refused to pay the commission, the buyer, SMZ, agreed to pay a

four percent commission to Stokes and Friend. In the "Farm and Ranch Agreement,"

Stokes was listed as the seller's real estate agent because it was the "only form [they] have

to hand somebody an offer," and Friend and Stokes "were the only two on this document

and there's a second space over here and so we just put our names in each one." Stokes

insisted that he was not representing the seller and that Friend was aware that he was not

representing the seller. According to Stokes, the document was merely for the purposes

of negotiating the deal.

After SMZ bought the Robinson Ranch, the owner of SMZ, Stephen Ziechang,

wanted another real estate agent to sell the property.16 However, Stokes spoke with

Ziechang and promised to pay for necessary expenses if Ziechang allowed him to handle

the sale. Ziechang agreed but gave Stokes only two weeks to find a buyer. Stokes did not

have the money to pay for the expenses; Robert eventually gave Stokes the money.

On August 14, 2006, Stokes wired $649,500 to Robert. However, according to

Stokes, the amount did not include a share of the commission from the sale of the property

to SMZ. Instead, Stokes explained that: $50,000 of the payment was a referral fee to

Robert for bringing the deal to him; $360,000 was the commission that he paid Robert on

the second sale; $57,000 was reimbursement to Robert for expenses; $109,000 "[was] a

number on a sale that Robert held a six percent agreement on prior to coming to us and

that is in Live Oak County"; and the remaining amount, approximately $100,000, was

16
Klutts testified that Ziechang was Friend's "client."

14
money that Robert had asked Stokes to "hold because sometimes he gets a little spendy

and he had some things coming up and [Robert] wanted [Stokes] to hold on to some

money for him."

On cross-examination, Stokes stated that although documents accounting for the

money he wired to Robert did not exist, he had "found some supporting things" allowing

him to determine the reason for the wire transfer.17 Stokes also stated that he did not have

any documents to show how the amounts wired to Robert had been calculated and that

he had based the calculations on his own recollection. Stokes admitted that in his answer

to an interrogatory asking if he had received money from any party during the past twelve

months, he did not indicate that he received either $57,000 or $100,000 from Robert.

Furthermore, Stokes said that he did not take the lawsuit seriously until one month before

trial, when he "went back to the facts as hard as [he] could."

J. Robert

Portions of Robert's deposition were played for the jury during Burris's case-in-chief.

In it, Robert testified that in October 2005, Burris contacted him regarding the sale of the

Robinson Ranch. Burris told Robert "that [Burris] was going to be the listing agent of the

property and [Thedford] was going to give [Robert] a shot at selling the property to

[Braman]." At this time, Robert was "still operating under [Puckett Ranch Real Estate]."

On April 19, 2006, he "moved his license to Ranchbuyers Realty Service."

Robert told Burris and Thedford that Stokes "was helping him sell the property."

17
The trial court ordered Stokes to produce any docum ents that he used to refresh his m em ory.
However, on re-direct exam ination, Stokes explained that there were no docum ents to produce because when
he referred to docum ents, "[he was] referring to facts that [he] uncovered that refresh [his] m em ory during this
week." There are no docum ents from Stokes in the record showing how he calculated the am ount of the wire
transfer to Robert.

15
Thedford and Burris were aware that Robert represented Braman. When asked if

Thedford believed that Stokes was also representing Braman, Robert stated that he did

not "know what [Thedford] was thinking."

Robert "didn't really look at [the Confidentiality Agreement] before [he] signed it" and

he did not see the line stating that he agreed to protect Burris's interest. However, Robert

believed that Burris would share a commission paid by the seller if Robert found a buyer

through Stokes or anyone else.

Robert did not receive a portion of the commission, but Stokes gave him a "finder's

fee" of $50,000 for the sale to SMZ. Robert received a commission on the second sale;

he did not recall the exact amount but thought it was "between half a million and

$700,000." Robert stated that he tried to hide the fact that Braman was not interested in

the property from Thedford and Burris; however, Robert then denied that he concealed that

from them. Robert then clarified that his answer was "Kind of yes and no." Robert could

not explain his answer. Robert did not remember whether he told Thedford or Burris that

Braman was no longer interested in purchasing the property.

