Reversed and Remanded and Opinion filed October 31, 2006.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
____________
NO. 14-05-00488-CV
NO. 14-05-00489-CV
____________
MICHAEL SKADDEN, Appellant
V.
ANA MARIA TARQUIS ALFONSO, Appellee
On Appeal from the 246th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause Nos. 99-19105 & 99-19105A
O P I N I O N
More than four years after the trial court=s divorce decree became final, appellant instituted proceedings in the trial court to enforce the decree against his ex-wife. The trial court granted the ex-wife=s motion to dismiss the enforcement actions based on the court=s conclusion that she was never validly served with process in the underlying divorce action. The trial court erred in dismissing the enforcement actions because, after the time expired for filing a motion for new trial and direct appeal, a restricted appeal or a bill of review were the only available procedural avenues for the ex-wife to attack the decree based on an alleged failure to effect valid service of process on her. We cannot affirm the trial court=s dismissal orders based on its alleged lack of subject-matter jurisdiction over child custody issues because the record before the trial court from the underlying divorce action did not negate the existence of facts essential to the trial court=s subject-matter jurisdiction over child custody issues. Therefore, we reverse the trial court=s orders dismissing the enforcement actions, and we remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
On or about March 15, 1999, appellee Ana Maria Tarquis Alfonso (ATarquis@) instituted the Spanish equivalent of divorce proceedings in a court in Madrid, Spain.[1] About a month later, on April 14, 1999, Skadden filed a petition for divorce in the trial court below. This petition contains an affidavit from Skadden stating that the only child of the marriage, Benjamin, has lived in Spain from birth until April 14, 1999, except for 25 days he spent in Houston, Texas, in September 1998. The record indicates that Skadden, after filing the Texas divorce action, tried to serve Tarquis (1) under the Hague Convention, (2) through personal service by a person authorized by the trial court under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 103, (3) through service by registered mail sent to Tarquis=s address in Spain, and (4) through service by publication in the Daily Court Review. Skadden alleges that he sent a copy of the petition and citation by regular air mail to Tarquis at her residence address in Madrid in November 1999.
The Texas Proceeding
On December 13, 1999, the Texas divorce case was called to trial.[2] Skadden appeared along with counsel. Tarquis did not appear in person or through counsel. The record reflects that evidence was presented at trial; however, we do not know what evidence was presented. Although a record was made of the trial, no party asked the court reporter to transcribe her notes. Eventually, the court reporter discarded her notes of the trial without ever having transcribed them. See Tex. Gov=t Code Ann. ' 52.046(a)(4) (Vernon 2005) (requiring court reporters to preserve their notes for only three years from the date on which they were taken). Thus, there is no trial record for this court to review.
After trial, Skadden presented to the associate judge a proposed final divorce decree, which both Skadden and his counsel approved as to form and substance. The associate judge reviewed the proposed decree, made various revisions to it, and then approved it as the decree he recommended the trial judge to sign. On December 22, 1999, the presiding judge of the trial court signed the decree recommended by the associate judge without making any changes to it (hereinafter the ATexas Decree@). The Texas Decree adjudicated property and child custody issues, and it states, among other things, as follows:
Based upon the evidence presented, the Court finds that [Tarquis] had adequate notice of these proceedings[.] Due process of law has been satisfied[.] [Tarquis] is wholly in default[.]
The Court, after receiving evidence, finds that it has jurisdiction of this case. All prerequisites to the exercise of its jurisdiction have been duly complied with . . .
. . .
The Court finds that [Skadden] and [Tarquis] are the parents of only one child:
Name[:] Benjamin Skadden-Tarquis
Sex[:] Male
Birthplace[:] Madrid, Spain
Birth Date[:] October 21, 1997
Home State: Texas
(emphasis added). No party timely filed a post-judgment motion, regular appeal, restricted appeal, or bill of review regarding this final divorce decree.
The Spanish Proceeding
In June 2002, the court in the Spanish divorce proceeding rendered its final divorce judgment, ordering Skadden to pay child support and awarding Tarquis custody of Benjamin. The Spanish judgment, which does not establish a visitation schedule in favor of Skadden, states that the court did not deem it proper to establish a visitation schedule, in part because Benjamin does not know Skadden or have any relationship with him.
