J-S42011-15
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
ABDULLAH R R. MUHAMMAD,
Appellant No. 2257 EDA 2014
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 24, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0005853-2012
BEFORE: SHOGAN, MUNDY, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 14, 2015
Appellant, Abdullah R R. Muhammad,1 appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered following his convictions of first-degree murder,
conspiracy, carrying a firearm without a license, carrying a firearm in public
in Philadelphia, and possession of an instrument of crime (“PIC”). We
affirm.
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
We note that throughout the certified record before us various documents
refer to Appellant as: “Abdullah R R. Muhammad,” “Abdullah R. R
Muhammad,” “Abdullah R. R. Muhammad,” “Abdullah R. Muhammad,” and
“Abdullah Muhammad.”
J-S42011-15
We summarize the history of this case as follows.2 In 2009, Appellant
became romantically involved with co-defendant, Tania Boozer (“Boozer”).
On three different occasions that year, Boozer arranged for her sister to
purchase firearms on behalf of Appellant. Boozer also purchased a life
insurance policy that covered accidental death for her husband, James
Hayward (“Victim”). On the morning of July 14, 2009, Victim was shot to
death while walking on a Philadelphia street. The deadly gunshots were
seen coming from a vehicle matching the description of Appellant’s car.
Eleven days later, Appellant reported his vehicle as having been stolen.
On March 7, 2012, Appellant was arrested and charged with multiple
crimes related to the above incident. On March 24, 2014, Appellant was
convicted of the crimes stated above. That same day, the trial court
sentenced Appellant to serve a mandatory term of life imprisonment without
parole, and an aggregate consecutive term of incarceration of thirty-three
and one-half to sixty-seven years. Appellant filed post-sentence motions,
which were denied by operation of law. This timely appeal followed. Both
Appellant and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Appellant presents the following issues for our review:
____________________________________________
2
For a more detailed presentation of the factual and procedural history of
this matter, we direct the reader to the opinion authored by the trial court.
See Trial Court Opinion, 12/23/14, at 1-11.
-2-
J-S42011-15
I. Did the lower court err in denying [Appellant’s] request for a
continuance so that counsel of his choice could enter an
appearance and try the case?
II. Did the lower court err in admitting the acts of co-defendant,
Tania Boozer, including the procurement of an insurance policy
for the decedent; contacting the insurance company to inquire if,
“getting shot was an accident” under the policy; the doctoring of
police reports; and moving to Virginia when the Commonwealth
failed to introduce evidence demonstrating that said acts were
objects of the conspiracy between [Appellant] and Boozer?
III. Did the lower court err in admitting evidence of a phone call
which showed that [Appellant] was incarcerated on other
charges prior to being to being [sic] arrested in this matter?
IV. Did the lower court err in denying defendant’s request for a
mistrial after the prosecutor’s remarks in closing argument
improperly shifted the burden of proof to [Appellant]?
Appellant’s Brief at 3-4.
We have reviewed the briefs of the parties, the relevant law, the
certified record before us on appeal, and the thorough opinion of the trial
court dated December 23, 2014. It is our conclusion that each of the issues
presented by Appellant lack merit, and the trial court’s opinion adequately
addresses Appellant’s claims raised on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm on the
basis of the trial court’s opinion and adopt its reasoning as our own. The
parties are directed to attach a copy of that opinion in the event of further
proceedings in this matter.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
-3-
J-S42011-15
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/14/2015
-4-
Circulated 08/10/2015 11:41 AM
CP-51-CR-0005B53-2012Comm. v. Muhommad, Abdullah RR.
Opinion
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OPINION ·)i;
Byrd,J. December 23, 2014
Abdullah Muhammad filed a direct appeal from this court's October 1, 2013 judgment of
sentence. In accordance with the requirements of PA. R.App; PROC. 1925, this court submits the
following Opinion.
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant Abdullah Muhammad was arrested on March 7, 2012 and charged with a range of
offenses.1 On March 24, 2014, following a jury trial before this court, defendant was convicted of
murder in the first degree, criminal conspiracy, carrying a firearm without a license, earring a
firearm on public streets or public property in Philadelphia, and possession of instrument of
crime. He was then sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole on the charge
of murder in the first degree.2 On March 29, 2014, defendant filed a Post-Sentence Motion and
the motion was denied by operation of law on July 31, 2014. Defendant filed a Notice of Appeal
'Defendant was charged with ( 18 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. § 2502( a-c) murder; § 903 (c) conspiracy to commit murder
charge (which was changed to § 903 (a)(l) criminal conspiracy engaging; § 6105 (a)(l) possession of firearm
prohibited; § 6106 (a)(l) carrying firearms without a license; § 6108 carrying a firearm on public streets or public
property in Philadelphia; and § 907 (a) possession of instrument of crime.
2 Defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole followed by a consecutive 33 .5-67
years of imprisonment on the remaining offenses.
,,
\ ....
