Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed September 1, 2005.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-04-00155-CR
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JAMES McCANN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 177th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 922,290
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Appellant James McCann appeals his conviction for murder of his estranged wife, Hattie Faye McCann. In two issues, he contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of an extraneous offense and forensic DNA evidence. We affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
Appellant and Hattie Faye McCann were married in 1951. They have an adopted son, Kenneth McCann. Prior to their marriage Hattie was permanently injured and always had difficulty moving around.
In 1999, appellant and Hattie separated. Appellant moved out of the house and began dating Shirley Shults McCann. Appellant claims that he had asked Hattie for a divorce and, believing she had filed the paperwork, married Shirley in 2000. However, even after his marriage to Shirley, appellant continued to support Hattie financially, shared his retirement checks with her, and fixed things around her house. This relationship between Hattie and appellant continued until August of 2002 when appellant and Shirley discovered that Hattie had not, in fact, filed the divorce paperwork. On Wednesday, August 14, 2002, appellant arranged to meet with Hattie to talk about the paperwork.
On Friday, August 16, 2002, in the early evening, Hattie=s body was discovered in her home by police officers called to check on her welfare. The Crime Scene officer estimated that she had been dead approximately twenty-four hours. Because there was no apparent indication of violence, the police originally classified it as a natural death, arranged for transport of the body, and left the scene. However, an autopsy examination revealed that Hattie had not died of natural causes, but instead had been strangled. She also had bruises on her face and head and broken fingernails, indicating she had been attacked and had fought her attacker. After this discovery, the case was assigned to Officer Harris in the homicide division.
Officer Harris contacted appellant and requested that appellant meet him at Hattie=s house. After some questions regarding the condition of the house, appellant and Shirley agreed to go downtown with Officer Harris to have their fingerprints taken for elimination purposes. Officer Harris interviewed appellant separately on tape. Appellant denied having anything to do with Hattie=s death. Appellant agreed to be polygraphed[1] the next day. After being told that his polygraph indicated he was being untruthful, appellant broke down and requested to be allowed to tell Officer Harris the truth. Harris returned to the office, read appellant his rights, and videotaped a confession. In the confession, appellant denied ever hurting Hattie before and then admitted that he put a pillow over Hattie=s face, but claimed that he was just trying to scare her, not kill her.[2]
At trial there was no testimony in the State=s case-in-chief that appellant had ever been violent with Hattie, although it was clear that their marriage was not happy. Both officers testified that appellant was helpful and intelligent during the interviews. On direct, his son, Kenneth, testified that his father was very intelligent and picked up new skills easily. Shirley, testifying for the defense, confirmed the financial relationship between appellant and Hattie. She thought that appellant felt sorry for Hattie. She also testified that appellant, although intelligent, submitted easily to authority and was not particularly strong-willed or forceful. As a rebuttal witness, the State recalled Kenneth to the stand. Kenneth testified that he had witnessed his father hit his mother in 1975 when Kenneth was about four years old.
The jury found appellant guilty of murder, sentenced him to eight years in prison, and assessed a $10,000 fine. This appeal followed.
Analysis
Admission of Extraneous Offense Evidence
In his first issue, appellant argues evidence that he hit Hattie in 1975 was inadmissible because the offense was too remote in time and because it constituted evidence of character conformity prohibited by Rule 404(b).[3] The trial court admitted the evidence, stating,
I find that the probative value outweighs any harmful effect, given the B or outweighs any unfair prejudice, given the importance of the relationship of the parties and the overall image and impression that has been conveyed throughout the trial in regard to the relationship of the parties and the defendant=s demeanor [and] attitude. . . . Your objection is overruled.
The State argues the trial court=s ruling is correct because the extraneous offense evidence rebuts the defense theories that (1) appellant always cared for and would never hurt Hattie and (2) appellant lacked self-determination and willpower and was coerced into giving a false confession. Hudson v. State, 112 S.W.3d 794, 801 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref=d) (AIt is well settled that extraneous offense and prior bad acts evidence [are] admissible to rebut a defensive theory.@).
We review a trial court=s decision to admit evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). As long as it is within the zone of disagreement, we will uphold the trial court=s ruling. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
We need not decide whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the extraneous offense evidence, because even assuming the trial court erred, any such error was harmless. Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(b) provides that a nonconstitutional error is disregarded unless it affects substantial rights. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). A[S]ubstantial rights are not affected by the erroneous admission of evidence if the appellate court, after examining the record as a whole, has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.@ Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). When we assess whether the error adversely affected the jury=s consideration, we review all of the evidence in the record, the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged error, and the relationship of the error to other evidence in the case. Id. Also a factor is whether the State emphasized the error. Id. at 356. A[A]n appellate court should consider overwhelming evidence of guilt, but that . . . should be only one factor in the analysis.@ Id. at 357.