The Texas Enforcement Actions
On April 2, 2004, Skadden filed in the Texas proceeding a petition for interference with possessory rights and a motion for enforcement of the Texas Decree, which provides that both Skadden and Tarquis are joint managing conservators of Benjamin. On the same day, Skadden also filed an application for writ of habeas corpus. The habeas corpus action has a separate cause number from the proceeding containing the petition for interference with possessory rights and the motion for enforcement. In this opinion, we refer to both of these enforcement cases collectively as the AEnforcement Actions.@
On June 29, 2004, Tarquis filed an original answer that contained only a general denial and a request for attorney=s fees. A few weeks later, on July 14, 2004, Tarquis filed a ASpecial Appearance,@ seeking a dismissal because (1) Tarquis allegedly does not have sufficient minimum contacts with Texas and the trial court=s exercise of personal jurisdiction over her allegedly would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice, and (2) the motion for enforcement is allegedly based on a void judgment.
On September 29, 2004, the trial court held a hearing and determined that Tarquis waived her personal-jurisdiction objection in the Enforcement Actions by not filing her special appearance before her answer. On October 27, 2004, the trial court issued a capias for Tarquis based on her failure to appear as ordered at a prior hearing.
On November 29, 2004, Tarquis filed a AMotion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction.@ In this motion, Tarquis asserted that, both at the time of the motion and when the trial court issued the Texas Decree, the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over child custody issues under Chapter 152 of the Texas Family Code. Tarquis also asserted that the Texas Decree was void because she was not validly served with process before the rendition of the Texas Decree. On December 10, 2004, Tarquis filed a AMotion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction.@ In this motion, Tarquis asserted that, both at the time of the motion and when the trial court issued the Texas Decree, the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over Tarquis because Tarquis did not have sufficient minimum contacts with Texas and because the trial court=s exercise of personal jurisdiction over her would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. This motion did not mention any alleged lack of service of process on Tarquis. On the same day, Tarquis filed a AFirst Amended Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction.@ This amended motion is substantially similar to the original motion Tarquis filed on November 29, 2004, except that in it Tarquis emphasizes that her motion is directed toward Skadden=s motion for enforcement, petition for interference with possessory rights, and application for writ of habeas corpus. Tarquis=s two motions were set for hearing on December 27, 2004.
On December 21, 2004 and December 22, 2004, the trial court faxed a handwritten letter to counsel. Although it is difficult to read, this letter appears to state the following:
As I indicated to you, I have now reviewed this file from divorce through enforcement and habeas corpus. I have reviewed my docket sheet and note that my findings/rendition provided AJMCCno jurisd. over child to determine primary JMC or geographical provision/ no jurisd. on periods of poss.@
The Decree is inconsistent with the rendition but clearly there never was personal jurisdiction, only in rem to grant the divorce.
Therefor [sic], the court now renders that it has no personal jurisdiction, only in rem jurisdiction. Motion to Enforce + Habeas are Dismissed W.O.J.
On December 27, 2004, the trial court held a hearing and read from its letter to counsel. The trial judge stated that he did not intend to use the docket entry to override the Texas Decree but that he had used the docket sheet to refresh his memory regarding whether service of process had been validly effected on Tarquis. Tarquis=s counsel asserted that Skadden=s divorce petition shows that the trial court did not have subject-matter jurisdiction over Benjamin under section 152.201 of the Texas Family Code. Skadden asserted that the court already had ruled that Tarquis=s special appearance was untimely, so that Tarquis should not be able to raise personal jurisdiction. The trial court stated that it was relying on the fact that there was no valid service of process on Tarquis and then took judicial notice of everything in its file in the underlying divorce case, which reflected various attempts by Skadden to effect service of process on Tarquis.
The trial court stated that its ruling, as contained in the faxed letter, had nothing to do with any hearing that was set on Tarquis=s motions to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and lack of personal jurisdiction. The trial court reaffirmed its earlier ruling that Tarquis=s special appearance was untimely and would be overruled. The trial court, indicating there had been no valid service of process in the divorce proceeding, stated that Skadden=s motion for enforcement and application for writ of habeas corpus fail only because the court determined that it had no personal jurisdiction at the time the Texas Decree was rendered. The trial court stated that the handwritten letter that it had faxed to counsel the previous week was its ruling. Therefore, the trial court took that letter, added the notation A12/27/04 (per hearing)@ at the top, and had the document filed with the papers of the court.
