Affirmed and Opinion of April 3, 2003 Withdrawn, and Substitute Memorandum Opinion filed September 18, 2003.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-01-00977-CV
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BARNEY JOE DONALSON, JR., Appellant
V.
RAY B. MARTIN, Appellee
On Appeal from the 280th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 00-37033
S U B S T I T U T E M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
ON R E H E A R I N G
We withdraw our opinion of April 3, 2003 and substitute this opinion on rehearing. Appellant=s motion for rehearing is overruled.
Seventeen years ago, appellant Barney Joe Donalson was convicted of twelve counts of arson. After various collateral attacks on the judgment over the years, he sued his trial counsel, appellee Ray Martin, alleging various theories of fraud. The trial court granted appellee=s motion to dismiss pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Civil Practices and Remedies Code. In six points of error, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing the suit. We affirm.
Factual Background
In 1986, appellant pleaded guilty to twelve counts of arson. He declined a plea bargain which would have required him to plead guilty and serve a prison term of ten years. Instead, pursuant to the advice of appellee, he pleaded guilty and sought probation or sentencing to a mental institution. Also on the advice of appellee, appellant waived his right to a jury trial. According to appellant, appellee represented to him that the prosecutor would seek stacked sentences if he exercised his right to a jury trial. The trial court denied appellant=s request for probation and issued a stacked sentence of 50 years imprisonment.[1] See Downs v. State, Nos. 14-86-339-CR through 14-86-342-CR, 1987 WL 10549, at *1 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] May 7, 1987, pet. ref=d) (not designated for publication).[2]
In both 1987 and 1991, appellant filed applications for writs of habeas corpus alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. For each of these suits, appellee supplied appellant with affidavits stating the prosecutor represented that he would ask the trial court to stack any sentences assessed by a jury if the case went to a jury trial.
In April of 2000, appellant obtained an affidavit from his mother containing her verbatim account of a telephone conversation with the prosecutor in which he allegedly denied telling appellee that he would seek stacked sentences. Upon receipt of the affidavit, appellant instituted the underlying suit alleging fraudulent misrepresentation, constructive fraud, and actionable fraud relating to the statements made by appellee to appellant during plea negotiations. Appellant alleged that the prosecutor never threatened to stack the sentences, and thus, appellee fraudulently represented that the prosecutor would seek to do so if a jury trial was requested.
After appellant filed his first amended petition, appellee filed a Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Chapter 14, Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code. On September 18, 2001, the trial court granted appellee=s motion. After noting appellant had filed Aat least 39 lawsuits or other actions such as mandamus or habeas corpus@ since first being incarcerated, the trial court noted that appellant asserted Awhat is essentially a legal malpractice claim which [appellant] attempts to recycle as a fraud claim.@ The order also stated that appellant did not Aeven assert that he is innocent and certainly has not established his innocence.@ Specifically, the trial court found that: A(1) [the] plaintiff=s claim is frivolous; (2) the claims realistic chance of ultimate success is slight; (3) the claim has no arguable basis in law or in fact (see Peeler); and (4)the claim is substantially similar to previous claims filed by the inmate because the claim arises from the same operative facts.@[3] The trial court ordered appellant=s entire case dismissed.
Standard of Review
The standard of review for a dismissal pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Civil Practices and Remedies Code is whether the trial court abused its discretion. See Hickson v. Moya, 926 S.W.2d 397, 398 (Tex. App.CWaco 1996, no writ). If the court finds a claim brought by an inmate to be frivolous or malicious, section 14.003 allows a court to dismiss the claim either before or after service of process. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ' 14.003(a)(2). In determining whether a claim is frivolous or malicious, the court may consider whether (1) the claim=s realistic chance of ultimate success is slight, (2) the claim has no arguable basis in law or in fact, (3) it is clear the party cannot prove facts in support of the claim, or (4) the claim is substantially similar to a previous claim filed by the inmate because the claim arises from the same operative facts. Id. However, the Texas Supreme Court has discouraged reliance on whether the claim=s realistic chance of ultimate success is slight or whether it is clear the party cannot prove facts in support of the claim as a basis for a claim=s dismissal. See Johnson v. Lynaugh, 796 S.W.2d 705, 706 (Tex. 1990).