On direct examination, Robert testified that although Braman stated he was not

interested in the Robinson Ranch once he discovered the mineral rights would not be sold,

Braman still wanted to know the asking price. Robert said that he had sold other property

to Braman even after Braman had indicated he was not interested. However, on cross-

examination, Robert conceded that Braman did not ask Robert to find out the sale price

of the property. Robert stated that a client may tell him "no" on numerous occasions, but

that he would still continue asking because he is a salesman.

When Robert signed the "Confidentiality Agreement," Burris did not tell him to

16
provide the appraisals only to Braman. Robert's "understanding of the confidentiality

agreement was that [he] couldn't take the, whatever materials that he gave me to an

unqualified purchaser and your general whatever; that it would have to be a qualified

buyer." Robert testified that such a requirement is a "normal restriction" contained in a

confidentiality agreement. Robert informed Burris that he would be moving his license to

Ranchbuyers.com in the near future; in fact, within the next two or three weeks, Robert

became licensed "under Ranchbuyers.com." Robert asked Burris to send a copy of the

appraisals to Stokes. Robert showed Braman the appraisals, and Braman was not

interested in the property, but still wanted to know the asking price. Robert stated that he

did not know Braman would not purchase the property until Stokes made the thirty-million-

dollar offer, which was "too rich" for Braman. Robert explained that the $649,500 wire

transfer from Stokes included Robert's commission for the second sale of $360,000 and

$57,000 in reimbursements. Stokes informed Robert that the balance of the amount was

for commission on the sale of property in other transactions. However, when Robert

testified, he could not provide an accurate accounting of the $649,500, and stated that

plaintiff's counsel should ask Stokes for that information.

III. BURRIS'S RIGHT TO A COMMISSION

By his first issue, Stokes argues that Burris did not have a "right" to the commission

because "he did not represent any 'person' that would be paying a commission, rebate, or

fee." However, the issue at trial was merely whether Stokes and Robert agreed to share

any commission made on the sale of the Robinson Ranch with Burris, regardless of which

party paid it. Therefore, in order to sustain this issue, we must conclude that a broker or

agent may not agree to divide his or her commission with any broker or agent who does

17
not represent a party in the transaction. We decline to do so.

Stokes provides no authority and we find none supporting a conclusion that Stokes

and Robert were barred from agreeing to share their commission with Burris because he

may not have had a client in the transaction.18 Based on the record before us, we cannot

conclude that Stokes and Robert were prohibited from agreeing to share their commission

with Burris, even if Burris did not represent either the seller or the buyer in this transaction.

Furthermore, we note that there was evidence presented at trial that it is customary for real

estate agents and brokers to agree to share their commission with others who did not

represent a party in the transaction. At trial, Klutts testified that Friend, the SMZ's

representative, agreed to share her commission with Klutts, even though he did not have

a client in the transaction. The evidence also supports a finding that Stokes himself did not

represent a client in the second sale of the property, but was still allowed to share in the

commission. In fact, Klutts testified that Stokes did not represent either the seller or the

buyer in the second sale, but Klutts and Friend still shared the commission from that sale

with Stokes.19 Moreover, there is nothing in the record to indicate that Robert represented

either the seller or the buyer in the second transaction; nonetheless, Stokes testified that

he shared his commission from the second sale with Robert. We overrule Stokes's first

18
See Moore v. Sussdorf, 421 S.W .2d 460, 465 (Tex. Civ. App.–Tyler 1967, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ("It is
generally held that an agreem ent between brokers to work together and share a com m ission on
consum m ation of a deal constitutes a joint adventure and is enforceable."); Miller v. W atson, 257 S.W .2d 839,
841 (Tex. Civ. App.–Dallas 1953, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (allowing a broker who had an agreem ent to "work with or
cooperate with" another broker to collect half of the com m ission paid to the defendant).

19
According to Klutts, in the second sale, Friend represented SMZ, and Klutts brought in the buyer.
The two shared two percent of the com m ission and Stokes received two percent of the com m ission. W hen
asked why Stokes was allowed to share in the com m ission, Klutts replied, "I guess I should have thought
about that m ore, but [Stokes] m et with m e. . . . And [Stokes] drove us [Klutts and the buyer] around in his car
and explained all the details as to the workings of the ranch and getting this done. . . . And I know it looks like
we probably could have just gotten together and not used [Stokes]. But [Stokes] was working real hard at the
tim e on the first deal. . . ."

18
issue.