On January 14, 2005, the trial court signed an order dismissing with prejudice Skadden=s motion for enforcement and petition for interference with possessory rights. The order states that on December 27, 2004, the court considered Tarquis=s AMotion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction and Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction.@ In the order the court finds that Tarquis was not served with process in the underlying divorce action in compliance with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure and that the court does not have personal jurisdiction in this case. The order states that the court grants Athe motion.@ On January 14, 2005, the trial court also signed an order dismissing with prejudice Skadden=s application for a writ of habeas corpus. This order differs from the other dismissal order of the same date in only one respectCit dismisses a different proceeding. The habeas corpus order contains the same recitations and findings as the other January 14, 2005 dismissal order. At a prior hearing, Tarquis=s trial court counsel stated that she had no knowledge there were two different cause numbers, and Tarquis never filed anything in the habeas action. Nonetheless, the trial court signed an order in the habeas action granting a motion Tarquis had filed in the other case. The trial court apparently treated all of Tarquis=s filings and arguments as having been asserted in both cases, and, for the purposes of this appeal, we presume likewise.
Despite Skadden=s timely filed request for findings of fact and conclusions of law and notice of past due findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court did not issue findings of fact and conclusions of law.
After Skadden filed these appeals from both dismissal orders, this court abated the appeals so that the trial court could file findings of fact and conclusions of law. The trial court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law, stating, among other things as follows:
[Findings of Fact]
5. [Benjamin] has at all times relevant to the action been in the sole custody and possession [of Tarquis] in Spain. The child was born in Madrid, Spain on October 21, 1997 and resided in Texas, according to [Skadden=s] Affidavit, only 25 daysCSeptember 8, 1998 to October 3, 1998.
6. No citation by personal service was ever accomplished on the divorce action in the United States or in Spain.
7. Citation by publication in the divorce action was published in Daily Court Review September 23, 1999 [sic] and the return of citation was filed on October 12, 1999. This is the only citation return in the Court=s file.
8. No statement of the Evidence was signed or filed to support citation by publication in the divorce action.
9. No request for the appointment of an attorney ad litem in the divorce action for [Tarquis] was made incident to citation by publication and no appointment of an attorney ad litem was made.
10. The Court was not requested in the divorce action to waive the requirement of appointment of an attorney ad litem since there is a child involved in the divorce action.
11. The Court did not waive (and could not waive) the appointment of an attorney ad litem for [Tarquis] served [sic] by publication in the divorce action with child involved.
12. The Divorce Decree[] does not reflect that citation was issued, served, and returned; it reflects only Aadequate notice of these proceedings@ and ADue Process of law has been satisfied@: [sic] the Court file reflects only citation by publication.
[Conclusions of Law]
1. The trial court did not have personal jurisdiction over [Tarquis] or the child in the divorce action since citation was by publication only.
2. The trial court, due to the non-appointment of attorney ad litem to represent [Tarquis] and due to the failure to file Statement of the Evidence, incident to the citation by publication, did not have in rem jurisdiction, or personal jurisdiction.
3. The court file reflects there is no evidence that [Tarquis] was personally served with citation and no evidence that citation by publication requirements were perfected. No presumption can be indulged that there was valid issuance, service, and return of citation.
4. The trial court, sua sponte, may determine its lack of personal jurisdiction and/or subject-matter jurisdiction.
5. An attorney ad litem must be appointed for a Respondent [sic] served by publication if there are children. There must be a statement of the evidence of service filed. (Tex. Family Code, ' 102.010)
. . .
1. Since the trial court did not have personal jurisdiction under the underlying order, the Decree of Divorce, it does not have, and cannot acquire, personal jurisdiction to enforce the Decree of Divorce against [Tarquis] by contempt or by habeas corpus.