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on August 5, 2014. This court issued an order on August 6, 2014 directing defendant to file a
Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal in accordance with PA. R.APP. PROC. 1925 (b).
On August 12, 2014, said statement was filed.
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
At trial, the Commonwealth and defendant presented evidence, which when viewed in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, established the following.
James and Tania Hayward were in a long-term relationship that led to a marriage which
was tested by financial troubles, Mr. Hayward's drug addiction and his infidelity which produced
a child out of wedlock. Id. at 55-56. Co-defendant Tania Boozer Hayward, wife of decedent
James Hayward, met defendant when she and her husband worked with him in 2007 at a firm
called Gamesa. NT 3/19/14 at 58. Initially, Mrs. Hayward and defendant were simply
coworkers but eventually, while Mr. Hayward was in and out of jail and unable to keep a steady
job, they became romantically involved. Id at 58-59. Sonjan Frederick, Mrs. Hayward's younger
sister by approximately 12 years, moved into the Hayward residence at 1322 McKinley Street, at
the age of 16 years-old.NT 3/19/14 at 51-54. In 2009, the Hayward residence was home to Mrs.
Hayward, decedent, their three children, Ms. Frederick and her daughter. Id. at 55.
Ms. Frederick became involved in this case when Mrs. Hayward asked her to purchase a
firearm on defendant's behalf. Id at 58, 63. Mrs. Hayward informed Ms. Frederick that
defendant was willing to pay her one hundred dollars for her participation in the transaction, and
she acquiesced. Id. at 63-64. Approximately one week later, on February 26, 2009, defendant and
Mrs. Hayward picked up Ms. Frederick in defendant's gold Dodge Durango with tinted rear
windows and the three drove to the Ready, Aim, Fire gun store. Id. at 61, 69. Upon arrival,
before entering the store, defendant gave Ms. Frederick $300.00 in cash to use towards the
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firearm's purchase. Id at 65. Once the three entered the store, defendant pointed out the firearm
he wanted Ms. Frederick to purchase and she initiated the first firearm transaction on his behalf.
Id at 65. Ms. Frederick purchased a Smith & Wesson M&P .45 caliber using the $300.00 in cash
and the remaining cost was paid using defendant's credit card. Id at 68, 70. After the purchase
the three left the store, at which point Ms. Frederick, with the intent to relinquish control, gave
defendant the gun and he put it in the trunk of his Durango. Id at 74. The three then got back
into the Durango and drove to defendant's apartment in Bensalem, Pennsylvania where Ms.
Frederick received payment. Id. at 75. There she observed Mrs. Hayward's clothing and
belongings in one of his closets. Id at 76. Ms. Frederick also overheard defendant on the phone
with his wife, Kamitra Muhammad, arguing about one of defendant's other firearms which was
in his wife's name. Id at 76.
On March I, 2009, there was a second firearms transaction involving Mrs. Hayward, Ms.
Frederick and defendant. Id at 78-79. When the three arrived at the firearms store, defendant's
wife was already inside filling out forms to transfer a Springfield Armory XD-.45 ACP (.45
caliber) handgun from her name to Ms. Frederick's name. Id. at 81-83; NT 3/20/2014 at 25.
When the transaction was complete, Ms. Frederick exited the store, handed the firearm over to
defendant and was paid $100.00. NT 3/19/14 at 86. On July 8, 2009, there was a third
transaction using Ms Frederick and initiated by Mrs. Hayward on defendant's behalf. Id. at 88.
Defendant picked up Mrs. Hayward and Ms. Frederick and, en route to the firearm store,
indicated that he wanted to exchange the Smith & Wesson from the first transaction for a smaller
firearm. Id at 89. After entering the firearms store, defendant identified the handgun he wanted,
a .38 Special Revolver, and Ms. Frederick gave the store clerk the Smith & Wesson and
submitted the requisite forms. Id at 91. However, this time her application was denied and the
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.45 Smith and Wesson was sold back to the firearms store. Id at 95. All state and federal
applications and records of sale and transfer for each firearm transaction were presented at trial
N.T 3/20/2014 at 14.
By July 14, 2009 Mr. Hayward had been released from prison and was home at 1322
McKinley Street for approximately one week. N.T 3/19/14 at 96. On that morning, around 7 a.m.
or 7:30 a.m., Ms. Frederick left 1322 McKinley Street to take her daughter to daycare. Id. at 98-
99,184. While waiting at the bus stop, Ms. Frederick was surprised when defendant pulled up
alongside her in his Durango and offered to give them a ride. Id. at 98-99. Ms. Frederick was not
accustomed to seeing defendant in the neighborhood when her brother-in-law was home. Id. at
99. On the drive to daycare, defendant asked Ms. Frederick if Mrs. Hayward was going to leave
her husband for him. He appeared upset when she answered in the negative and told him that
Mrs. Hayward was "only playing with" him. Id at 101. While driving from the daycare,
defendant stated to Ms. Frederick "Tell Tania (Mrs. Hayward) it was nice knowing her, nice
[her] knowing me," and that he would drop her clothes off when he returned from Newark. Id at
102. Upon returning home, Ms. Frederick informed her sister of the above encounter with
defendant. Id. at 102-103.