Stokes, by his second issue, and Puckett by a sub-issue also argue that if Burris

violated the Real Estate License Act ("RELA"), he is precluded from collecting a

commission. Specifically, appellants allege Burris violated section 535.148 of title 22 of

the administrative code, and therefore any agreement to split a commission with Burris is

unenforceable.20

In Henry S. Miller Co. v. Treo Enterprises, a case interpreting the statute of frauds

provision of RELA, which does not apply to an agreement between real estate agents and

brokers, the court of appeals concluded that "[s]trict compliance with the terms of [RELA]

is required if a broker is to use the courts to recover his commissions."21 The statute relied

on by that court specifically stated:

A person may not bring or maintain an action for the collection of
compensation for the performance in this state of an act set forth in Section
2 of this Act without alleging and proving that the person performing the
brokerage services was a duly licensed real estate broker or salesman at the
time the alleged services were commenced, or was a duly licensed attorney
at law in this state or in any other state.[22]

In Trammel Crow Co. No. 60 v. Harkinson,23 the supreme court, citing former article 6573a,

section 20(b)24 of the Texas Revised Civil Statutes, concluded that to be enforceable, a

20
See 22 T EX . A D M IN . C O DE § 535.148 (2009) (Tex. Real Estate Com m 'n, Receiving an Undisclosed
Com m ission or Rebate).

21
573 S.W .2d 553, 555 (Tex. Civ. App.–Texarkana 1978), aff'd, 585 S.W .2d 674 (Tex. 1979).

22
Id. at 554 (citing T EX . R EV . C IV . S TAT . art. 6573a § 20(a) (Vernon Supp. 1978)) (em phasis added).

23
944 S.W .2d 631, 633 (Tex. 1997).

24
The Court in Trammel Crow cites the form er version of RELA, before the Act's repeal and
recodification in the occupations code. See T EX . O C C . C OD E A N N . § 1101.806(a)(1) (Vernon 2004). Although
the current section has undergone som e changes, it is m aterially identical to the form er version. See T EX . R EV .
C IV . S TAT . A N N . art. 6573a, § 20(b) (Vernon Supp. 1997) (repealed 2003) (current version at T EX . O C C . C O DE
A N N . § 1101.806(c)).

19
commission agreement must be in writing and that section 20(b) precluded enforcement

of an oral contract to recover a commission.25 Section 20(b), cited by the supreme court,

specifically stated:

An action may not be brought in a court in this state for the recovery of a
commission for the sale or purchase of real estate unless the promise or
agreement on which the action is brought, or some memorandum thereof,
is in writing and signed by the party to be charged or signed by a person
lawfully authorized by him to sign it.[26]

However, section 535.148 does not contain the language found in the statute relied on by

the supreme court in Trammel that specifically prohibited maintaining a cause of action if

the statute was not fully satisfied.

Appellants, relying on Perl v. Patrizi, urge us to conclude that a broker's failure to

comply with section 535.148 of title 22 of the administrative code makes any agreement

with other brokers or agents to share a commission unenforceable.27 We decline to do so.

In Perl, the Texarkana Court of Appeals held that a contract was unenforceable because

it failed to comply with a former version of section 535.148 that provided that "[e]very listing

contract or other contract in which the licensee agrees to perform services for which a

license is required must have a definite termination date, upon which date the listing or

other contract will automatically expire without any requirement of notice to the real estate

25
W e note that section 1101.806 of the occupations code requires that in order to m aintain a cause
of action to collect a com m ission for the sale of real estate, the com m ission agreem ent m ust be in writing.
See T EX . O C C . C OD E A N N . § 1101.806(c). However, section 1101.806 does not "apply to an agreem ent to
share com pensation am ong license holders." See id. § 1106.806(a)(1); W arren v. W hite, 143 Tex. 407, 185
S.W .2d 718, 720 (1945); see also Insignia Capital Advisors, Inc. v. Stockbridge Corp., No. 05-99-01126-CV,
2000 Tex. App. LEXIS 1649, at *9 (Tex. App.–Dallas Mar. 13, 2000, no pet.) (m em . op.). License holders are
defined as a broker or salesperson of real estate. See T EX . O C C . C OD E A N N . § 1101.002 (Vernon 2004).

26
Trammel Crow, 944 S.W .2d at 631.

27
See T EX . A D M IN . C O DE § 535.148; Perl v. Patrizi, 20 S.W .3d 76, 80 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2000,
pet. denied).