2. Any inconsistency between the docket sheet entry at the time of the divorce hearing on December 13, 1999 (the trial judge then being the associate judge of this court) and the Divorce Decree signed December 22, 1999 is explained by the sheer volume of cases and the inability to edit word for word the Decree proposed by aggressive counsel. However, the docket sheet rendition in counsel=s presence at that time is totally consistent withC(a) No jurisdiction [sic] over child to determine conservatorship[,] (b) no jurisdiction over periods of possession, and (c) the notation Acitation by publication with no ad litem@. The court file documents [sic] confirm the docket sheet entries that citation was by publication regardless of the Decree[=]s vagueness on the notice issue.
3. Since the trial court has no personal jurisdiction over [Tarquis] in the divorce action, it has no personal jurisdiction over [Tarquis] in enforcement proceedings by contempt or habeas corpus relating to the divorce provisions.
4. Since there is no personal jurisdiction over [Tarquis] in the divorce action there is no personal jurisdiction over [Tarquis] in the enforcement action.
In sum, the trial court dismissed the Enforcement Actions because it concluded that, when it rendered the Texas Decree in December 1999, it lacked personal jurisdiction due to the failure to validly serve Tarquis with process.[3] Skadden appealed both of the dismissal orders rendered by the trial court in the Enforcement Actions.
II. Issues Presented
On appeal, Skadden asserts the following issues:
(1) The trial court erred in basing its dismissal for want of personal jurisdiction on the docket entry from the December 1999 trial.
(2) The trial court erred in dismissing the Enforcement Actions because (a) the record of what transpired at the trial no longer exists, (b) there is no evidence in the record showing that the trial evidence was contrary to the trial court=s affirmative findings of jurisdiction, (c) regarding the alleged failure to serve Tarquis with process, Tarquis may not attack the Texas Decree on this basis because her first attack on this basis was more than four years after the trial court rendered the Texas Decree.
(3) The trial court erred in dismissing based on lack of personal jurisdiction over Tarquis because Tarquis filed her motion raising this issue after she filed her answer.
(4) The trial court erred in dismissing for lack of personal jurisdiction over Tarquis in the Texas Decree because Tarquis is estopped from asserting lack of personal jurisdiction based on her acceptance of child support payments ordered by the trial court in the Texas Decree.
(5) The trial court erred in failing to hold an unbiased hearing on the issue of jurisdiction because, in alleged violation of Skadden=s due process rights, the trial court granted Tarquis=s motion to dismiss before the date on which these motions were set for hearing.
(6) The trial court erred by not issuing findings of fact and conclusions of law.[4]
(7) The trial court erred in dismissing the Enforcement Actions with prejudice.
In addition, both Skadden and Tarquis have filed various motions in this court and seek rulings on the following:
(1) whether Tarquis should be sanctioned;
(2) whether Skadden should prevail in this appeal based on the doctrine of judicial estoppel;
(3) whether judgment on appeal should be granted in Skadden=s favor based on two appellate issues not presented in Skadden=s appellate brief; and
(4) whether these appeals should be dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because the trial court allegedly lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to render the Texas Decree or alternatively, whether this court should affirm the trial court=s orders.
III. Analysis
A. Is the Texas Decree subject to attack by means other than a motion for new trial, direct appeal, restricted appeal, or bill of review?
In his second issue, Skadden asserts that Tarquis may not attack the validity of the Texas Decree in the Enforcement Actions based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction due to an alleged failure to serve her with process. On appeal, Tarquis does not argue that she properly asserted a collateral attack on the Texas Decree; rather, Tarquis asserts that the trial court correctly sustained her direct attack on the Texas Decree. Nonetheless, we need not address whether Tarquis=s attack was a direct attack regarding this issue because we are bound by the Texas Supreme Court=s holding in McEwen v. Harrison, 345 S.W.2d 706, 709B11 (Tex. 1961), that after the time for instituting a regular appeal has elapsed, a party may attack a final judgment based on a claim of invalid service in only two ways, neither of which were invoked in this case.
