Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed September 4, 2003.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-02-00973-CV
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IN THE INTEREST OF M.T. AND A.A.
On Appeal from the 315th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 01-06090J
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
This is an appeal from a decree terminating the parental rights of appellant Shumeki Ason[1] to her daughters, M.T. and A.A.[2] The jury found by clear and convincing evidence, under broad form submission, that: (1) termination of the parent-child relationship was in the best interests of M.T. and A.A.;[3] and that (2) Ms. Ason violated three grounds for termination[4] under section 161.001(1) of the Family Code.[5] We affirm.
Background
Believing M.T. and A.A. had been the victims of sexual abuse and that continuation of the children in the home would endanger their welfare, with a substantial risk the abuse would occur again, the TDPRS removed M.T. and A.A. from Ms. Ason=s home. Believing that returning the children to the home of Ms. Ason was not in their best interests, the TDPRS petitioned for termination of Ms. Ason=s parental rights to her children as well as termination of the parental rights of each girl=s father. Following a jury trial, Ms. Ason=s (as well as each father=s) parental rights to M.T. and A.A. were terminated. Ms. Ason filed this appeal.
Issues
In her first point of error, Ms. Ason argues there was no evidence or insufficient evidence to establish by clear and convincing evidence the jury=s finding that she knowingly placed or allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional well-being, an act listed in the Family Code as grounds for termination. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 161.001(1)(D) (Vernon 2002). In her second point of error, Ms. Ason argues there was no evidence or insufficient evidence to establish by clear and convincing evidence the jury=s finding that termination of her parental rights is in the best interests of M.T. and A.A., as required for termination under the Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 161.001(2) (Vernon 2002).
Standard of Review
In proceedings to terminate the parent‑child relationship brought under section 161.001 of the Family Code, the petitioner must establish one or more of the acts or omissions enumerated under subdivision (1) of the statute and must also prove that termination is in the best interests of the child. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 161.001; Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1984). Both elements must be established; termination may not be based solely on the best interests of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep=t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). Evidence supporting findings in termination proceedings must be clear and convincing, not just preponderate; the clear and convincing standard of proof at trial is intentionally placed on the party seeking the termination of parental rights, due to the severity and permanence of the termination of the parent‑child relationship. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 23 (Tex. 2002). The clear and convincing standard needed to support termination of parental rights is the degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be proved. Id. While the proof under this standard must be more than merely the greater weight of the credible evidence, there is no requirement that the evidence be unequivocal or undisputed. State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1979).
When, as here, a party without the burden of proof challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we will sustain the challenge only if, considering the evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to the finding, there is not more than a scintilla of evidence supporting it. See Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995); In re B.M.R., 84 S.W.3d 814, 817 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). AMore than a scintilla of evidence exists where the evidence supporting the finding, as a whole, >rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair‑minded people to differ in their conclusions.=@ Burroughs Wellcome, 907 S.W.2d at 499.
When reviewing parental right termination factual findings, we determine whether the evidence is such that a fact finder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State=s allegations. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. In reviewing the factual sufficiency, the reviewing court considers all the evidence in the record, both that which supports and that which contradicts the trial court=s findings. Id. at 29. When presented with legal and factual sufficiency challenges, the reviewing court first reviews the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Glover v. Tex. Gen. Indem. Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981).
To terminate Ms. Ason=s parental rights, the court was required to find that she committed one of the acts or omissions prohibited by section 161.001(1) of the Family Code and that termination was in M.T. and A.A.=s best interests. Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. '' 161.001(1)-(2).
Act or Omission Prohibited by Section 161.001(1)
The jury found violations of three statutory conditions. Ms. Ason challenges only the finding under 161.001(1)(D), thus conceding the findings under 161.001(1)(E)B(F). Only one finding under the termination of parental rights statute is necessary for a judgment of termination. Robinson v. Tex. Dep=t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 89 S.W.3d 679, 687 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). Therefore, we need only determine if the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the best interests finding.
Best Interests Under 161.001(2)
A strong presumption exists that a child=s best interests are served by maintaining the parent‑child relationship. In re B.M.R., 84 S.W.3d at 819. An appellate court may consider the non‑exhaustive list of factors set forth in Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371B72 (Tex. 1976) in ascertaining the best interests of a child.[6] These factors include:
(1) Desires of the children. A.A. was two at the time of trial and too young to express her desires. However, Elizabeth Daily, a caseworker with TDPRS, testified that there were foster parents available to adopt M.T. and that they were very patient and loving and that M.T. was happy and doing well with them.