20
licensee."28 However, the Houston Court of Appeals in Northborough Corporate Limited

Partnership, L.L.P. v. Cushman & Wakefield of Texas, Inc., declined to follow the

Texarkana court's holding.29 Instead, the Northborough court concluded that even had

there been a violation of a rule leading to the revocation or suspension of the broker's

license, the violation would not necessarily void a contract.30 We agree with the court's

reasoning in Northborough.

Section 535.148, part of a subchapter, entitled "Suspension and Revocation of

Licensure," allows the Texas Real Estate Commission to suspend or revoke a broker's

license if the broker or agent fails to disclose to his or her client an intention to receive a

commission from another party or fails to gain his client's consent to do so.31 Specifically,

it states in part as follows:

A licensee may not receive a commission, rebate, or fee in a transaction
from a person other than the person the licensee represents without first
disclosing to the licensee's client that the licensee intends to receive the
commission, rebate or fee, and obtaining the consent of the licensee's client.
This subsection does not apply to referral fees paid by one licensed real
estate broker or salesperson to another licensed broker or salesperson.[32]

Section 535.148, like the rule relied on by the Perl court, "has nothing to do with the

enforceability of a broker's commission agreement. Instead, it relates solely to the

suspension or revocation of a broker's real estate license."33 Furthermore, nothing in

28
Perl, 20 S.W .3d at 79.

29
Northborough Corporate, Ltd. P'ship v. Cushman & W akefield of Tex., Inc., 162 S.W .3d 816,
820-821 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

30
See id.

31
See 22 T EX . A D M IN . C O DE § 535.148.

32
Id. § 535.148(a).

33
See Northborough Corporate, Ltd. P'ship, 162 S.W .3d at 821.

21
section 535.148 "references a broker's ability to maintain a cause of action."34 The

supreme court noted in Trammel Crow that it could not ignore the legislature's "unequivocal

expression of intent set out in section 20(b) . . . [that] 'a broker may not recover a

commission unless the commission agreement is in writing and signed by the party to be

charged.'"35 However, we do not find the same mandate in section 535.148.

Moreover, the Perl court concluded that by including the word "must" in the former

version of section 535.148, the legislature intended that a contract have a termination date

as a condition precedent to its enforcement.36 The provision considered by the Perl court

stated, "Every listing contract or other contract in which the licensee agrees to perform

services for which a license is required must have a definite termination date, upon which

date the listing or other contract will automatically expire without any requirement of notice

to the real estate licensee."37 Here, the rule cited by appellants does not contain language

indicating that notifying a client of the intent to split or share a commission with another,

or gaining the client's consent to do so, is a condition precedent to enforcement of an

agreement between brokers or agents to share a commission. We cannot conclude that

a broker's or agent's failure to inform his client of his intent to share or split a commission

paid by one party with other brokers or agents or to obtain consent from his client to do so,

renders such a contract unenforceable. We overrule Stokes's second issue and Puckett's

sub-issue contending that an agreement to split or share the commissions was

34
See id.

35
Trammel Crow, 944 S.W .2d at 635.

36
Perl, 20 S.W .3d at 80.

37
Id.

22
unenforceable.38

IV. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

Puckett39 and Stokes40 challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence

supporting the jury's finding of fraud.

A. Standard of Review

We may sustain a challenge to a jury finding based on legal sufficiency only when:

(1) the record discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is

barred by rule of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to

prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence provided to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere

scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact.41 "[W]hen

the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is so weak as to do no more than create a mere

surmise or suspicion of its existence, the evidence is less than a scintilla and, in legal

effect, is no evidence."42 More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence rises to

38
Because we have overruled this issue, we need not address appellants' allegation that Burris cannot
recover for breach of contract and the benefit of the failed bargain through a fraud claim because he violated
rule 535.148. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.

39
Specifically, Puckett contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support: (1) the
fraud elem ents of m ateriality and detrim ental reliance; (2) that the fraud proxim ately caused the dam ages
awarded; (3) "the existence of a legally enforceable agreem ent to share com m issions on the sale of the
Robinson Ranch with [Burris] regardless of where the com m ission cam e from "; (4) a finding that Burris "did
not fail" to "disclose to his client that he intended to receive a com m ission from a person other than his client
or . . . to obtain the consent of his client to do so"; (5) the am ount of dam ages awarded; (6) the jury's
conspiracy finding; (7) "the jury's finding of justifiable reliance"; and (8) that "the negligent m isrepresentation
found by the jury proxim ately caused $417,500.00 in dam ages."