Texas cases contain many obiter dicta indicating that courts may allow a collateral attack if the judgment is void based on a lack of personal jurisdiction resulting from a failure to validly serve a defendant with process. See, e.g., Browning v. Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2005) (stating in obiter dictum that judgment is void and subject to collateral attack if the court rendering the judgment Ahad no jurisdiction of the parties or property, no jurisdiction of the subject matter, no jurisdiction to enter the particular judgment, or no capacity to act@); Mapco, Inc. v. Forrest, 795 S.W.2d 700, 703 (Tex. 1990) (same); Cook v. Cameron, 733 S.W.2d 137, 140 (Tex. 1987) (same); Browning v. Placke, 698 S.W.2d 362, 363 (Tex. 1985) (same); Austin Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Sierra Club, 495 S.W.2d 878, 881 (Tex. 1973) (same). However, in McEwen, the Texas Supreme Court held that, after the time has passed to timely file a motion for new trial or regular appeal, the exclusive means by which partes can challenge a final judgment based on an allegation that it is void for lack of service of process or lack of valid service of process are by filing a writ of error (now restricted appeal) or by filing a bill of review. 345 S.W.2d at 709B11 (holding that, once trial court has lost plenary power over a final judgment, the only means by which parties may challenge the judgment as being void for lack of service or lack of valid service is by writ of error (now restricted appeal) or by bill of review). The Texas Supreme Court stated that its holding applied whether the challenge was characterized as a direct attack or as a collateral attack. Id at 710.
The Texas Supreme Court has not overruled or disapproved of its holding in McEwen, and this court must follow it. See Lubbock County, Tex. v. Trammel=s Lubbock Bail Bonds, 80 S.W.3d 580, 585 (Tex. 2002) (stating it is not the function of a court of appeals to abrogate or modify established precedent); Nguyen v. Intertex, Inc., 93 S.W.3d 288, 294B96 & n.3 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (noting dicta from Texas Supreme Court and following McEwen holding in this regard). We conclude that after the time expired for filing a motion for new trial and direct appeal, a restricted appeal or a bill of review were the only available procedural avenues for Tarquis to attack the Texas Decree based on an allegation that the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over her when it rendered the Texas Decree due to a failure to serve Tarquis with process or a failure to properly serve her with process. See McEwen, 345 S.W.2d at 709B11; Nguyen, 93 S.W.3d at 294B96.
Tarquis did not file a restricted appeal; however, she did file a bill of review in a separate proceeding in the trial court. Our record reflects that the trial court dismissed this bill of review because Tarquis filed it more than four years after the trial court rendered the Texas Decree. In the Enforcement Actions below, Skadden sought to enforce the Texas Decree, and the trial court granted Tarquis=s motion to dismiss these actions on the ground that the Texas Decree is void because Tarquis was never validly served with process in the underlying divorce action. Tarquis=s motion in response to the Enforcement Actions was not (1) a motion for a rehearing or regular appeal in the underlying action, (2) a restricted appeal, or (3) a bill of review. Therefore, even if, due to a failure to serve Tarquis with process or a failure to validly serve her with process, the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over Tarquis when it rendered the Texas Decree, binding precedent bars Tarquis from attacking the Texas Decree in the Enforcement Actions, rather than by a timely restricted appeal or bill of review. See McEwen, 345 S.W.2d at 709B11; Nguyen, 93 S.W.3d at 294B96. The trial court erred in granting Tarquis=s motions to dismiss based on a lack of personal jurisdiction due to an alleged failure to validly serve Tarquis with process. See id.; Nguyen, 93 S.W.3d at 294B96.
Tarquis argues that the alleged voidness of the Texas Decree based on the alleged failure to properly serve Tarquis with process is fundamental error that can be raised at any time; however, the cases that Tarquis cites in support of this proposition are not on point. See Tullos v. Eaton Corp., 695 S.W.2d 568, 568B69 (Tex. 1985) (stating that question of Ajurisdiction@ is fundamental and can be raised at any time in case that involved a lack of appellate jurisdiction rather than a failure to serve a party with process); Cox v. Johnson, 638 S.W.2d 867, 868 (Tex. 1982) (holding that alleged failure to join an additional party cannot constitute fundamental error and stating that fundamental error survives only in rare instances in which the record shows on its face that the court lacked Ajurisdiction@ or that the public interest is directly and adversely affected as that interest is declared in the statutes and constitution of this state); In re J.B.W., 99 S.W.3d 218, 221 (Tex. App.CFort Worth 2003, pet. denied) (holding that a complaint that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction raises fundamental error and can be made at any time on regular appeal, without addressing complaints regarding alleged failure to serve with process). Tarquis has not cited, and this court has not found, any Texas Supreme Court cases holding that the complaint involved in this case constitutes fundamental error.[5] Therefore, we must follow the McEwen case.
