Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed June 29, 2004.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NOS. 14-03-00607-CR &
14-03-00608-CR
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JOE MANUEL CARDONA, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
__________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 339th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause Nos. 918,020 & 918,021
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M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Appellant, Joe Manuel Cardona, appeals his convictions for aggravated robbery with affirmative findings that a deadly weapon was used in the commission of the offenses. The trial court assessed punishment at confinement for thirty-five years in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in each case, with the sentences to be served concurrently. In his sole issue, appellant contends the State impermissibly exercised its peremptory challenges on the basis of race, in violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S.79, 106 S. Ct. 1712 (1986) and Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 35.261. We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Our discussion of the facts is limited to those surrounding voir dire, as they form the basis for this appeal. At the close of jury selection, the trial court asked the prosecutor and defense attorney if they had any objections before the jury was empaneled. Appellant=s counsel objected to the State=s strikes against prospective jurors 1, 17, and 44 on the stated grounds that the State had exercised these strikes based upon the race of the veniremembers. Prospective jurors 1 and 17 were African-American and prospective juror 44 was Hispanic.
The following discussion then took place at the bench:
STATE: 1 stated that she could not convict with one witness[=s] testimony when the Judge did her voir dire, and then she changed her mind. 44 stated that she had had a bad experience with a police officer . . . . So that concerned me. And her husband B , well, I didn=t know what she said. That her husband is a planer with Protherm [sic]. I didn=t know what it was. I have no idea what Protherm was. That plus the bad experience with the police officer. As far as 17, the fact that she left all her employment information blank. She said she was a secretary; but she didn=t say where. She didn=t say how long. In addition, she seemed to be falling asleep at least. Your Honor, in my voir dire. I don=t know about [defense counsel=s voir dire]. I wasn=t B
COURT: Any questions?
DEFENSE: 17 didn=t say anything.
STATE: That=s correct.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Is that what you=re saying? 17 didn=t say anything. I thought we were basing it on the answers.
STATE: It=s also based on information that they fill out and she intentionally left all that information blank. Makes me concerned.
DEFENSE: On 17?
STATE: Yes. Says secretary. Doesn=t say where, how long, who the employer is.
DEFENSE: Yes, she did leave off her employer.
STATE: How long.
DEFENSE: And how long. Just two things that were left off.
COURT: Is she married?
STATE: I have no idea.
COURT: Maybe she was single. Maybe she wouldn=t fill anything in. And in addition to that . . . , you believe she was falling asleep?
STATE: Yes. Both during Your Honor=s [voir dire] as well as mine. Not so much falling asleep, but just closing her eyes and putting her face in her hands.
DEFENSE: That=s No. 17?
STATE: That=s No. 17.
COURT: [Defense Counsel, do you have] any other questions?
DEFENSE: No. I know that Juror No. B I=m trying to remember. There was another juror that was falling asleep, too; but she might have been stricken for another reason. No, she=s on the jury. She=s the third. She kept falling [a]sleep. She=s a white female.
STATE: The third one?
DEFENSE: I can tell you exactly. [D. D.], No. 9 is a white female. She was also falling asleep throughout the trial, and she=s on the jury.
STATE: Not that I noticed.
DEFENSE: She=s in the jury box. She kept falling asleep at yours through his. I don=t know if she fell asleep on me, but I remember.
COURT: I didn=t notice either one. I find the strikes are not racially discriminatory. Your Batson challenge is denied.
The court then empaneled the jury. The juror information cards[1] reveal that one of the jurors selected to serve on the jury had indicated on her card that she was African-American. In addition, the record reflects that appellant=s counsel agreed with the State to remove twenty-three members of the array, fifteen of whom were minorities. The State exercised three other strikes against prospective jurors who indicated their race as white.
DISCUSSION
A. Review of Batson Challenges
An accused has a right to a trial by a jury whose members are selected in a racially‑neutral, nondiscriminatory manner. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 85‑86, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 1717 (1986); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 35.261 (Vernon 1989) (codifying the Batson standard). We review a trial court=s ruling in the light most favorable to the ruling, applying a Aclearly erroneous@ standard of review. Williams v. State, 804 S.W.2d 95, 101 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
A Batson challenge generally gives rise to a three‑step process. First, the defendant must make a prima facie case that a veniremember was peremptorily excluded on the basis of race. Jasper v. State, 61 S.W.3d 413, 421 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Next, the prosecution must come forward with race‑neutral reasons for the peremptory strike. Simpson v. State, 119 S.W.3d 262, 268 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). The defendant then has the opportunity to rebut the State=s explanations. Id. The burden of persuasion remains with the defendant to prove purposeful discrimination and that the State=s race-neutral explanations were pretextual. Id.; see also Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). If the State offers a race‑neutral explanation before any inquiry on the prima facie case, the issue of a prima facie case is moot. Johnson, 68 S.W.3d at 649.
A trial court=s decision on whether the opponent has proved a Batson claim turns, in part, on observations made during the voir dire examination. See Young v. State, 826 S.W.2d 141, 145 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). As the supervisor of the voir dire process, the trial judge is in a position to readily perceive discrepancies during jury selection. Id. Therefore, the court=s determination of a Batson issue must be accorded great deference on appeal. Chambers v. State, 866 S.W.2d 9, 23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). The United States Supreme Court explained that unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor=s explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race-neutral. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768, 115 S. Ct. 1769 (1995); see also Guzman v. State, 85 S.W.3d 242, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). An appellate court may reverse only if it is left with the Adefinite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.@ Hill v. State, 827 S.W.2d 860, 865 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has set out a non‑exclusive list of factors to consider when reviewing a trial judge=s ruling on a Batson challenge. Williams v. State, 804 S.W.2d at 106; Whitsey v. State, 796 S.W.2d 707, 713‑14 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). Those factors include:
1. The reason given for the peremptory challenge is not related to the facts of the case;
2. There was a lack of questioning to the challenged juror or a lack of meaningful questions;
3. Evidence of disparate treatment, i.e., persons with the same or similar characteristics as the challenged juror were not struck;
4. Disparate examination of members of the venire, i.e., questioning a challenged juror so as to evoke a certain response without asking the same question of other panel members; and
5. An explanation based on a group bias where the group trait is not shown to apply to the challenged juror specifically.