Around 8:00 a.m. Mrs. Hayward made a phone call, and later both women walked to
Dunkin Donuts where defendant was waiting in his Durango in an adjacent parking lot. Id. at
103-104,185-186. Mrs. Hayward entered defendant's vehicle and Ms. Frederick entered the
restaurant, where she remained for approximately five or ten minutes. Id. at 104, 186. After
exiting Dunkin Donuts, Ms. Frederick entered defendant's vehicle, and Mrs. Hayward and
defendant abruptly ended their conversation. Mrs. Hayward immediately exited the car and Ms.
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Frederick followed her. Id at 105. On the walk home, Ms. Frederick asked Mrs. Hayward what
defendant was doing in their neighborhood and she replied, "I don't know, [h]e's crazy."
Once they returned home, Mrs. Hayward got dressed and asked Ms. Frederick to
accompany her to their older sister's house in the West Oak Lane section of Philadelphia. Id at
106-107. The two exited their home and found defendant waiting outside in his Durango. Id at
107. Upon entering defendant's vehicle, Ms. Frederick asked him if he was "taking them" and
defendant replied, "I'm not taking you all. I'm going to get this nigga, James." Id at 108. As he
was making that statement, defendant was putting on a black skully hat and black gloves. Id He
then reached under his seat, grabbed a small black handgun and "chocked it back," making a
racking motion with his hands. Id. Defendant then inquired into James Hayward's whereabouts
and asked "where this nigga going to be at?" Id. at 109. Mrs. Hayward replied, "I don't know,
[h]e got to go to PennDot and child support court." Id. Defendant then dropped the sisters off at a
bus stop. Id at 110.
While at the bus top, Ms. Frederick sat on a nearby step nervously rocking, when Mrs.
Hayward asked her what was wrong, she replied, " I don't want to know this man (defendant)
about go kill James. This aint something I [] want to know." Id at 110. Mrs. Hayward, then
stated with a giggle, "Yea, I know right." Id. at 110-111. Mrs. Hayward made several phone calls
while waiting at the bus stop, including a phone call to their home where she stated to someone,
"Is James up? Tell James to get up and go to PennDot to get his ID because he has child support
court." Id at 112; NT 3/20/2014 at 139-104. Sometime later, while waiting at the bus stop, Mrs.
Hayward saw defendant drive past in his gold Dodge Durango and stated "Let me call this
dummy." The call, however, went to voicemail. Id. at114-115; NT 3/20/2014 at 141.
Eventually, the sisters left the bus stop and went back home to 1322 McKinley Street, where they
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saw a breaking news report about an unidentified man being shot in the area of the PennDot in
Oxford Circle. N.T. 3/19/14 at 115. Despite the fact the shooting victim had not been identified
in the news report, Mrs. Hayward stated to Ms. Frederick that she had an accident insurance
policy on her husband. Id at 116-117. Unsure whether a fatal gunshot wound was covered by the
plan Mrs. Hayward picked up the phone and dialed her insurance company. Id at 117-118. At
Mrs. Hayward's request, Ms. Frederick then spoke to the representative and was informed that it
was covered. Id Mrs. Hayward subsequently indicated that she would be planning a funeral. Id.
at 118.
Prior to the news report, at approximately 11 :00 a.m. that morning, in the Northeast
section of Philadelphia, residents of the Oxford Villa Projects were suddenly alarmed by the
sound of two initial gunshots. N.T 3/18/2014 at 50, 56, 74. A gold Dodge Durango slowly drove
up to approximately twelve (12) feet from James Hayward, who was walking from the nearby
PennDot.3 A black male stuck his arm out of the passenger side window of the vehicle and fired
a hand gun. Id. 58-60, 67, 74, 83, N.T. 3/20/2014 at 83. Decedent was seen dodging back and
forth from behind a tree, attempting to avoid the bullets that were being fired at him. NT
3/18/2014 at 57-58. Residents reported hearing an additional seven (7) to ten (10) gun shots
being fired at the victim. Id at 59, 78. Bleeding profusely, decedent eventually fell to the ground .
and rolled around before he pushed himself inside a house at 6144 Oxford Avenue, where he
stumbled onto a wall, slid down and fell to the floor in the living room of the house. NT
3/18/2014 at 50-51,80-81. The Good Samaritan residents of the home dialed 911, placed a towel
over decedent's gunshot wounds and remained in his company until he took his last breath. Id.
Decedent stopped breathing within seconds of entering the house. Id
3
Video footage obtained from PennDot on July 4, 2014 displayed decedent leaving PennDot at 10:59 a.m. and
walking in the direction of the crime scene. N. T. 3/20/2014 at 160-161.