(2) Current and future emotional and physical needs of the children. Dr. Lawrence Thompson, a clinical psychologist at the Children=s Assessment Center, testified that the primary thing M.T. needs, in terms of her long-term prognosis, is a safe, secure, and loving home environment. He believed that she needs long-term individual psychotherapy and that she may need psychological medications. Ms. Ason contends that, while in custody of the TDPRS, M.T. was placed in different foster homes and at one point was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. She believes M.T. was Aacting up@ partly because she was separated from her parents. Dr. Thompson, however, opined that the kind of behaviors M.T. exhibited[7] (anger, detachment disorder, aggression, and acting out sexually) were probably the result of some long-standing problems in the home (with Ms. Ason) and not merely caused by being away from her parents. There is evidence that, unless Ms. Ason improved her parenting skills and participates in services recommended by the TDPRS, A.A. is at risk for having the same thing happen to her as happened to M.T.
(3) Current and future physical danger to the children. Dr. Thompson testified that M.T had indications of physical abuse, with marks all over her body. Ms. Ason told Dr. Thompson that M.T. had not been physically abused but rather that she had a skin condition called impetigo and that M.T. had scarred herself by scratching. Ms. Ason testified that a particular scar M.T. had occurred when M.T. played with an iron.
Dr. Thompson diagnosed M.T. as having been sexually abused; he observed that she acted out sexually in several ways and tried to touch other people inappropriately. In addition, Dr. Thompson opined that the greatest risk, as it relates to Ms. Ason, was that of continuing sexual abuse because (1) Ms. Ason continued to be reluctant to believe that M.T. was sexually abused or that Mr. Ason had committed such abuse despite M.T.=s disclosure that he had, (2) Ms. Ason indicated she missed Mr. Ason and that she still wanted a relationship with him and had no plans to divorce him, and (3) Ms. Ason=s ability to extricate herself from a relationship with Mr. Ason (or another potentially abusive man she would possibly date in the future) is questionable. These bear on Ms. Ason=s parental abilities. Ms. Ason seemed not to believe her husband had abused M.T. because, at least in part, he lived out of state most of the time. Ms. Ason believed it was unclear that, if M.T. were sexually abused, that Mr. Ason was the perpetrator because M.T. had said that Adaddy@ sexually abused her but that she often referred to several different people as Adaddy.@
Dr. Thompson also opined that the greatest risk factor Mr. Ason poses to the children is A[m]ost definitely sexual abuse@ and the indications of neglect and physical abuse. Yet, there is evidence that, even after disclosing the sexual abuse by Mr. Ason, and after Ms. Ason agreed Mr. Ason would have no contact with A.A., Mr. Ason was found with A.A. in her grandmother=s home.
Dr. Thompson testified that many things relevant to M.T. were also relevant to A.A. as part of the family unit, and there was evidence that A.A. would have become like M.T. if she had stayed with her mother.
(4) Parental abilities of the person seeking custody. Ms. Ason stated that her primary concern was her children, that she loved them and believed that she had been doing her best to provide the best care for them. There is evidence that Ms. Ason had a close relationship with her children before they were removed. However, the evidence of neglect and physical and sexual abuse M.T. suffered, as well as Ms. Ason=s inability to consider that M.T. was sexually abused, bear on her parental abilities insofar as her ability to keep her children safe. Further, Dr. Thompson testified that he had concerns about Ms. Ason=s parenting skills. There is evidence that one or more employees of M.T.=s day care center told Ms. Ason she had a bad body odor and that she had a discharge in her underwear and should go to the doctor and that, while Ms. Ason made an appointment, she failed to follow up on it.
(5) Whether programs are available to assist the person seeking custody in promoting the best interests of the child. Ms. Ason testified that she had been attending therapy, had completed parenting classes, and that she had learned from going to discussions. Ms. Ason points out that she has completed parts of her family service plan and, at trial, was still working on the requirements of the plan by participating in counseling.
It is certainly commendable that Ms. Ason is attempting to make such positive changes. However attempting such changes does not negate a finding that termination is in the children=s best interests. See In re M.G.D., 108 S.W.3d 508, 513 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. filed) (finding evidence factually sufficient to support conclusion that termination of mother=s parental rights was in children=s best interest despite mother having complied in all but minor respects with a family service plan, completed substance abuse and parenting classes, and apparently remained drug-free). Often, the failure to comply with a family service plan is cited as evidence favoring termination, but the converse is not necessarily trueBthat compliance with a plan means termination cannot be in a child=s best interests. Id. at 514. Certainly, then, something short of full compliance will not dictate that termination cannot be in a child=s best interests.