B. Can this court affirm the trial court=s dismissal of the Enforcement Actions based on the trial court=s alleged lack of subject-matter jurisdiction over child custody issues?
The trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination regarding Benjamin only if:
(1) Texas was Benjamin=s home state on the date of the commencement of the divorce proceeding, or was Benjamin=s home state within six months before the commencement of the proceeding and Benjamin is absent from this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state;
(2) a court of another state did not have jurisdiction under Subdivision (1), or a court of Benjamin=s home state had declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that Texas is the more appropriate forum under section 152.207 or 152.208 of the Texas Family Code, and:
(A) Benjamin and his parents, or Benjamin and at least one parent or a person acting as a parent, had a significant connection with Texas other than mere physical presence; and
(B) substantial evidence was available in Texas concerning Benjamin=s care, protection, training, and personal relationships;
(3) all courts having jurisdiction under (1) or (2) above had declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a Texas court was the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under section 152.207 or 152.208 of the Texas Family Code; or
(4) no court of any other state would had jurisdiction under the criteria specified in Subdivision (1), (2), or (3).
See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. '' 152.201(a), 152.204 (Vernon 2002). As used in this determination, Ahome state@ means the state in which Benjamin lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of the underlying divorce proceeding. See id. ' 152.102(7) (Vernon 2002).
Tarquis moved to dismiss the Enforcement Actions based on her assertion that Skadden sought to enforce only the child custody portions of the Texas Decree and that, under section 152.201 of the Texas Family Code, the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to make the child custody determinations contained in the Texas Decree. Tarquis asserts, and we agree, that the trial court did not dismiss based on this argument; however, she asserts that this court may nonetheless affirm the trial court=s dismissal of the Enforcement Actions on this basis. We presume, without deciding, that we can affirm the trial court=s dismissal orders on this basis, and we address Tarquis=s subject-matter jurisdiction argument.
To analyze this issue, we must determine whether Tarquis=s attack on the Texas Decree was a direct attack or a collateral attack. Tarquis claims she asserted a direct attack against the Texas Decree in the trial court. Appellate courts have set forth different definitions of Adirect attack@ and Acollateral attack.@[6] Compare Crawford v. McDonald, 33 S.W. 325, 327 (Tex. 1895) with Texas Dep=t of Transp. v. T. Brown Constructors, Inc., 947 S.W.2d 655, 659 (Tex. App.CAustin 1997, pet. denied). Nonetheless, we are bound by the Texas Supreme Court=s holding in Reiss v. Reiss to conclude that Tarquis asserted a collateral attack on the Texas Decree.[7] See 118 S.W.3d 439, 440B43 (Tex. 2003) (holding that, in action to enforce divorce decree rendered 18 years earlier, ex-spouse=s attempt to avoid the effect of the final decree by arguing decree was void constituted collateral attack on the decree).
To sustain Tarquis=s collateral attack based on her subject-matter jurisdiction argument, the trial court would have had to conclude that the record before the trial court from the underlying divorce proceeding affirmatively negates the existence of facts essential to the trial court=s subject-matter jurisdiction; if the record is silent or supports subject-matter jurisdiction, then the trial court would not have been able to sustain the collateral attack. See White v. White, 179 S.W.2d 503, 506 (Tex. 1944); Etzel v. U.S. Dep=t of Air Force, 620 S.W.2d 853, 856 (Tex. Civ. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1981, writ ref=d n.r.e.).