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At approximately 11 :07 a.m., Officer Raymond Masciocchi received a radio call of shots
fired in the area of 6100 Oxford Avenue, and within seconds he arrived on the scene and radioed
for paramedics. Id at 90-92. Upon entering the open door to 6144 Oxford Street, Officer
Masciocchi observed decedent seated on the floor in a pool of blood with his back on the wall
and half of his side leaning on the couch. Id at 90, 99. Decedent had sustained gunshot wounds
and was unresponsive. Id at 91. Paramedics arrived and transported him to the Albert Einstein
Medical Center where he was pronounced dead at 11:45 a.m. Id. at 103-104; NT 3/20/2014 at
33. At the hospital, officers recovered decedent's clothing and belongings and were able to
identify him as James Hayward. Id at 104.
Later that afternoon, Detective Crystal Williams went to the home at 1322 McKinley
Street to notify Mrs. Hayward of her husband's death. NT. 3/20/2014 at 10. Detective Williams
testified that she was quite surprised by Mrs. Hayward unusually calm response upon
notification. Id Detective Williams testified that Mrs. Hayward did not exhibit any crying,
falling out or other typical reactions she normally observes when making death notifications. Id
She explained how Mrs. Hayward's reaction was the first of the sort she observed in her eleven
years as a homicide detective. Id Later that evening, in front of family members, Mrs. Hayward
implicated one of decedent's friends in his death. Id at 121. When Ms. Frederick asked Mrs.
Hayward if she would ever consider coming forward and telling that defendant killed Mr.
Hayward, she replied, "No, we can't do that because we could get charged with conspiracy." Id
at 123. On July 15, 2014, the day after the shooting Mrs. Hayward was taken to the police station
for questioning where she denied knowing anyone who owned a gold Dodge Durango. Id at 80.
On July 25, 2014, eleven days after decedent's murder, defendant reported his gold Dodge
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Durango stolen from Elizabeth Township, New Jersey, and the vehicle was never recovered. Id
at 49, 56-57.
Dr. Gary Lincoln Collins, Deputy Chief Medical Examiner, testified as the
Commonwealth's expert in the field of forensic pathology. NT 3/20/2014 at 30-31. Dr. Collins
performed a post mortem autopsy of the thirty-four-year-old decedent and generated a report
with his findings which were introduced at trial. Id at 32. Dr. Collins concluded to a reasonable
degree of medical certainty that decedent's manner of death was homicide, caused by three
gunshot wounds, one to his left hip, and two, a penetrating and a perforating, gunshot to his left
knee. Id. at 35, 44. External examination of decedent's body revealed an attempt at life-saving
medical interventions. Id. at 3 5. Hospital physicians had placed breathing tubes in decedent's
mouth in an attempt to provide air to his lungs, inserted intravenous catheters in his right elbow
region to provide fluid in an attempt to get his heart started, and placed electric cardiograph leads
and heart monitors on his chest. Id at 35-36.
Observation of the entrance wound located on decedent's left hip, close to his hipbone
led Dr. Collins to opine that a bullet entered the left side of decedent's hip and traveled through
the soft tissue of his left thigh, passed through the soft tissue around decedent's scrotum, and
then went across to his right thigh lodging itself in muscle tissue. Id at 36-37. Decedent
subsequently suffered extensive bleeding into the muscles of his left thigh, scrotal sack and the
scrotum was enlarged and also filled with blood. Id. at 37. Dr. Collins found that the left hip
bullet traversed decedent's blood vessels as it traveled through the profunda femoris artery which
is a large vessel that supplies blood to the muscles and soft tissues and connects to the aorta. Id
at 38. He concluded that the laceration of the profunda femoris artery caused extensive bleeding
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and prevented oxygen from getting to decedent's major organs causing excessive blood loss,
increased blood pressure and hypertension ultimately leading to death. Id. at 39.
After examining the gunshot wound to decedent's left knee, Dr. Collins concluded that
the first bullet entered the inside of the left knee, went through the soft tissues behind decedent's
patella and exited the outer left knee area. Id. at 3 7. The second bullet was through and through,
in that there was an entrance and exit wound so the bullet was not recovered. Id Dr. Collins
concluded that the lack of soot or huge defects in decedent's clothing indicated that the gun was
fired from a distance of beyond 2.5-3 feet and that the injuries were not inflicted at close range.
Id. at 43. Decedent's toxicology report tested positive for atropine, a resuscitative drug used by
hospital physicians to restart the heart. Id. at 45.
The Crime Scene Unit (CSU) investigators recovered seven pieces of ballistics evidence
from the crime scene and submitted it to the firearms identification unit for analysis. NT.
3/18/2014 at 110. They also recovered six (6) .45 caliber fired cartridge cases from the street and
the sidewalk, near the grassy area where decedent was shot, and one copper jacket casing (bullet
core) inside the outer wall of the home at 6144 Oxford Street. Id. at 112-13. Blood samples from
the steps of 6144 Oxford Avenue were also recovered by CSU and submitted to the
criminalistics laboratory for DNA and blood analysis. Id.