There was evidence at trial that Ms. Ason had not completed her individual therapy. There was also evidence that, to the extent Ms. Ason was not motivated to believe her husband molested M.T., the therapy may not be helpful. And the jury heard evidence that A.A. is at risk unless Ms. Ason improves her parenting skills and participates in services recommended by the TDPRS. We cannot predict whether, upon completing the programs, Ms. Ason will immediately be able to care for her children in a way that would meet the children=s best interests. What the jury heard was evidence that M.T. needsCnow, not in the futureCa safe, secure, and loving home environment. To have the children remain in foster care on the chance of her transformation delays their ability to experience a stable and secure home environment. Thus, although Ms. Ason contends there was no evidence presented that M.T. and A.A. could not have remained in their foster care placement while she continued to work on the family service plan, the evidence clearly suggests that doing so would not be in the children=s best interests.
(6) Plans for the child by the person seeking custody. Ms. Ason testified that if she got her children back, they would live in an apartment she shared with her friend and mother of two children. Ms. Ason testified that, at the time of trial, A.A. seemed fine but that M.T. may need special attention but that she could not say whether M.T. needed to continue in therapy but that she planned to participate in therapy with her.
Elizabeth Daily, a caseworker with TDPRS, testified that there were parents available to adopt M.T. and that they were very patient and loving and that M.T. was happy and doing well with them.
(7) Stability of the home or proposed placement. Ms. Ason contends that, as of the date of trial, she had a job, a stable place to live, and no plans to live with her husband Israel Ason. She also contends that the TDPRS called only one mental health professional to testify about the children=s best interests and that the case worker and foster mothers who testified were not experts qualified to give a recommendation on termination.
Nothing in this area of the law limits jurors to the opinions of experts. In re M.G.D., 108 S.W.3d 508 at 512. Surely, they may apply their own experience and common sense to the facts to draw conclusions regarding a child=s best interests. Id. Expert testimony may well be helpful in termination cases, but there is no reason to think jurors are unqualified to form their own opinions about whether someone is likely to provide a stable and healthy home. Id. TDPRS caseworker Daily testified that placing the children for adoption was in their best interests; that it would provide A.A. a safe, stable, loving home without the stigma of a foster home and that it would prevent further disruptive litigation.
(8) Acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the parent‑child relationship is not proper. Ms. Ason=s inability to prevent the sexual and physical abuse M.T. suffered indicate she may have caused or failed to prevent such abuse.
(9) Any excuse for acts or omissions of the parent. Ms. Ason concedes that she may lack some attributes of the ideal parent.
Conclusion
After weighing the evidence as it relates to the nine Holley factors, we conclude there is legally and factually sufficient clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court=s finding that termination of the parent‑child relationship is in M.T. and A.A.=s best interests. We therefore overrule Ms. Ason=s second and final point of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Paul C. Murphy
Senior Chief Justice
Judgment rendered and Memorandum Opinion filed September 4, 2003.
Panel consists of Chief Justice Brister, and Justices Fowler and Murphy.[8]
[1] Also known as Shumeki Nakii Thomas.
[2] M.T. was 6 years old and A.A. was 2 years old at the time of trial.
[3] See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 161.001(2) (Vernon 2002).
[4] Although Ms. Ason claims that the sole finding adverse to her under ' 161.001 was a finding under section 161.001(1)(D) (that she knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered the physical or emotion al well-being of the children), the court signed a nunc pro tunc degree specifically incorporating the jury=s verdict, in its entirety, where the jury found violations of three conditions under section 161.001(1), specifically section 161.001(1)(D)B(F).
[5] See Tex. Fam. Code Ann., ' 161.001(1)(D)B(F) (Vernon 2002).
[6] The State is not required to prove all of the Holley factors, particularly if there is undisputed evidence that the parent‑child relationship endangers the child=s safety. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. Absence of evidence about some of the best interests factors does not preclude a factfinder from reasonably forming a strong conviction that termination is in the child=s best interests. Robinson, 89 S.W.3d at 688.
[7] Dr. Thompson stated that M.T. was functioning at a very low level psychologicallyCso much so, that he was unable to do some of the standard testing. Particularly, he noted that she had gross difficulty with her anger and diagnosed her with intermittent explosive disorder, losing all control and acting out aggressively with extreme temper tantrums. He further noted that she had reactive attachment disorder, often caused by neglect and/or physical or sexual abuse.
[8] Senior Chief Justice Paul C. Murphy sitting by assignment.