NUMBER 13-08-00653-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
DOUGLAS SANDER, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2
of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza, and Vela
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza
Appellant, Douglas Sander, was charged by information with driving while
intoxicated based on his involvement in a motor vehicle accident. See TEX . PENAL CODE
ANN . § 49.04 (Vernon 2003). Sander pleaded not guilty to the charges. A jury found
Sander guilty of the offense, and the trial court assessed punishment at 180 days’
confinement in a Nueces County Jail and imposed a $1,000 fine. The trial court’s sentence
was suspended and Sander was placed on community supervision for one year. By two
issues, Sander contends that the trial court committed reversible error by admitting: (1)
hearsay statements of the driver of the other car involved in the accident; and (2) the
results of a blood test taken at the local hospital. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On December 28, 2007, at approximately 11:30 p.m., Officer Victor Casares of the
Corpus Christi Police Department was dispatched to a minor two-car accident in Corpus
Christi, Texas. Upon arrival, Officer Casares found two wrecked vehicles in the roadway.
Officer Casares spoke to Sander and the driver of the other car involved in the accident
to discover what had happened. At trial, Officer Casares testified, over objection, that the
driver of the other car told him that she was driving eastbound on Lipes Boulevard and that,
when she attempted to make a left-turn on Spanishwood, Sander attempted to “overtake
her and struck her vehicle.” While speaking to Sander at the scene, Officer Casares
noticed that Sander smelled of alcohol and immediately requested backup.
Officers Anthony Sanders and Armando Vasquez arrived at the scene shortly
thereafter. Officer Vasquez performed three field sobriety tests on Sander to determine
if he was intoxicated. Officer Vasquez noticed that Sander: (1) had trouble standing; (2)
slurred his speech; and (3) had glossy eyes. Sander admitted that he was the driver of one
of the vehicles involved in the accident and that he had drunk alcohol before the accident.
Based on the observations made by Officers Vasquez and Casares and on Sander’s poor
performance on the field sobriety tests, it was determined that Sander was intoxicated, and
he was subsequently arrested.
Because Sander was involved in an automobile accident, Officer Vasquez took
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Sander to Bay Area Hospital to be checked for injuries. While at the hospital, Officer
Vasquez requested that Sander provide law enforcement with a blood sample to accurately
determine whether he was intoxicated. Officer Vasquez then read Sander various
warnings and instructions pertaining to the collection of the blood sample; Sander agreed
to provide the blood sample.1
Gerald Schroepfer, a registered nurse at the Bay Area Hospital, took Sander’s
blood sample. Officers Sanders and Raymond Harrison were both present during the
collection of Sander’s blood sample. Officer Sanders signed a document indicating that
he was a witness to the blood draw. Schroepfer testified that he made notations on the vial
of blood and that the vial was dated December 28, 2007, at 12:39 a.m. Schroepfer further
testified that, once the blood was collected, he wrapped up the container and handed it
over to law enforcement.
Efrain Perez, a forensic scientist with the Texas Department of Public Safety Crime
Laboratory (“TDPS Crime Lab”), testified that the vial of blood was received on January 4,
2008. Perez noted that, upon receipt of blood samples, technicians are trained to
immediately place the vials in the refrigerator at a specified temperature in the locked
evidence vault. Perez analyzed the blood sample on January 10, 2008, and based on his
analysis, Sander had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.22 grams of alcohol per 100
millimeters of blood on the evening of the accident, which was over the legal limit. Perez
further testified that it appeared that Sander’s blood sample had been treated with
anticoagulants—potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride—to prevent coagulation and
degradation of the sample from occurring.
1
Sander signed a consent form authorizing law enforcem ent to collect the blood sam ple.
3
On January 28, 2008, Sander was charged by information with driving while
intoxicated, a class B misdemeanor, and was subsequently convicted of the offense. See
TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 49.04 (Vernon 2003). Sander’s right to appeal was certified by the
trial court on October 15, 2008. This appeal ensued.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Both of Sander’s issues pertain to the trial court’s admission of certain evidence. We
review a trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse of discretion
standard. Oprean v. State, 201 S.W.3d 724, 726 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A trial court's
decision will be upheld unless it lies outside the "zone of reasonable disagreement." Id.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Hearsay Statements
In his first issue, Sander asserts that the trial court committed reversible error by
admitting hearsay statements made by Officer Casares at trial. Specifically, Sander
complains about Officer Casares’s recounting of the statements of the other driver involved
in the accident regarding the details of the accident and, in particular, the other driver’s
assertion that Sander had been driving the car that had hit her. The State counters by
arguing that Sander made a premature objection, which did not preserve error and that,
even if error had been preserved, such error would have been harmless.