40
Specifically, Stokes contends there is legally and factually insufficient evidence: (1) that
"Stokes/CBM proxim ately caused Burris' alleged dam ages under any theory"; (2) of detrim ental reliance; (3)
"to support recovery for breach of contract against Stokes/CBM"; and (4) that "Stokes/CBM com m itted fraud,
conspired to com m it fraud, or m ade any negligent m isrepresentation to Burris."

41
City of Keller v. W ilson, 168 S.W .3d 802, 810-11 (Tex. 2005).

42
Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W .3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004).

23
a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.43

In our legal sufficiency review, we review the evidence in the light most favorable

to the finding, crediting favorable evidence if a reasonable fact-finder could and

disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact-finder could not.44 The final test

for legal sufficiency is whether the evidence presented at trial would enable reasonable and

fair-minded people to make the finding under review.45

When reviewing a jury finding for factual sufficiency, we consider and weigh all of

the evidence in a neutral light and conclude that the finding is not supported by sufficient

evidence only if the finding is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as

to be clearly wrong and unjust.46 We must "detail the evidence relevant to the issue" and

"state in what regard the contrary evidence greatly outweighs the evidence in support of

the verdict."47

B. Discussion

At trial, Burris alleged that Stokes and Robert represented to him that they would

share a commission with him on the sale of the Robinson Ranch but failed to do so. Burris

claimed that their failure to perform caused him damages—the loss of the commission.

The jury agreed and found that Stokes and Robert had committed a fraud that caused

Burris's damages.

43
Id.

44
City of Keller, 168 S.W .3d at 807.

45
Id. at 827.

46
Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W .2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam ).

47
Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W .3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam ).

24
 To recover on a cause of action for fraud, a party must show: "(1) that a material

representation was made; (2) the representation was false; (3) when the representation

was made, the speaker knew it was false or made it recklessly without any knowledge of

the truth and as a positive assertion; (4) the speaker made the representation with the

intent that the other party should act upon it; (5) the party acted in reliance on the

representation; and (6) the party thereby suffered injury."48

In the charge, the trial court instructed the jury that a misrepresentation means "[a]

promise of future performance made with an intent, at the time the promise was made, not

to perform as promised."49 For a promise of future performance to be the basis of

actionable fraud, it must have been false at the time it was made.50 "Failure to perform,

standing alone, is no evidence of the promisor's intent not to perform when the promise

was made. However, that fact is a circumstance to be considered with other facts to

establish intent."51 The jury may infer intent from the party's subsequent acts after the

representation is made.52 "'Slight circumstantial evidence' of fraud, when considered with

the breach of promise to perform, is sufficient to support a finding of fraudulent intent."53

The jury found that Stokes and Robert agreed to split or share any commission

48
Johnson v. Brewer & Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W .3d 193, 211 n.45 (Tex. 2002) (quoting In re FirstMerit
Bank, 52 S.W .3d 749, 758 (Tex. 2001)).

49
See Formosa Plastics Corp. v. Presidio Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W .2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998)
("A prom ise of future perform ance constitutes an actionable m isrepresentation if the prom ise was m ade with
no intention of perform ing at the tim e it was m ade.") (citing Schindler v. Austwell Farmers Coop., 841 S.W .2d
853, 854 (Tex. 1992) (per curiam )).

50
Schindler, 841 S.W .2d at 854.

51
Id. (quoting Spoljaric v. Percival Tours, Inc., 708 S.W .2d 432, 435 (Tex. 1986)).

52
Spoljaric, 708 S.W .2d at 434.

53
Id. at 435.

25
made on the sale of the Robinson Ranch with Burris.54 Burris testified that he had an

agreement to share a commission on the sale of the Robinson Ranch with Robert "from

the beginning." He assumed that they would split the commission fifty-fifty. Robert

testified he believed that he and Burris would share a commission paid by the seller if

Robert found a buyer through Stokes or anyone else. Stokes believed that he had an

agreement with Burris to share a six percent commission only if it was paid by the seller.

However, Stokes argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support a

finding that he agreed to share a commission with Burris regardless if it was paid by the

buyer or the seller. Stokes testified that he had an agreement to share a commission with

Burris, but he asserted that the agreement terminated when the sellers refused to pay it.