Williams, 804 S.W.2d at 106; Whitsey, 796 S.W.2d at 713‑14.
B. Prospective Juror Number One
During the State=s voir dire, the prosecutor elicited responses from prospective juror 1 that indicated she would not be able to convict a person on the testimony of only one witness, that she Awould need more.@ The judge rehabilitated prospective juror 1, and she ultimately changed her mind.
A prospective juror=s initial problem with a phase of the law is a Aplausible reason@ to strike a juror. Vargas v. State, 838 S.W.2d 552, 555 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). The fact that a prospective juror appears to be ultimately rehabilitated does not mean that the State has to accept that juror. Green v. State, 839 S.W.2d 935, 939 (Tex. App.CWaco 1992, pet. ref=d). A juror=s ability to apply the law and hold the State to the proper burden of proof is directly related to the facts of any case; therefore, a prospective juror=s expression of difficulty in applying the law is a race-neutral reason for a strike. Toy v. State, 855 S.W.2d 153, 157 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1993, no pet.).
Moreover, the record reflects that all the other prospective jurors who indicated they would be unable to render a guilty verdict on the testimony of one witness were struck by agreement between the attorneys. Therefore, appellant has not shown that the prosecutor treated the other veniremembers disparately. See Esteves v. State, 849 S.W.2d 822, 824 n. 2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (disparate treatment as to the sole or primary reason for a peremptory challenge may support a claim of discriminatory intent). The state showed a race-neutral reason for striking prospective juror 1.
C. Prospective Juror Number Seventeen
Appellant asserts that the State=s discriminatory intent is shown because the prosecutor failed to question prospective juror 17 before striking her. The prosecutor gave two reasons for exercising a peremptory challenge against prospective juror 17. First, he stated he struck this veniremember because she had her head in her hands and appeared to be sleepy or inattentive during his voir dire.[2] He also stated that she failed to fill in all of her employment and personal information on her juror card. Both of these reasons are race-neutral.
A prospective juror=s demeanor during voir dire, including a lack of eye contact with the prosecutor or apparent disinterest, is a race-neutral reason for exercising a peremptory challenge. Barnes v. State, 855 S.W.2d 173, 174 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref=d) (holding State may strike a prospective juror who appears inattentive); see also Gaines v. State, 811 S.W.2d 245, 249B50 (Tex. App.CDallas 1991, pet. ref=d) (holding prosecutor may rely on nonverbal aspects of veniremember=s answers in assessing whether veniremember is hostile to prosecutor by being Aunresponsive@).
Defense counsel asserted that another prospective juror who appeared to be inattentive or sleepy was seated on the jury. Neither the trial court nor the prosecutor noticed that the veniremember selected for the jury had appeared sleepy, however. In addition, Adisparate treatment@ cannot be automatically imputed in every situation where one of the State=s bases for striking a veniremember would technically apply to another member the State found acceptable. Cantu v. State, 842 S.W.2d 667, 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
Secondly, the fact that prospective juror 17 failed to provide complete information on her juror card is a valid, race-neutral reason for exercising a peremptory strike. Inability to properly fill out juror-information cards has been held to be a racially neutral reason for excluding a juror. Catley v. State, 763 S.W.2d 465, 467 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1988, pet. ref=d). The record also reveals that the only other prospective juror who left similar information blank, prospective juror 54, was struck by agreement. Thus, no disparate treatment was shown.
D. Prospective Juror Number Forty-four
In response to the prosecutor=s query, prospective juror 44 stated she had a bad experience with a member of law enforcement. A veniremember=s prior unpleasant experience with individuals involved in law enforcement is a race-neutral explanation for striking him. Hawkins v. State, 793 S.W.2d 291, 293B94 (Tex. App.CDallas 1990, pet. ref=d.); Hernandez v. State, 808 S.W.2d 536, 544 (Tex. App.CWaco 1991, no pet.).
Other veniremembers who expressed similar sentiments were struck by agreement, by the prosecutor, or by the defense. None of the veniremembers who stated they had a bad experience with law enforcement served on the jury. Thus, no disparate treatment was shown.
CONCLUSION
None of the prosecutor=s explanations for the challenged peremptory strikes reflect an inherently discriminatory intent. Appellant failed to rebut the State=s reasons for striking the three prospective jurors and establish the reasons were merely pretextual. See Chamberlain v. State, 998 S.W.2d 230, 236 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (holding appellant failed to meet his burden by offering no real rebuttal to prosecutor=s explanation). Thus, the trial judge could have determined that the reasons for striking the three prospective jurors were facially plausible and race-neutral. See Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768, 115 S. Ct. at 1771. We conclude that the trial court=s finding that the State=s explanations were race‑neutral is supported by the record and is not clearly erroneous. See Simpson, 119 S.W.3d at 268.
Accordingly, we overrule appellant=s sole issue and affirm the judgments of the trial court.
/s/ Eva M. Guzman
Justice
Judgment rendered and Memorandum Opinion filed Jun 29, 2004.
Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Frost and Guzman.
Do Not Publish C Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
[1] The juror cards are contained in our record as a State=s exhibit.
[2] The prosecutor=s seating chart, also included as a State=s Exhibit in our record, reflects counsel=s notation that prospective juror 17 was Asleeping@ and Acovering face.@