A trial court=s dismissal of a claim without conducting a fact hearing can be affirmed on appeal only if the claim has no arguable basis in law. See Retzlaff v. Texas Dep=t of Criminal Justice, 94 S.W.3d 650, 653 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet h.); Lentworth v. Trahan, 981 S.W.2d 720, 722 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). Our review of whether a claim is legally cognizable is de novo. Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 653. Where no fact hearing is held, we affirm a dismissal under Chapter 14 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code upon any of the grounds presented in the motion. Id. To determine whether the trial court properly decided there was no arguable basis in law for appellant=s suit, we examine the type of relief and causes of action appellant alleged in his petition to determine whether, as a matter of law, the petition states a cause of action authorizing relief. See Lentworth, 981 S.W.2d at 722.
Analysis
In six duplicative points of error, appellant maintains the trial court abused its discretion in ordering a dismissal under Chapter 14.[4] We agree with the trial court that appellant is attempting to masquerade what essentially constitute legal malpractice claims as intentional torts. A claim based upon the failure to exercise that degree of care, skill, and diligence that a lawyer of ordinary skill and knowledge commonly possesses and exercises, despite its labeling, is a malpractice claim. See Kahlig v. Boyd, 980 S.W.2d 685, 689 (Tex. App.CSan Antonio 1998, pet. denied) (affirming judgment n.o.v. on fraud claim Abecause the acts and omissions about which [the client] complains fall within the ambit of a claim for malpractice, a legal theory abandoned at trial@); Sledge v. Alsup, 759 S.W.2d 1,2 (Tex. App.CEl Paso 1988, no writ) (ANothing is to be gained by fracturing a cause of action arising out of bad legal advice or improper representation into claims for negligence, breach of contract, fraud or some other name.@) Because appellant=s causes of action pertain to the quality of representation provided and his contention that the alleged misrepresentations resulted in his waiver of a jury trial, they amount to nothing more than allegations of legal malpractice. See Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165, 172 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied) (stating that although plaintiff alleged causes of action sounding in fraud, deceptive trade practice, breach of fiduciary duty, and good faith and fair dealing they were nothing more than claims of legal malpractice). A client convicted of a crime may maintain legal malpractice claims involving that conviction only if he has been exonerated on direct appeal, through post‑conviction relief, or otherwise. See Douglas v. Delp, 987 S.W.2d 879, 884 n.1 (Tex. 1999) (quoting Peeler v. Hughes & Luce, 909 S.W.2d 494, 495 (Tex. 1995)). It is the public policy of this state that the person=s own criminal conduct is the sole cause for the indictment and conviction. Id.
In arguing his first point of error, appellant maintains the trial court erred in dismissing his fraudulent misrepresentation claim. Appellant contends the exoneration requirement does not apply to him because the alleged fraudulent misrepresentation occurred during plea negotiations and not the criminal trial, an exception he gleans from Satterwhite v. Jacobs, 26 S.W.3d 35, 37 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 2000), rev=d in part, 65 S.W.3d 653 (Tex. 2001). In that case, the court of appeals reversed the trial court=s grant of a summary judgment and held that an inmate would not be barred from bringing a malpractice suit arising from a pretrial bond hearing even if he had not established exoneration. 26 S.W.3d at 37. This decision is based on the fact that the pretrial bond hearing did not involve issues of guilt or innocence. Id. However, the Supreme Court reversed the court of appeals as the issue in question was not raised in the motion for summary judgment. Jacobs v. Satterwhite, 65 S.W.3d 653 (Tex. 2001).
We find Peeler persuasive. In that case, the client, Carol Peeler, pleaded guilty and was sentenced to five years probation and restitution. Peeler, 909 S.W.2d at 496. Subsequently, Peeler sued her attorneys for malpractice, alleging he had failed to inform her during plea negotiations that the government had offered transactional immunity in exchange for her testimony against other individuals suspected of engineering illegal tax write‑offs. In affirming the trial court=s grant of the attorneys= motion for summary judgment, the Texas Supreme Court held that it is the illegal conduct rather than the negligence of a convict=s counsel that is the cause in fact of any injuries flowing from the conviction, unless the conviction has been overturned. Id. at 497.