In the Texas Decree, the trial court based its child-custody jurisdiction on section 152.201(a)(1) of the Texas Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. ' 152.201. After receiving evidence at trial, the trial court found that (1) it had jurisdiction over the case, (2) all prerequisites to the exercise of its jurisdiction had been satisfied, and (3) Benjamin=s home state was Texas. These findings support the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination regarding Benjamin. See id. Tarquis points out that Skadden, in an affidavit contained in the petition on which the Texas Decree was based, testifies that Benjamin was born in Spain and had been in Texas for only 25 days before the date on which Skadden filed the divorce proceeding. However, this affidavit and petition would not have precluded the associate judge from hearing evidence during the underlying trial that would support a finding that Benjamin lived in Texas with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of the underlying divorce proceeding. Skadden could have testified at trial in a manner that contradicted his affidavit, or another witness could have testified in support of such a finding.
Based on the evidence presented at trial, the trial court found that Benjamin=s home state was Texas and that the court had jurisdiction. We do not know what evidence the associate judge heard during the bench trial of the underlying divorce proceeding because the court reporter, after the applicable statutory period for preservation expired, destroyed her notes without having transcribed them. Therefore, our record does not contain a reporter=s record reflecting the evidence at trial. In the absence of a reporter=s record from the bench trial, we presume that the evidence and other proceedings at trial supported the Texas Decree. See Bandy v. First State Bank, 835 S.W.2d 609, 614B15 (Tex. 1992) (rejecting collateral attack because it was based on record before the trial court at the time of the action being collaterally attacked and because the challenging party did not present a record of the proceedings in question); see also Middleton v. Nat=l Fam. Care Life Ins. Co., No. 14-04-00428-CV, 2006 WL 89503, at *2 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] Jan. 17, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (stating that there was no reporter=s record of the trial and holding that, because appellant did not comply with Rule 34.6(c) and the appellate record did not contain a complete record of the trial, this court would presume the omitted portions are relevant to the disposition of the appeal and support the trial court=s judgment).
Even though Tarquis alleges fundamental error, this court still needs a record of the trial proceedings; otherwise, we presume they support the trial court=s Texas Decree. See Mason v. Our Lady Star of the Sea Catholic Church, 154 S.W.3d 816, 821 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). We do not use the doctrine of fundamental error to alter the presumption that missing parts of the trial record support the trial court=s judgment. See id. Therefore, we can only conclude that the record before the trial court from the underlying divorce proceeding did not affirmatively negate the existence of facts essential to the trial court=s subject-matter jurisdiction over child custody issues. It would have been error for the trial court to dismiss the Enforcement Actions based on Tarquis=s collateral attack asserting a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
While the trial court did not rely on this basis for dismissal in its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court did state the following:
$ Skadden=s affidavit states Benjamin was only in Texas for 25 days before Skadden filed the Texas divorce proceeding;
$ Any inconsistency between the docket sheet entry at the time of the divorce hearing on December 13, 1999 (indicating no jurisdiction over child custody issues) and the Decree is explained by Athe sheer volume of cases and the inability to edit word for word the Decree proposed by aggressive counsel@;
$ The Adocket sheet rendition in counsel=s presence@ during trial Ais totally consistent with@ a lack of jurisdiction over child custody issues.
Nonetheless, as discussed above, Skadden=s affidavit does not overcome the presumption that the evidence at trial supported the trial court=s finding that Texas was Benjamin=s home state, as stated in the Texas Decree. Furthermore, even if we presume that the associate judge in the trial of the underlying divorce proceeding (1) made docket-sheet notations indicating no jurisdiction over child custody issues and (2) announced at some point during trial that it had no jurisdiction over child custody issues, these actions would not preclude the associate judge from hearing evidence at trial that would support the finding in the Texas Decree that Texas was Benjamin=s home state. In dismissing the Enforcement Actions, the trial court did not find that, contrary to the Texas Decree, there was no evidence at trial in the divorce action to support a finding that the trial court had jurisdiction over child custody issues. The trial court did not dismiss the Enforcement Actions based on Tarquis=s subject-matter jurisdiction argument, and it would have erred in doing so. See Bandy, 835 S.W.2d at 614B15; White, 179 S.W.2d at 506 (rejecting collateral attack because the record from the underlying proceeding did not affirmatively show that the court in question lacked subject-matter jurisdiction); Etzel, 620 S.W.2d at 856 (rejecting collateral attack of enforcement-action judgment, in part, because record from underlying proceeding showed court rendering judgment had subject-matter jurisdiction).