In this case, there was a significant amount of evidence pointing to appellant. His DNA was found under Hattie=s fingernails. He had recently learned that she had apparently never filed the divorce papers he had relied on in remarrying and, only a day before Hattie=s death, appellant had made plans to meet with her to discuss the divorce papers. Although he later attempted to retract it, he confessed to killing Hattie. Further, the State never mentioned the extraneous offense even inferentially in its closing argument. See Cobb v. State, 85 S.W.3d 258, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (finding error harmless in part because neither side used improper evidence in closing). Finally, the trial court instructed the jury not to consider the extraneous offense evidence for character conformity purposes. Generally, we presume the jury follows the trial court=s instructions and that a limiting instruction cures any harm. Moore v. State, 882 S.W.2d 844, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Given the weight of the evidence against him, the lack of emphasis in closing argument, and the trial court=s limiting instruction, we cannot find that evidence of an incident twenty-five years ago would have influenced the jury more than slightly if at all. We therefore hold that error, if any, in admitting extraneous offense evidence was harmless. Appellant=s first issue is overruled.
DNA Testimony
In appellant=s second issue, he challenges the admission of the DNA evidence because he claims the State failed to prove chain of custody. A trial court=s ruling on the sufficiency of an evidentiary predicate is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Smith v. State, 683 S.W.2d 393, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Foster v. State, 101 S.W.3d 490, 498 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). Absent a showing of tampering or alteration, objections concerning care and custody go to the weight of the evidence rather than admissibility. Foster, 101 S.W.3d at 498. ATo support the admission of evidence, the State must prove only the beginning and end of the chain of custody.@ Reed v. State, 158 S.W.3d 44, 52 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref=d).
Appellant argues that there are breaks in the chain of custody. Specifically he points to the fact that the DNA samples from Hattie=s fingernails were delivered to one freezer unit at the Houston Police Department, but retrieved from another. Additionally, he was not given an opportunity to cross-examine the person who physically transferred his DNA sample to the Houston Police Department. Lastly, he questions how the envelopes containing the fingernail scrapings and the box containing the buccal swab ended up in the same large envelope for transport to the private DNA laboratory.
At trial, the State offered testimony from the medical examiner who supervised the collection of the evidence from Hattie. She positively identified the packaging, the bar code, and her signature on the seal of the envelope. Additionally, the investigator who collected the buccal swab from appellant identified the box used to store the swab from his signature and identifying numbers. Finally, the analyst from the forensic DNA lab testified that the envelopes and box were sealed and bore no evidence of tampering when they received them for testing. AThe State is not required to provide a moment-by-moment account of the whereabouts of evidence from the instant it is seized until it is introduced at trial.@ Id. Since there is no evidence of tampering, and both beginning and end of the chain are established, we find that the trial court properly admitted the DNA evidence. Accordingly, appellant=s second issue is overruled.
Having overruled both of appellant=s issues, we affirm the trial court=s judgment.
/s/ Leslie Brock Yates
Justice
Judgment rendered and Memorandum Opinion filed September 1, 2005.
Panel consists of Justices Yates, Anderson, and Hudson.
Do Not Publish C Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
[1] The fact that the second interview was a polygraph was withheld from the jury, who was told only that appellant had a second interview with a different interviewer.
[2] Before trial, appellant moved for the suppression of his video-taped statements on the theories that his confession was involuntary, the product of an illegal arrest, and in violation of his constitutional rights. The trial court denied the motion. At trial, appellant renewed his motion to suppress the statement. Again, the court found that the statement was voluntary and denied the motion. Although in his confession appellant claimed that the murder was an accident, he did not argue that theory at trial. He argued instead that he had not committed the act at all. He urged the jury to discount the confession as the product of a weak will and unfair interrogation techniques.
[3] Appellant also argues he was given insufficient notice under Rule 404(b) of the State=s intent to introduce the extraneous offense. However, the extraneous offense evidence was introduced in rebuttal, and Rule 404(b) requires notice be Agiven in advance of trial of intent to introduce in the State=s case-in-chief such evidence.@ Tex. R. Evid. 404(b) (emphasis added). Thus, appellant was not entitled to any notice. Herring v. State, 752 S.W.2d 169, 172 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.]) (ARule 404(b) does not require notice of the State=s intent to use [an] extraneous offense in rebuttal.@), remanded on other grounds, 758 S.W.2d 283 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).