1. Preservation of Error
The following exchange is the basis for Sander’s complaint:
Q: [State’s counsel] Did you also speak with the other driver that
night?
A: [Officer Casares] Yes.
Q: And what happened with her?
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A: She gave me her side of the story?
Q: And can you tell the jury in your opinion as to your
investigation what happened?
[Counsel for Sander]: Well, once again, I’m going to object. He’s
saying he talked to both sides. So
anything that he says now would be
hearsay from those people.
THE COURT: Your objection’s overruled. You may
answer, sir.
A: The driver, number two, the female, said she was
driving eastbound on Lipes and she was going to
make a left on the street, I think it was
Spanishwood. I’d have to review my report to be
exact. And she said the number one driver,
which is the defendant, tried to overtake her and
struck her vehicle.
Sander contends that this exchange resulted in the admission of inadmissible
hearsay testimony. He further urges that this testimony was the only evidence that the
State provided to corroborate earlier testimony pertaining to Sander’s admission that he was
the driver of one of the vehicles involved. See Coleman v. State, 704 S.W.2d 511, 512
(Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, pet. ref’d) (“[T]he corpus delicti of drunken driving
consists of the fact that someone operated a motor vehicle in a public place while
intoxicated. The accused’s confession cannot, itself, establish such fact.”). As a result,
Sander argues that Officer Casares’s testimony about what the other driver told him was
inadmissible hearsay testimony, and because the State failed to corroborate Sander’s
admission that he was the driver, the State failed to prove that Sander was the driver of the
vehicle.
The State argues that the question immediately preceding Sander’s objection did not
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call for inadmissible hearsay. It further argues that the question was merely designed to
elicit Officer Casares’s opinion about what had happened that evening. Because the
question was not designed to elicit inadmissible hearsay, the State asserts that Sander’s
objection was premature and, therefore, did not preserve error. We agree.
To preserve an error for appellate review, a party must present a timely objection to
the trial court, state the specific grounds for the objection, and obtain a ruling. Trevino v.
State, 174 S.W.3d 925, 927 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2005, pet. ref’d) (citing TEX . R. APP.
P. 33.1(a); Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc)). “All a
party has to do to avoid the forfeiture of a complaint on appeal is to let the trial judge know
what he wants, why he thinks himself entitled to it, and to do so clearly enough for the judge
to understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something
about it.” Id. (quoting Keeter v. State, 175 S.W.3d 756, 760 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)).
The State’s question to Officer Casares about his opinion regarding the investigation
was not designed to elicit hearsay testimony; it was designed to allow Officer Casares to
comment on his investigation and how Sander became a suspect. See Osbourn v. State,
92 S.W.3d 531, 536-37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (noting that the testimony of a police officer
based on his experience is admissible as a lay opinion); Ventroy v. State, 917 S.W.2d 419,
422 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1996, pet. ref’d) (stating that a police officer can testify as both
a lay and expert witness based on personal knowledge and experience from many previous
accident investigations); see also Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 347 (Tex. Crim. App.
1995); Lee v. State, 29 S.W.3d 570, 577 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2000, no pet.) (“Police officers
may testify to explain how the investigation began and how the defendant became a
suspect.”). Because the State’s question of Officer Casares was not designed to elicit
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hearsay testimony, we conclude that Sander’s objection was premature.
We are mindful that after the trial court overruled Sander’s objection, Officer Casares
went on to testify as to the statements made to him by the other driver.2 However, Sander
neither re-asserted his objection during or after Officer Casares’s testimony as to the
statements made by the other driver nor moved to strike the testimony. See TEX . R. APP.
P. 33.1(a)(1); see also Dinkins, 894 S.W.2d at 355 (stating that an objection should be
made as soon as the ground for the objection becomes apparent, and if a question clearly
calls for an objectionable response, the objection should be made before the witness
responds); Ethington v. State, 819 S.W.2d 854, 858 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (providing that
if it was not possible to make a timely objection and the evidence is actually admitted, the
defense must object as soon as the objectionable nature of the evidence became apparent
and move to strike the evidence). Because we have found that Sander’s objection was
premature, we conclude that Sander has not preserved this issue for appeal.