Appellant claims appellee failed to inform him during plea negotiations that stacked sentences could not be imposed and that appellee falsely informed him the prosecutor would seek stacked sentences if he pursued a jury trial. Nowhere in his pleadings does appellant purport that he has been exonerated of guilt through direct appeal or collateral attack on the conviction. Thus, under Peeler, he has failed to state a viable cause of action, and the trial court did not err in finding his claims lacked arguable merit in law and, therefore, frivolous.
In his second point of error, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion when it dismissed appellant=s claims for actionable and constructive fraud. To determine whether each claim has an arguable basis in law, we examine each cause of action in turn. See Lentworth, 981 S.W.2d at 722.
Constructive fraud is the breach of some legal or equitable duty that, irrespective of moral guilt, the law decrees fraudulent because of its tendency to deceive others, to violate confidence or to injure public interests. Newman v. Link, 866 S.W.2d 721 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1993, writ denied). The events giving rise to appellant=s claims occurred during plea negotiations. Because appellant has not been exonerated, he cannot recover from his attorney for malpractice based on that representation. Peeler, 909 S.W.2d at 498. Actionable fraud, on the other hand, is a material misrepresentation, which was false, and which was either known to be false when made or was asserted without knowledge of its truth, which was intended to be acted upon, which was relied upon by the party, and which caused injury. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Meadows, 877 S.W.2d 281, 282 (Tex. 1994). Appellant contends appellee materially misrepresented the State=s ability to request the stacking of sentences, thereby causing him to forego a trial by jury. He also claims appellee repeated this misrepresentation in subsequent affidavits accompanying appellant=s applications for writs of habeas corpus. Like the constructive fraud claim, the actionable fraud cause of action is rooted in the legal representation which occurred during the plea negotiations. Though these affidavits were filed several years after appellant=s trial, their content explained the facts and circumstances of the original plea negotiations. We find both of appellant=s fraud causes of action have no arguable basis in law and therefore overrule his second point of error. Peeler, 909 S.W.2d at 498.
Because Peeler is controlling and applicable, we find that appellant has no arguable basis in law for his claims because he has not been exonerated of his crime through direct appeal or post conviction relief. 909 S.W.2d 494. Having made such a determination, we overrule appellant=s remaining points of error. Therefore we find the dismissal of appellant=s claims was appropriate. Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 653.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Eva M. Guzman
Justice
Affirmed and Substitute Memorandum Opinion filed September 18, 2003.
Panel consists of Justices Edelman, Seymore, and Guzman.
[1] In 1993, appellant=s fifty year sentence was reduced after it was determined that Texas Penal Code section 3.03 prohibited consecutive sentences from being imposed in a single criminal action where all of the offenses were committed during the same criminal episode. See Ex Parte Downs, Nos. 71,636, 71,637, (Tex. Crim. App. April 14, 1993) (per curiam) (not designated for publication) (relying on LaPorte v. State, 840 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
[2] Appellant was formerly known as Damon Downs.
[3] The trial court=s order tracked the statutory language of Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ' 14.003.
[4] Specifically, he contends the trial court abused its discretion when it: (1) dismissed appellant=s fraudulent misrepresentation claim as barred by his criminal conviction; (2) dismissed appellant=s actionable and constructive fraud claims as barred by his criminal conviction; (3) dismissed appellant=s claims as barred by res judicata; (4) dismissed appellant=s claims on the basis that they are substantially similar to a previous claim because they arose from the same operative facts; (5) dismissed appellant=s claims as barred by limitations; and (6) dismissed appellant=s claims on the basis that the ultimate chance of success was slight. In framing his points of error in such fashion, appellant presents subsidiary and redundant points of error separate and apart from the central issue on appealCthe propriety of the dismissal under Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code ' 14.003(b). However, the gravamen of the complaint is that the trial court erred in granting appellee=s motion to dismiss, and we decline to fracture the issue to afford appellant the polymeric analysis he requests. Points of error four and six invoke the statutory language. We also observe that the trial court=s order was not premised upon either res judicata or the statute of limitations. In Howell v. Texas Dep=t of Criminal Justice, the court noted that a dismissal of an inmate=s suit Ashould technically not have been a dismissal based on res judicata@ but based upon the specific statutory language concerning Asubstantially similar@ claims arising from the Asame operative facts.@ 28 S.W.3d 125, 127B28 (Tex. App.CTexarkana 2000, no pet.). The Howell court held the analysis was identical under either circumstance. Id. at 128. Thus, appellant=s third and fourth points are identical.