Detective Louis Grandizio testified as the Commonwealth's expert in the field of firearms
examination and identified the manufacturer and caliber of the six fired cartridge cases and one
bullet specimen received from CSU, as well as the two bullet specimens recovered by ·the
Medical Examiner's Office. NT 3/19/2014 at 8-10, 22. Detective Grandizio began his testimony
by explaining that each bullet that passes through a specific firearm will possess the distinct
microscopic markings unique to that one specific firearm left by the tools used during its
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manufacture. Id. at 12-13. Detective Grandizio concluded to a reasonable degree of scientific
certainty that the six fired cartridge casings were .45 calibers. Id. at 20. After performing a
microscopic comparison of the six (6) fired cartridge cases recovered from the crime scene,
Detective Grandizio concluded to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that each was fired
from the same .45 caliber automatic firearm. Id at 22-23.
Additionally, Detective Grandizio performed a microscopic comparison of the three
bullet specimens, however due to the damage sustained by each, he was unable to conclusively
determine if they were fired from the same firearm. Id at 23. Nonetheless, in spite of the
condition of the bullet specimens, Detective Grandizio was able to determine that the lands and
grooves on all three bullet specimens had the same class characteristics, therefore he did not rule
out that they were fired from the same firearm. Id. Further analysis of the only undamaged bullet
specimen, the one from the Medical Examiner's Office, led Detective Grandizio to conclude that
it was a .45 caliber bullet. Id. at 24. Detective Grandizio testified to a reasonable degree of
scientific certainty that two of the bullets had an indeterminable number of lands and grooves,
due to damage, while the third had six (6), bu~ all three had a right hand direction of twist. Id at
24-25. He noted that a Springfield Armory .45 caliber XD has the exact same class characteristic,
six (6) land and grooves with a right hand direction of twist, and is therefore consistent with the
firearm that produced the undamaged bullet specimen. Id. at 26.
Detective James Dunlap testified as the Commonwealth's expert in the field of cellular
survey analysis and geographical location. NT 3/20/2014 at 113. He concluded that on July 14,
2014, at 9:18 a.m., two hours before the murder, defendant placed a cell phone call from the
Oxford Circle area within the vicinity of the crime scene. Id at 124. Defendant's cell phone was
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then turned off for four and a half days and was not turned back on until July 18, 2014 at 9:37
p.m. in Newark, New Jersey. Id at 127; 130-132.
On June 8, 2009, Mrs. Hayward obtained an accidental death and dismemberment policy
on her husband, the fifth in a series of insurance policies from Stonebridge Life Insurance
Company. Id at 166. On August 26, 2009, Mrs. Hayward filed a claim under the policy which
required her to submit documentation and verification that she was not involved in felonious
activity or a suspect in the insured's death. Id at 168. To comply, Mrs. Hayward obtained,
among other documents, a copy of the police incident report from decedent's murder; however
she redacted the section identifying the suspect vehicle as a gold Dodge Durango. NT. 3/20/2014
at 75. After receiving the $100,000.00 insurance payment on October 27, 20094, Mrs. Hayward
moved to VirginiaNT. 3/19/14 at 150.
At trial the parties stipulated that on December 9, 2009, defendant, while incarcerated in
an unrelated matter placed a phone call from prison to Mrs. Hayward which evidenced the
continued relationship between the two. NT 3/20/2014 at 64.
III.STATEMENT OF MATTERS COMPLAINED OF ON APPEAL
In accordance with PA. R.APP. PROC. 1925 (b), defendant raised the following issues in
his Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal.5
1. Did the lower court err in denying defendant's requests for a continuance so that
counsel of his choice could enter an appearance and try the case?
2. Did the lower court err in admitting the acts of co-defendant, Tania Boozer,
including the procurement of an insurance policy for the decedent; contacting the
insurance company to inquire if, "getting shot was an accident" under the policy;
the doctoring of police records; and moving to Virginia when the Commonwealth
failed to introduce evidence demonstrating that said acts were objects of the
conspiracy between defendant and Boozer?
4
The payment was cashed three days later at the Bank of America on 10/30/2014. NT 3/20/2014 at 174.
5
The statement below was taken verbatim from defendants filed Statement of Errors.
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3. Did the lower court err in admitting evidence of a phone call which showed that
defendant was incarcerated on the other charges prior to being to being [sic]
arrested in this matter?
4. Did the lower court err in denying defendant's request for a mistrial after the
prosecutor's remarks in closing argument improperly shifted the burden of proof
to the defendant?
IV. DISCUSSION
A. The Denial of Defendant's Requested Continuance
Defendant first claims that this court "err]ed] in denying [his] requests for a continuance
so that counsel of his choice could enter an ap~earance and try the case?" Statement of Errors if 1.