54
In a sub-issue, Stokes argues that at trial, Burris "judicially adm itted" that he did not have an
agreem ent with Stokes when his counsel stated in closing argum ent:

The second part of this— of this request Question No. 1 basically deals with whether the
agreem ent between [Burris] and Robert binds [Stokes]. And we talked about two ways in
those instructions that he could be bound.

One way is through apparent authority. This part right here. The other way is if that party
ratifies the agreem ent.

According to Stokes, by m aking these com m ents, "[a]ny finding the jury m ay have tried to m ake that an
agreem ent existed directly between Stokes/CBM and Burris and that such agreem ent was breached (Question
3) contravenes Burris' own judicial adm ission." W e disagree. A judicial adm ission "bars the party adm itting
the fact from later disputing its existence." Medina v. Hart, 240 S.W .3d 16, 23 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi
2007, pet. denied). Here, by explaining to the jury that Question 1 included theories of ratification and agency
as binding Stokes to the agreem ent, Burris did not "adm it" that Stokes did not agree to split his com m ission
with him . A statem ent regarding a theory of liability based on ratification or agency by counsel during
argum ent was not an adm ission that Stokes did not agree to split the com m ission with Burris. See Price
Pfister, Inc. v. Moore & Kimmey, Inc., 48 S.W .3d 341, 349 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied)
(stating that to be a judicial adm ission, attorney's statem ent in closing argum ent m ust be "a clear, deliberate,
and unequivocal statem ent"). Furtherm ore, a judicial adm ission m ust be "contrary to an essential fact
em braced" by Burris. See Medina, 240 S.W .3d at 23. Here, Burris argued that Stokes was liable for
breaching a contract with him . A theory that Stokes was bound by the agreem ent through an agency theory
or by ratification would not be contrary to any essential fact em braced by Burris— that Stokes agreed to share
his com m ission with him . Finally, for a statem ent to constitute a judicial adm ission, it m ust be destructive of
the opposing party's theory. See id. Here, Stokes's theory was that he had an agreem ent to split a
com m ission with Burris if paid by the seller, but not if paid by the buyer. W hether Stokes's agreem ent was
based on an agency theory or on a ratification theory does not destroy Stokes's theory of defense. W e
overrule Stokes's sub-issue.

26
Burris testified that he believed he had a verbal agreement with Stokes and Robert entitling

him to fifty percent of a commission on the sale of the property even if it was paid by the

buyer. The jury believed Burris.55 It is undisputed that Stokes did not split the commission

with Burris.

Burris presented evidence that Stokes and Robert continued to tell him that Braman

was the buyer even though Braman was no longer interested. Robert told Thedford that

Stokes was going to help Robert present the sale opportunity to Braman. According to

Thedford, neither Stokes nor Robert informed him that Stokes did not represent Braman,

Braman was not interested in purchasing the property, or SMZ was presenting an offer.

Thedford did not find out that Braman did not purchase the property until after the "final

contract had already been signed." Thedford made it clear to Stokes and Robert that the

sellers wanted to give Braman the first opportunity to purchase the property. Burris stated

that he would have found another buyer if he had known that Braman was not interested.

Hartnett testified that he would have dealt with SMZ differently had he known it was not

Braman making the offer to purchase the property. Hartnett stated that he would not have

entered an exclusive agreement to sell the property with SMZ had he known that Braman

was not making the offer, and he would have tried to "pit" other buyers against each other.

From this evidence, the jury may have reasonably inferred that Stokes and Robert made

a material misrepresentation to Burris.

Burris testified that once he believed that he had an agreement with Stokes and

Robert to split a commission, he provided confidential information—the appraisals of the

55
See Dillard Dep't Stores, Inc. v. Silva, 148 S.W .3d 370, 372 (Tex. 2004) ("[W ]hen testim ony is
contradictory, credibility is for the fact finder to decide.") (citing Jones v. Tarrant Util. Co., 638 S.W .2d 862,
866 (Tex. 1982)) (per curiam ).

27
property—to them and did not pursue other buyers. Robert signed the confidentiality

agreement before Burris provided the appraisals to him and Stokes. When he signed the

agreement, Robert indicated that Stokes was his partner. Burris testified that he intended

to protect his rights to the commission in the confidentiality agreement. Robert stated that

he did not read the document before signing it. There is a clause in the confidentiality

agreement stating that Burris's rights were to be protected. Burris explained that his rights

included a right to share in the commission. Burris testified that he edited the

confidentiality agreement to show that Ranchbuyers.com held Robert's license upon

Robert's request. Robert told Thedford that Stokes "[did] all the contracts and everything

for [Robert]." Burris testified that he would not have provided the appraisals to Robert or

Stokes had he been aware that they did not intend to share the commission with him.

