Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed April 6, 2004.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
_______________
NO. 14-03-00620-CR
_______________
GREGG OSCAR CAMPOS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
___________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 209th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 915,714
___________________________________________________
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
In one issue, appellant, Gregg Oscar Campos, contends the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction for aggravated assault. Because all dispositive issues are clearly settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion and affirm. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
Background
The complainant, Maria Rojas, testified that appellant was her former boyfriend. They had planned to reunite. Accordingly, on June 15, 2002, they spent the day together. Eventually, they began arguing because Rojas discovered appellant was seeing another woman. Rojas told appellant she wanted to go home. They drove to Houston where they stopped at a gas station a few blocks from Rojas=s home. At that point, Rojas was angry with appellant. She was yelling, and they continued to argue while inside the station. When they went outside, appellant got in his car, but Rojas told him she planned to walk home. Rojas then walked behind the station, and appellant followed her in the car. Appellant struck Rojas with the car causing her leg to be pinned between the car and a waist-high steel pole that was next to the building. Appellant then left the station without assisting Rojas.
Miguel Arellano was at the station at the time of the incident. He testified that Rojas and Athe man@ in the car were arguing when he arrived.[1] Rojas was screaming and cussing at the man and appeared to be intoxicated. While Arellano was pumping gas on the side of the station, he heard the man yell, Athat=s what you want bitch@ from behind the station. Arellano ran to the back of the station and saw Rojas lying on the ground screaming Amy leg, my leg.@ Arellano did not see the car strike Rojas. The operator of the vehicle was already driving away Amore or less pretty quick.@ Arellano called an ambulance and waited with Rojas.
Officer Tyson Hufstedler of the Houston Police Department domestic violence unit investigated this incident. He first spoke with Rojas at the hospital four days after the incident. However, she asked if they could speak later because she was immediately concerned about her leg surgery. Two days later, Officer Hufstedler took Rojas=s statement by telephone. At trial, Rojas could not remember what she told Officer Hufstedler about the incident although she initially cooperated and decided to press charges. However, she testified appellant did not intentionally strike her and characterized the incident as an Aaccident.@ She further claimed that any statements she gave the police incriminating appellant were inaccurate and influenced by the morphine she had been taking, her anger that appellant was seeing another woman, and her desire for retribution.
In contrast, Officer Hufstedler testified that when he took Rojas=s statement, she was coherent and gave no indication that she was under the influence of medication or angry at appellant for any reason other than his striking her. Based on appellant=s hearsay objection, Officer Hufstedler was precluded from testifying regarding what Rojas told him about the incident. However, he testified that he obtained an arrest warrant for appellant based on Rojas=s statement and on his own investigation.[2]
Appellant was charged with aggravated assault with a motor vehicle. He waived his right to a jury trial. The trial court found appellant guilty of the offense, sentenced him to four years= confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, and assessed a $5,000 fine. This appeal followed.
Discussion
In one issue, appellant contends the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. In a legal sufficiency challenge, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine if any rational fact finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We consider all evidence presented at trial; however, we do not re‑weigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder. Id. During a bench trial, the trial court is the exclusive judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. Joseph v. State, 897 S.W.2d 374, 376 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). If any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, we must affirm. McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
Aggravated Assault
A person commits the offense of aggravated assault if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another and uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. '' 22.01, 22.02 (Vernon Supp. 2004). Aggravated assault is a result‑oriented offense. Delgado v. State, 944 S.W.2d 497, 498 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. ref=d). In a result‑oriented offense, it is not enough for the State to prove appellant engaged in conduct with the requisite criminal intent; the State must also prove the appellant caused the result with requisite criminal intent. Id. (citing Cook v. State, 884 S.W.2d 485, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). A person acts intentionally with respect to the result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to cause the result. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. ' 6.03(a) (Vernon 2003). A person acts knowingly with respect to the result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. ' 6.03(b) (Vernon 2003).
Appellant does not dispute that he injured Rojas using a deadly weapon.[3] Instead, he contends that none of the State=s witnesses established he intentionally or knowingly injured her. However, proof of a mental state, such as intent, must almost always depend upon circumstantial evidence. Smith v. State, 56 S.W.3d 739, 745 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref=d). Knowledge and intent can be inferred from the accused=s acts, words, or conduct. Hart v. State, 89 S.W.3d 61, 64 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see Dues v. State, 634 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).
Here, the trial court could infer appellant=s knowledge and intent from his acts, words, and conduct. Appellant followed Rojas behind the station after they argued and she told him she planned to walk home. The photographs of the station show there was space to drive behind the station; yet, appellant struck Rojas while she was next to the side of the building. Further, appellant had to first strike a sidewalk in order to strike Rojas. Most significantly, appellant yelled, Athat=s what you want bitch@ in conjunction with striking her.[4] Then, he quickly fled the scene without assisting her. See Fentis v. State, 582 S.W.2d 779, 780 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976) (holding evidence of flight is some evidence of guilt and amounts in effect to a quasi admission of guilt); see also Moore v. State, 11 S.W.3d 495, 500 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.).