Indeed, "[a] defendant has a Constitutional right to choose at his own cost and expense
any lawyer he may desire." Commonwealth v. Novak, 395 Pa. 199, 213 (1959) (referencing
Constitution of Pennsylvania, Art. I,§ 9, P.S. Constitution of the United States, Amend. V (due
process), Amend. XIV, (due process)). However, it is undeniable that "the grant or denial of a
motion for a continuance is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will be reversed
only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion." Commonwealth v. Randolph, 582 Pa. 576, 583
(2005). "Discretion is abused when the law is overridden or. misapplied, or the judgment
exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as
shown by the evidence or the record ... "Id Therefore, "[a] trial court exceeds its constitutional
authority only when it exercises its discretion to deny a continuance on the basis of "an
unreasoning and arbitrary insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for
delay." Commonwealth v. Sandusky, 77 A.3d. 663, 671-72 (Pa. Super. 2013). "To determine
whether a constitutional violation occurred, [the appellate court] must examine the circumstances
present in the case, especially the reasons presented to the trial court for requesting the
continuance." Id. at 672.
In Commonwealth v. Randolph, the trial court denied defendant's request for a
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continuance when he "sought private counsel's representation because there was a major
breakdown in communication between him and court-appointed counsel and because court-
appointed counsel was unprepared, rather than for purposes of delay." 582 Pa. 576, 583 (2005).
On appeal, Randolph alleged that "the trial court erred in denying him the right to have private
counsel represent him during trial and in denying a continuance to enable private counsel to
represent him." Id at 583. There, on May 1, 2003, two business days before the trial was
scheduled to commence, and after the case had already been continued twice, defendant
informed the court of his intention to retain private counsel, even though he first contacted
private counsel January, 2003, four months earlier. Id at 586. The trial court denied Randolph's
request for a continuance, but permitted private counsel to participate and was willing to offer
him time to prepare for the trial, however private counsel never showed up at trial. Id The
Supreme Court found "no abuse of discretion in the trial court's refusal to grant appellant's
request for a continuance" where "trial court weighed appellant's right to counsel of his choice
against the state's interest in the efficient administration of justice in considering the motion for
continuance." Id. See also Commonwealth v. Brooks, 2014 WL 6491611, at *1 (Pa. Nov. 20,
2014) (finding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that defendant's day-
of-trial request for a continuance, so that he could represent himself, should be denied, and the
Superior Court erred in concluding otherwise).
Similarly, this court did not arbitrarily deny defendant's motion for a continuance and
request to retain private counsel. Here, defendant's trial and current counsel was appointed and
entered his appearance on January 22, 2013 before Judge Benjamin Lerner. Docket,
Commonwealth v. Muhammad, CP-51-CR-0005853-2012, at *19 (Phila. Ct. C.P. January 22,
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2013). After that date, the case was continued four times, three of which were defense requests.6
Id. at 20, 23, 24 and 26. On February 14, 2013, Judge Learner assigned a trial date of March 17,
2014 before this court. However, aware of his pending trial date for nearly a year, defendant
7
waited until January 31, 2014 to apprise this court of his desire to remove appointed counsel and
retain private counsel.8 After finding that (1) defendant did not have an irreconcilable conflict
with appointed counsel and (2) new counsel would not make himself available on the date set for
trial, this court denied defendant's motion for a continuance. However, as in Randolph, this court
gave private counsel the opportunity to prepare for and participate in the trial, and ruled that
private counsel could enter his appearance on the February 14, 2014 status date, if he would be
prepared to try the case on March 17, 2014. Id. However, private counsel did not show up for
trial or attempt to enter his appearance, despite the fact he did not have a trial scheduled the week
of March 17, 2014. 9
In considering defendant's motion for a continuance, this court weighed appellant's right
to counsel of his choice against the judiciary's interest in the efficient administration of justice.
Therefore, because this court did not simply arbitrarily deny defendant's request, there was no
abuse of discretion.
B. The Admission of Co-defendant's/ Co-conspirator's Acts
Defendant's second claim is that this court erred in "admitting the acts of co-defendant,
Tania Boozer Hayward, including the procurement of an insurance policy for the decedent,
6
Trial was continued on 2/14/2013 (on which date it was set for trial before this court the weeks of March 17 and
24, 2014), 6/27/2013, 7/23/ 2013, and 10/31/2013. Docket, Commonwealth v. Muhammad, CP-51-CR-0005853-
2012, at *20, *23, *24 and *26 (Phila. Ct. C.P. February 14, 2013).
7 Defendant sought to remove counsel because he apparently ( 1) did not visit defendant in prison as often as he
would have liked; (2) allegedly maintained sporadic communication and (3) failed to file a meritless motion. NT.
1/31/2104 at 7-11.
8Docket,
Commonwealth v. Muhammad, CP-5l"CR-0005853-2012, at *27 (Phila. Ct. C.P. January 31, 2012).
9
The attorney indicated that he would not be available for trial until May 1, 2014 due to "litigation and personal
commitments," although he was physically available the week of March 17, 2014, he stated that he would not take
the case because he had a trial scheduled the following week, March 24, 2014. N.T. 1/31/2014 at 18, 27.