Furthermore, if Burris had known that Stokes and Robert had not intended to share a

commission with him, he would have stopped dealing with Stokes and Robert.

In Question 7, the jury was asked, "What sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash,

would fairly and reasonably compensate [Burris] for his damages, if any that were

proximately caused by such fraud?" The jury answered "$362,500." Proximate cause was

defined in the charge as "that cause which, in a natural and continuous sequence,

produces an event, and without which cause such event would not have occurred." The

jury was asked to "consider the following element of damages . . . and none other: The

sum of money, if any, that [Burris] would have received if the fraud had not taken place."

The sum of money that Burris would have received if Stokes and Robert had not

committed the fraud was $362,500—half of the commission that Stokes received from SMZ

28
on the sale of the Robinson Ranch.56

The jury agreed with Burris and found that Stokes and Robert committed fraud.

Based on the evidence presented at trial, the jury could have reasonably believed that: (1)

there was an agreement to split a commission on the sale of the Robinson Ranch with

Burris; (2) in reliance upon that agreement, Burris acted and was instrumental in providing

information to Stokes and Robert that assisted them in selling the property to SMZ; (3) at

the time Stokes and Robert agreed to share a commission with Burris, they did not intend

to do so; (4) by their conduct and representations, Stokes and Robert concealed that intent

from Burris; and (5) by their failure to share the commission with Burris, he suffered injury

in the amount of $362,500.

Viewing the evidence in the light favorable to the jury's finding, crediting favorable

evidence if a reasonable fact-finder could and disregarding contrary evidence unless a

reasonable fact-finder could not, we conclude that there is some evidence supporting each

element of the jury's finding of fraud.57 Thus, we conclude that Burris presented legally

sufficient evidence that Stokes and Robert made representations with no intention of

performing as represented in order to induce Burris to continue providing confidential

information to them and to not pursue selling the property to another prospective

56
Appellants argue that there is insufficient evidence to support a finding that Robert "ever realized
a com m ission on the sale of the ranch to SMZ, and the jury rejected Burris' [sic] argum ent that he is entitled
to a share of the com m ission on the subsequent sale." However, no question regarding whether Robert
received a com m ission on the sale of the property to SMZ or whether Burris was entitled to a share of the
com m ission on the second sale was subm itted to the jury. Therefore, we do not address appellants' argum ent
as it is not dispositive of this appeal. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1. Furtherm ore, the jury heard evidence that
Robert received between $500,000 and $700,000 as com m ission on the sale of the property and that Stokes
wired $649,500 after the closing on the sales— a total of roughly half of Stokes's com m ission on both sales.
Based on this evidence, the jury could have rationally inferred that Stokes shared his com m ission with Robert
on both sales.

57
See City of Keller, 168 S.W .3d at 807.

29
purchaser.58 Furthermore, after considering and weighing all of the evidence in a neutral

light, we conclude that the finding is not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the

evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.59 We overrule appellants' challenge to the

legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a finding of fraud.60

Finally, by a sub-issue, appellants argue that Robert did not receive a commission

on the sale of the Robinson Ranch to SMZ. However, there was evidence that Robert

received a wire transfer of $649,500 and Robert stated during his deposition that he

received between half a million dollars and $700,000 from the sale of the Robinson Ranch.

Neither Stokes nor Robert could account for the $700,000; if Robert was only entitled to

half of the commission on the second sale, he would have received $360,000. The jury

was free to disbelieve Stokes's testimony that he had, based on his own recollection and

without documentary evidence, somehow calculated the extra amount as including

expenses owed to Robert, the finder's fee of $55,000, commission from other sales, and

money Robert asked Stokes to hold for him. We overrule appellants' sub-issue.

V. JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY

By their final issue, appellants contend that there is legally and factually insufficient

evidence to support the jury's finding that Robert and Stokes were "part of a conspiracy to

commit fraud." Based on this finding, the trial court held Stokes and Puckett jointly and

58
See id.

59
See Cain, 709 S.W .2d at 176.

60
Stokes also argues that there was insufficient evidence to support the jury's finding that there was
fraud by non-disclosure. The charge allowed the jury to find that Stokes com m itted fraud if he m ade a
m aterial m isrepresentation or if he failed to disclose a m aterial fact within his knowledge. Because we have
already concluded that there was legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the jury's finding of fraud
based on Stokes's m isrepresentation that he would split the com m ission with Burris, we do not reach this
issue. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.

30
severally liable for Burris's damages.

Puckett argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the following elements

of conspiracy: (1) that the combination of two persons was to commit an unlawful purpose

or a lawful purpose by unlawful means; (2) the members of the conspiracy had a meeting

of the minds on the object or course of action; (3) one of the members of the conspiracy

committed an unlawful, overt act to further the object or course of action; and (4) the

plaintiff suffered injury as a proximate result of the wrongful act.61 However, the jury was

not instructed on these elements of conspiracy. Instead, the jury was instructed to find a

conspiracy if: (1) Stokes and Robert "had knowledge of, agreed to, and intended a

common objective or course of action that resulted in the damages to [Burris]"; and (2) a

member of the conspiracy "performed some act or acts to further the conspiracy."

"The sufficiency of the evidence must be measured by the jury charge when, as

here, there has been no objection to it."62 Therefore, we must review the sufficiency of the

evidence in light of the instructions given to the jury. There was evidence that Stokes and

Robert agreed to split a commission with Burris but did not intend to perform as promised

when they made the agreement. Furthermore, evidence was presented that Stokes wired

almost $650,000 to Robert after the property was sold and re-sold; however, Stokes

claimed that Robert only received a $50,000 finder's fee. The jury did not believe Stokes

and must have believed that Robert received half of Stokes's commission on both sales

of the property. From this evidence and the evidence detailed above, the jury may have

61
Jenkins v. Entergy Corp., 187 S.W .3d 785, 797 n.10 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2006, no pet.)
(citing Chon Tri v. J.T.T., 162 S.W .3d 552, 556 (Tex. 2005)).

62
Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc., 166 S.W .3d 212, 221 (Tex. 2005).

31
reasonably inferred that Stokes and Robert had knowledge of, agreed to and intended the

common objective or course of action of committing the fraud against Burris that resulted

in the damages. 63 Furthermore, the jury may have reasonably found that Stokes, Robert,

or both performed some act or acts to further the conspiracy.64 Therefore, after reviewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding, crediting favorable evidence if a

reasonable fact-finder could and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable

fact-finder could not, we conclude that there is legally sufficient evidence to support the

jury's finding of a conspiracy under the instructions provided.65 Furthermore, after

considering and weighing all of the evidence in a neutral light, we conclude the finding is

not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and

unjust.66 Because the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the jury's

finding of a conspiracy, the trial court did not err in holding Stokes and Puckett jointly and

severally liable for Burris's damages.67 We overrule appellants' final issue.

VI. CONCLUSION

Having overruled appellants' challenge to the legal and factual sufficiency of the

63
See Central Sav. & Loan v. Stemmons Nw., 848 S.W .2d 232, 241 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1992, no writ)
("The gist of a civil conspiracy is the dam age resulting from com m ission of a wrong that injures another and
not the conspiracy itself.").

64
See Greenberg Traurig of N.Y., P.C. v. Moody, 161 S.W .3d 56, 95 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.]
2004, no pet.) (" It is well-settled law that upon joining a conspiracy, a defendant becom es a party to every act
previously or subsequently com m itted by any of the other conspirators in pursuit of the conspiracy.") (citing
State v. Standard Oil Company, 130 Tex. 313, 107 S.W .2d 550, 560 (1937); Bourland v. State, 528 S.W .2d
350, 354 (Tex. Civ. App.–Austin 1975, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

65
See City of Keller, 168 S.W .3d at 807.

66
See Cain, 709 S.W .2d at 176.

67
See Smith v. Caldwell, 754 S.W .2d 692, 693-94 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, orig.
proceeding) ("All conspirators are jointly and severally liable for wrongful acts done in furtherance of the
conspiracy.").

32
evidence supporting a finding of fraud and conspiracy, we need not address appellants'

issues challenging the jury's findings of breach of contract and negligent

misrepresentation.68 We affirm the trial court's judgment.

_________________________
LINDA REYNA YAÑEZ,
Justice
Delivered and filed
the 24th day of November, 2009.

68
See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.

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