In addition, approximately two months after the incident, appellant wrote Rojas two lengthy letters. In the letters, appellant professed his love for Rojas, apologized for the incident, and repeatedly begged her to claim the incident was unintentional. He promised to give her his Blazer or help her get another vehicle. He also promised to give her some money he anticipated recovering in a work-related lawsuit. He attempted to cite the penal code and differentiate an Aintentional@ criminal offense from an Aunintentional@ civil Aoffense.@ He explained, at length, that Rojas could not recover from his insurance company if she claimed the incident was intentional.[5] For example, appellant stated:
If you would get ahold of the [illegible] and sign an affidavit, saying you don=t want to Prosecute, or testify and that it was an accident, and Drop the charge You would help me, and you would Help yourself. Look Maria. Listen closely. If you were to drop criminal charges on me, than [sic] you will then be eligable [sic] to file a >civil= claim against me and my insurance. And you would win. But the thing is Maria, you cannot file charges in 2 courts. The paper I am sending explains it . . . Maria, what makes more sense . . . for me to go to Prison forever, and nobody gets anything . . . Or for you to get the money you deserve.
Appellant contends the letters negate his intent because he stated the incident was an accident. However, appellant=s clear purpose was to persuade, and manipulate, Rojas to dismiss the charge. Therefore, the trial court could infer knowledge and intent from the letters despite appellant=s claims that the incident was an accident.
Further, although Rojas did eventually testify the incident was an accident, the trial court was free to disbelieve any part of her testimony. See Jackson v. State, 105 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref=d). The trial court could reasonably conclude from Rojas=s initial cooperation with the police that she believed appellant intentionally struck her but was influenced to testify otherwise.[6]
Finally, the trial court could also infer knowledge and intent from the severity of Rojas=s injuries. See Hart, 89 S.W.3d at 64. Officer Hufstedler described Rojas=s leg as Apretty much mangled.@ She was hospitalized for six weeks after the incident and has had three subsequent hospitalizations. At the time of trial, she had received eight surgeries and was scheduled for another surgery to remove some infection in the bone, thereby shortening her leg. She cannot walk without crutches and usually uses a wheelchair. She has not been able to work since the incident. Accordingly, the evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court=s finding that appellant intentionally and knowingly caused bodily injury to Rojas.
Venue
Appellant also contends evidence is legally insufficient because the State failed to prove venue in Harris County, Texas. Failure to prove venue in the county of prosecution is reversible error. Black v. State, 645 S.W.2d 789, 791 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). However, unless disputed in the trial court or the record affirmatively shows otherwise, an appellate court must presume venue was proved at trial. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(c)(1); Jackson, 105 S.W.3d at 328. We find no indication that appellant raised the venue issue in the trial court. Therefore, he failed to preserve his challenge to venue, and we must presume the State proved venue. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(c)(1); Jackson, 105 S.W.3d at 328.
Nevertheless, the record affirmatively shows that venue was proper in Harris County. Venue need only be proved by a preponderance of the evidence and may be proved by direct or circumstantial evidence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 13.17 (Vernon 1977); Black, 645 S.W.2d at 790. Venue for assault prosecutions is in the county where the offense was committed. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 13.18 (Vernon 1977).
Appellant asserts that no witnesses provided the address or street where the gas station was located. However, State=s Exhibit 6 is a photograph of the station showing the address as 738 Lathrop, Houston, Texas 77020. We may take judicial notice that this address is located in Harris County. See Tex. R. Evid. 201; Braddy v. State, 908 S.W.2d 465, 467 (Tex. App.CDallas 1995, no pet.) (trial court properly took judicial notice for venue determination that intersection where ambulance picked up assault victim, area where witness lived, and hospital where victim was taken are all located in Dallas, Texas); Bender v. State, 739 S.W.2d 409, 412B13 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1987), pet. ref=d, 761 S.W.2d 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (per curiam) (taking judicial notice on appeal that address and building where offense occurred are located in Harris County); see also Zarychta v. State, 44 S.W.3d 155, 164 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref=d) (recognizing appellate court is entitled to take judicial notice of a proper fact even where no indication trial court took judicial notice of the fact). Therefore, there is legally sufficient evidence that venue was proper in Harris County.
We overrule appellant=s sole issue and affirm the conviction.
/s/ Charles W. Seymore
Justice
Judgment rendered and Memorandum Opinion filed April 6, 2004.
Panel consists of Justices Fowler, Edelman, and Seymore.
Do Not Publish C Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
[1] Arellano identified Rojas at trial because he knew her from their neighborhood, but he was unable to identify appellant.
[2] Officer Hufstedler visited the station and obtained photographs. The photographs show a blood stain on the ground where Rojas was struck. Officer Hufstedler also determined that appellant had driven a rental car, and it was abandoned after the incident. The photographs of the car show a dent in the left, front corner.
[3] An automobile can be a deadly weapon if driven in a manner to endanger lives. Cates v. State, 102 S.W.3d 735, 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
[4] Arellano did not know whether appellant yelled these words before or at the very moment he struck Rojas; nevertheless, his testimony establishes that appellant yelled these words close to the time that he struck Rojas.
[5] Rojas testified she filed a claim with appellant=s insurance company but did not remember telling the adjuster appellant deliberately struck her and did not know whether the company had denied her claim.
[6] The evidence was conflicting on whether Rojas received the letters. At first, Rojas testified she never received any letters and appellant never promised her anything in return for claiming the incident was an accident. However, she then testified that her sister gave the letters to police. Officer Hufstedler testified that Rojas gave him the letters. The trial court was free to believe Officer Hufstedler and conclude that Rojas received the letters. See Jackson, 105 S.W.3d at 327. Nevertheless, the letters evidence appellant=s intent regardless of whether Rojas received them.