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contacting the insurance company to inquire if, "getting shot was an accident" under the policy,
doctoring of police records, and moving to Virginia." Statement of Errors ,r 2. Defendant further
contends that "the Commonwealth failed to introduce evidence demonstrating that said acts were
objects of the conspiracy between defendant and Boozer?" Id.
On a challenge to a trial court's evidentiary ruling, [the Superior Court's] standard of review
is one of deference." Commonwealth v. Herb, 852 A.2d. 356, 363 (Pa. Super. 2004). "The
admission or exclusion of evidence ... is within the sound discretion of the trial court." Hawkey
v. Peirsel, 869 A.2d 983, 989 (Pa. Super. 2005). "Thus the Superior Court's standard ofreview is
very narrow; reversal may only occur upon a showing that the trial court clearly abused its
discretion or committed an error of law." Id. "An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of
judgment, but is rather the overriding or misapplication of the law, or the exercise of judgment
that is manifestly unreasonable . . . as shown by the evidence of record. Commonwealth v.
Cameron, 780 A.2d 688, 692 (Pa. Super. 2001)."
In Pennsylvania, under the co-conspirator exception to the hearsay rule, the statements of co-
conspirators are admissible if "[t]he statement is offered against an opposing party and ... was
made by the party's co-conspirator during and in furtherance of the conspiracy." PA. R.Evm.
803. "To lay a foundation for the co-conspirator exception to the hearsay rule, the
Commonwealth must prove that: (I) a conspiracy existed between declarant and the person
against whom the evidence is offered and (2) the statement sought to be admitted was made
during the course of the conspiracy." Commonwealth v. Feliciano, 67 A.3d 19, 27 (Pa. Super.)
appeal denied, 81 A.3d 75 (Pa. 2013) (quoting Commonwealth v. Basile, 458 A.2d 587 (Pa.
Super. 1983)). "In addition, there must be evidence other than the statement of the co-conspirator
to prove that a conspiracy existed." Id. In other words, "[tjhe order of proof is within the
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discretion of the [trial] court, which may, upon· only slight evidence of the conspiracy, admit such
statements subject to later proof of the conspiracy." Id (quoting Commonwealth v. Plusquellic,
449 A.2d 47 (Pa. Super. 1982)) (emphasis added).
In Commonwealth v. Feliciano, the trial court admitted the following statement of co-
conspirator made to an undercover police officer, "He's bagging it up. He will be out[,]" and
convicted defendant of PWID and conspiracy. Feliciano, 67 A.3d at 27. On appeal, Feliciano
argued because the Commonwealth failed to establish a conspiracy, the statements of an alleged
co-conspirator were inadmissible. Id. at 26. The Superior court however found that the
statements were admissible pursuant to the co-conspirator exception to the hearsay rule. Id. The
court reasoned that because "only slight evidence of the conspiracy is needed for a co-
conspirator's statement to be introduced and the order of proof is discretionary[,] [a] co-
conspirator's statement is only inadmissible where it is the sole evidence of the conspiracy." Id..
Therefore, because the co-conspirator's statement, although essential to establishing defendant's
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, was not the only evidence of the existence of the conspiracy, it
was admissible. Id.
Similarly here, as noted in the facts presented above, it is clear that the Commonwealth
presented sufficient evidence for the jury to reasonably conclude that (I) a conspiracy existed
between Mrs. Hayward and defendant and (2) that the acts of Mrs. Hayward, "including the
procurement of an insurance policy for the decedent; contacting the insurance company to
inquire if, "getting shot was an accident" under the policy; the doctoring of police records; and
moving to Virginia" were all made during the course of the conspiracy. It is clear that, even more
than Mrs. Hayward's acts, the jury accorded great weight to the testimony of her sister, Ms.
Frederick, in determining that Mrs. Hayward and defendant conspired to murder her husband.
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Because only slight evidence of a conspiracy is required to admit the statements of a co-
conspirator, this court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Mrs. Hayward's acts, in light of
the other overwhelming evidence which proved that a conspiracy existed.
C. Admission of Phone Call Evidencing Prior Bad Acts
Next, defendant claims that "the lower court err[ed] in admitting evidence of a phone call
which showed that defendant was incarcerated on the other charges prior to being arrested in this
matter?" Statement of Errors ,r 3.
As stated above, the Superior Court's standard of review for a claim that the trial court erred
in issuing an evidentiary ruling is "one of deference." Herb, 852 A.2d at 363. Because
evidentiary rulings are within the sound discretion of the trial court, the appellate standard of
review is so narrow that the trial court's evidentiary ruling may only be reversed if defendant
proves that there was a clear abuse of discretion or an error of law. Hawkey, 869 A.2d at 989. To
prevail on appeal, the record must show that the trial court exercised judgment that was beyond a
mere error in judgment and either manifestly unreasonable, or the overriding or misapplication of
the law. Cameron, 780 A.2d at 692.