2. Harmful Error Analysis
However, even if Sander had preserved this issue for appeal, any error in the
admission of the testimony in question was harmless error. Rule 44.2(b) of the appellate
rules mandates that we disregard any non-constitutional error unless it affects appellant’s
substantial rights. TEX . R. APP. P. 44.2(b). An error in the admission or exclusion of
2
Arguably, Officer Casares’s testim ony regarding the statem ents m ade by the other driver m ay not
constitute inadm issible hearsay evidence because the testim ony explained how the defendant cam e to be a
suspect. See Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W .2d 330, 347 (Tex. Crim . App. 1995) (“An extra[-]judicial statem ent
or writing which is offered for the purpose of showing what was said rather than for the truth of the m atter
stated therein does not constitute hearsay . . . . [W ]e explained ‘an extra-judicial statem ent or writing m ay be
adm itted as circum stantial evidence from which an inference m ay be drawn, and not for the truth of the m atter
stated, therein, without violating the hearsay rule. . . . W e held that extra-judicial statem ents were not
inadm issible hearsay because they were adm itted not to prove the truth of the m atter asserted, but rather to
explain how the defendant cam e to be a suspect.”) (quoting Gholson v. State, 542 S.W .2d 395, 398 (Tex.
Crim . App. 1976)) (citations om itted) (em phasis in original); see also Lee v. State, 29 S.W .3d 570, 577 (Tex.
App.–Dallas 2000, no pet.).
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evidence is subject to the harm analysis set forth in rule 44.2(b). Johnson v. State, 967
S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Dorado v. State, 843 S.W.2d 37, 38 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1992). A substantial right is affected when the error has a substantial and injurious
effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776 (1946)). If
other properly admitted evidence proves the same facts, the error is harmless. See Matz
v. State, 21 S.W.3d 911, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Brooks v. State, 990 S.W.2d 278, 287
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Additionally, “‘we should not reverse a conviction for the erroneous
admission of evidence if the appellate court, after examining the record as a whole, has fair
assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.’” Cobb v. State,
85 S.W.3d 258, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (quoting Johnson, 967 S.W.2d at 417).
The record reflects that Officer Casares identified Sander as the driver of one of the
vehicles without objection and recalled that, when he arrived, he saw Sander was standing
by his vehicle. In fact, the only people at the scene when Officer Casares arrived were
Sander, the driver of the other car, and the other driver’s husband. Furthermore, Officer
Casares testified, over objection, that Sander admitted to him at the scene that he was the
driver of one of the vehicles involved in the accident.3 Because Officer Casares identified
3
This testim ony is not challenged on appeal. However, with respect to Sander’s argum ent that the
State failed to corroborate his extra-judicial confession at the accident scene that he was the driver of one of
the vehicles involved, see Coleman v. State, 704 S.W .2d 511, 512 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, pet.
ref’d), we note that, based on his investigation, Officer Casares identified Sander as the driver without
objection and that Sander was the only one near his vehicle. Texas courts have held that sim ilar evidence
was sufficient to corroborate a defendant’s extra-judicial confession. See Sandoval v. State, 422 S.W .2d 458,
459 (Tex. Crim . App. 1967) (holding that defendant’s statem ent at the accident scene was corroborated by
evidence that the car was registered in his nam e and that no one else was present at the scene); see also
Reyes v. State, No. 11-07-00367-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 5944, at **2-6 (Tex. App.–Eastland Aug. 7, 2008,
pet. ref’d) (m em . op., not designated for publication) (distinguishing Coleman and affirm ing a conviction for
driving while intoxicated when the only evidence suggesting that the defendant had actually driven the vehicle
was defendant standing by the vehicle and the fact that there were no other people in the area); Youens v.
State, 988 S.W .2d 404, 408 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (holding that the defendant’s
adm ission at the scene that he was driving his truck when the accident happened was sufficient evidence to
8
Sander as the driver of one of the vehicles involved in the accident without objection, the
alleged error, if any, is harmless. See Brooks, 990 S.W.2d at 287; Matz, 21 S.W.3d at 912;
see also Cobb, 85 S.W.3d at 272. We overrule Sander’s first issue.
B. The Admission of Sander’s Blood Sample Into Evidence
In his second issue, Sander contends that the trial court committed reversible error
by admitting the results of a blood test taken at the Bay Area Hospital. Specifically, Sander
asserts that: (1) the chain of custody was broken from the time his sample was taken and
the time the crime laboratory received the sample on January 4, 2008; and (2) the label on
the vial indicated that Sander’s blood had been drawn approximately twenty-three hours
before the accident had transpired. The State argues that the trial court did not err in
admitting Sander’s blood sample because the testimony at trial established the beginning
and end of the chain of custody, and Sander failed to adduce evidence demonstrating that
the sample was tampered with or altered.
1. Chain of Custody
In order for the results of a blood test to be admitted into evidence, a proper chain
of custody of the blood sample that was drawn from the accused and later tested must be
established. Durrett v. State, 36 S.W.3d 205, 208 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2001,
no pet.); Avila v. State, 18 S.W.3d 736, 739 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2000, no pet.)