Specifically addressing the admission or exclusion of character evidence, Pennsylvania Rule
of Evidence 404(b) states in pertinent part:
Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person's
character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
accordance with the character ... This evidence may be admissible for another
purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. In a criminal case
this evidence is admissible only if the probative value of the evidence outweighs
its potential for unfair prejudice.
Here, after giving a curative instruction, this court admitted evidence of defendant's prior
arrest in an unrelated matter for the sole purpose of showing the relationship between defendant
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and Mrs. Hayward and explaining the natural development of the facts. N. T. 3/20/2014 at 62-64.
The phone call between defendant and Mrs. Hayward, after decedent's death, not only provided
evidence of a continuing conspiracy, but it also corroborated Ms. Frederick's-testimony while
evidencing a motive for the killing. After balancing the Commonwealth's need for the phone call
and its probative value against the prejudicial impact on the jury, this court admitted the evidence
with a curative instruction. NT 3/18/2014 at 21-22. Thus, this court properly determined that the
probative value of the phone call outweighed any potential for unfair prejudice.
D. Defendant's Request for a Mistrial
Defendant's final claim is that "the lower court err[ed] in denying his request for a
mistrial after the prosecutor's remarks in closing argument improperly shifted the burden of
proof to the defendant?" Statement of Errors ,r 4.
Under Pennsylvania law, "[w]hen an event prejudicial to the defendant occurs during trial
only the defendant may move for a mistrial. .. [ o]therwise, the trial judge may declare a mistrial
only for reasons of manifest necessity." PA. R. CRIM. PRO. 605.
The decision whether a mistrial should be granted as a result of
allegedly improper prosecutorial comments during closing
argument is within the discretion of the trial court. But even where
the language of the district attorney is intemperate, uncalled for
and improper, a new trial is not necessarily required. The language
must be such that its "unavoidable effect would be to prejudice the
jury, forming in their minds fixed bias and hostility toward the
defendant, so that they could not weigh the evidence and render a
true verdict." The effect of such remarks depends upon the
atmosphere of the trial, and the proper action to be taken is within
the discretion of the trial court. Moreover, the complained of
remarks must be viewed, in part, within the context of the conduct
of defense counsel.
Commonwealth v. D'Ambro, 500 Pa. 303, 310 (1983) (internal citations omitted). Here, there was
no unavoidable effect of the prosecutor's statement that would prejudice the jury to develop a
fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant. In response to defendant's question, "Where is the
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proofI,]" asked while testifying, the prosecutor discussed the use of corroboration as a method
of obtaining the truth, and asked defendant "Where is his proof." NT 3/24/2014 at 69.10 The
Commonwealth's attorney, however, premised the aforementioned query with the statement,
''[ defendant] doesn't have to present evidence . . ." Defendant nonetheless argues that the
Commonwealth's statement somehow shifted the burden of proof to the defendant causing
irreparable prejudice and warranting a mistrial. In light of this court's instructions, defendant's
claim is meritless. Although this court agreed with the Commonwealth that the comment made
during closing argument did not rise to the level of a mistrial, at defendant's request, a curative
instruction was given.NT 3/24/2014 at 77-79. In fact, over the prosecutor's objection, this court
at the request of defendant, specifically referenced the prosecutor's comment made during
closing argument in its curative instruction and reminded the jury that the burden of proof is on
the Commonwealth, not defendant.11
10
The prosecutor's statement in contextis as follows:
MR. NOTARISTEFANO: Bottom line is he thinks he
knows the law better than anybody else. He doesn't have to
present evidence, but when you think about it, judge it by the
same standard you judge my evidence.
He gets up on this witness stand after seeing all the
evidence, how it was corroborated and he has the audacity to
say, "Where is the proof?" Where is his proof?
N.T 3/24/2014 at 69. See generally Commonwealth v. Trivigono, 750 A.2d 243 (2000) (holding that "[a] remark by
a prosecutor, otherwise improper, may be appropriate if it is in fair response to the argument and comment of [an
of.posing party]"). .
1
The relevant portion of the curative instruction is as follows:
THE COURT: In the course of his argument the prosecutor
did, I believe, on one occasion make the comment in
response to the defendant in this case, something to the effect
of: Where is your proof?
I remind you, ladies and gentleman, that the person
accused of a crime is not required to prove anything in his
own defense. The burden of proof is on the Commonwealth. I
shall say more about how evidence is to be evaluated when I
charge you in the law, but at this juncture we'll take a short
recess.
N. T. 3/24/2014 at 78- 79.
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In light of the "fair response" standard, the appropriateness of Commonwealth's closing
argument as a whole, and the curative instruction given by this court, the jury properly weighed
the evidence and rendered a verdict in accordance therewith. Therefore, this court did not abuse
its discretion in refusing defendant's request for a mistrial.
V. CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, this court's judgment of sentence should be AFFIRMED.
BY THE COURT
December 23, 2014
SANDY L.V. BYRD, J.
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