(providing that a proper chain of custody must be established to admit the results of
establish that he was operating the vehicle). In any event, because we have concluded that Officer Casares’s
testim ony pertaining to the other driver’s identification of Sander as the driver was not tim ely objected to, this
testim ony, whether or not it was hearsay, was probative evidence of which to corroborate Sander’s extra-
judicial confession and was properly before the jury. See T EX . R. E VID . 802; see also Poindexter v. State, 153
S.W .3d 402, 409 (Tex. Crim . App. 2005) (“The trial judge has no duty to exclude [hearsay] on his own, and
. . . [o]nce adm itted without objection, such evidence enjoys a status equal to that of all other adm issible
evidence . . . . In particular[,] it has probative value and will support a judgm ent in favor of the party offering
it.”).
9
scientific testing). Proof that validates the beginning and the end of the chain of custody
will support the admission of evidence, barring any evidence of tampering or alteration.
Stoker v. State, 788 S.W.2d 1, 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), disapproved on other grounds
by Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Hall v. State, 13 S.W.3d 115,
120 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2000), pet. dism’d as improvidently granted, 46 S.W.3d 264
(Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see also Benavidez v. State, No. 13-97-526-CR, 1999 Tex. App.
LEXIS 2833, at *8 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi Apr. 15, 1999, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication). Without evidence of tampering or commingling, gaps or
theoretical breaches in the chain of custody go to the weight of the evidence, not its
admissibility. Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 602, 617 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Silva v. State,
989 S.W.2d 64, 68 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1998, pet. ref’d); Alvarez v. State, 857 S.W.2d
143, 147 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1993, pet. ref’d). Additionally, a mere showing of the
opportunity for tampering or commingling with another blood sample, absent affirmative
evidence of such, is not sufficient to require exclusion of the evidence. Darrow v. State, 504
S.W.2d 416, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974); Dossett v. State, 216 S.W.3d 7, 18 (Tex.
App.–San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d) (“In addition, the mere passage of time is no evidence
of tampering.”).
2. Discussion
In the instant case, Officer Vasquez testified that Sander consented to give a blood
sample on the evening of the accident. After Sander was given various warnings and
instructions regarding the collection of the blood sample, Schroepfer drew the blood and
stored it in a vial. Once he finished collecting a sample of Sander’s blood, Schroepfer
labeled the vial with Sander’s name and the following date: December 28, 2007, at 12:39
10
a.m.4 Schroepfer then gave law enforcement the vial for testing. The TDPS Crime Lab
received the vial of Sander’s blood on January 4, 2008, and immediately placed the vial in
a refrigerator. Perez stated that he tested the blood sample on January 10, 2008, and
determined that Sander had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.22 grams of alcohol per 100
milliliters of blood on the evening of the accident. No evidence was presented suggesting
that the sample had been tampered with or altered. Sander’s arguments pertaining to the
fact that the chain of custody was broken from the time the sample was taken to when it
was received by the TDPS Crime Lab speak to the weight to the given to the evidence, not
its admissibility. See Lagrone, 942 S.W.2d at 617; Silva, 989 S.W.2d at 68; Alvarez, 857
S.W.2d at 147.
Because the beginning and end of the chain of custody of the blood sample was
established, and because no evidence of tampering or alteration was adduced, we conclude
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the results of the blood test. See
Stoker, 788 S.W.2d at 10; Hall, 13 S.W.3d at 120; see also Benavidez,1999 Tex. App.
LEXIS 2833, at *8. Accordingly, we overrule Sander’s second issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
Having overruled both of Sander’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of the
4
The testim ony at trial established that Sander’s blood was drawn about one hour after the accident
occurred. Therefore, Schroepfer’s labeling of the vial was incorrect. The label should have reflected that the
blood was drawn on Decem ber 29, 2007, rather than Decem ber 28, 2007. Regardless, this evidence goes
to the weight to be afforded the evidence rather than adm issibility and no evidence indicating that the vial had
been tam pered with or altered was presented. See Ochoa v. State, 394 S.W .2d 172, 174 (Tex. Crim . App.
1965) (“[A] discrepancy as to the postm ark on a container m ailed to the Departm ent of Public Safety did not
render the chain of custody incom plete.”); Durrett v. State, 36 S.W .3d 205, 211 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th
Dist.] 2001, no pet.); see also Benavidez v. State, No. 13-97-526-CR, 1999 Tex. App. LEXIS 2833, at *8 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi Apr. 15, 1999, no pet.) (m em . op., not designated for publication) (“The chain of custody
is conclusively proven when the seizing officer testifies that: (1) he seized the physical evidence; (2) he has
identified his personal m ark on the evidence; and (3) he placed into and retrieved the item of evidence from
the property room .”).
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trial court.
DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 23rd day of July, 2009.
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