Tarquis also argues that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to render the Texas Decree based on the pendency of the Spanish divorce proceeding that was filed before the Texas divorce proceeding. While the existence of a first-filed proceeding regarding the same subject matter in another jurisdiction may raise various issues, including comity, this first-filed proceeding does not deprive the court in the second-filed case of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Ex parte Jabara, 556 S.W.2d 592, 596 (Tex. Civ. App.CDallas 1977, orig. proceeding) (holding that pendency of previously filed divorce proceeding in foreign jurisdiction does not preclude Texas courts from exercising jurisdiction over the same controversy).
In sum, we cannot affirm the dismissal of the Enforcement Actions based on Tarquis=s argument that the Texas Decree was void for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction as to child custody issues.[8] Accordingly, we sustain Skadden=s second issue.[9]
C. Rulings on Pending Motions
Skadden has filed a motion and supplemental motion in this court seeking sanctions against Tarquis. We conclude sanctions are not appropriate under the circumstances, and we deny Skadden=s motions for sanctions. We strike Exhibits 1 and 4 attached to Tarquis=s appellate brief as well as her ANotice to Court@ and the attachments thereto (filed on May 9, 2006) as being outside the record. See Nguyen, 93 S.W.3d at 292B93 (striking documents filed on appeal that were not contained in appellate record because, with limited exceptions that do not apply, appellate courts may not consider documents outside of the appellate record). We deny Skadden=s AMotion for Judgment Because of Judicial Estoppel@ and strike the attachments to that motion, as well as the attachments to Tarquis=s response in opposition thereto, because these attachments are outside the appellate record. See id. We strike Skadden=s AMotion for Judgment@ because in it Skadden seeks to assert additional appellate issues without leave of court. Finally, we deny Tarquis=s AMotion to Dismiss Appeals; Alternatively, Motion to Render Opinions/Judgment in Favor of Appellee.@
IV. Conclusion
After the time expired for filing a motion for new trial and direct appeal, a restricted appeal or a bill of review were the only available procedural avenues for Tarquis to attack the Texas Decree based on an allegation that the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over her when it rendered the Texas Decree due to a failure to serve her with process or a failure to properly serve her with process. Tarquis did not file a restricted appeal, and the trial court dismissed her bill of review because she filed it more than four years after the trial court rendered the Texas Decree. Tarquis=s motion in response to the Enforcement Actions was not (1) a motion for a rehearing or regular appeal in the underlying action, (2) a restricted appeal, or (3) a bill of review. Therefore, even if, due to a failure to effect valid service of process, the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over Tarquis when it rendered the Texas Decree, binding precedent bars Tarquis from attacking the Texas Decree in the Enforcement Actions. The trial court erred in granting Tarquis=s motions to dismiss based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction due to an alleged failure to validly serve Tarquis with process.
The record before the trial court from the underlying divorce proceeding did not affirmatively negate the existence of facts essential to the trial court=s subject-matter jurisdiction over child custody issues. Therefore, it would have been error for the trial court to dismiss the Enforcement Actions based on Tarquis=s collateral attack asserting a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction as to child custody issues.
For the reasons stated above, we sustain Skadden=s second issue, reverse the trial court=s dismissal orders in each of the cases below, and remand the cases for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
/s/ Kem Thompson Frost
Justice
Judgment rendered and Opinion filed October 31, 2006.
Panel consists of Justices Hudson, Frost, and Seymore.
[1] Certain documents from the Spanish proceeding are not contained in this court=s record. Accordingly, this court is striking all copies of such documents attached to appellate briefs and other filings that are outside of our record. We rely on Skadden=s trial-brief admission concerning the commencement of these proceedings. Skadden asserts he was never served with process in the Spanish divorce proceeding, while Tarquis claims Skadden willingly and without complaint submitted himself to the authority of the Spanish courts in the Spanish divorce proceeding. We need not address this issue to resolve these appeals.
[2] The associate judge who presided over the December 1999 trial later became the presiding judge of the trial court and rendered the dismissal orders that are the subject of this appeal.
[3] The trial court did not base its dismissals on the following grounds: (1) the trial court=s exercise of personal jurisdiction over Tarquis in the underlying divorce proceeding violated constitutional due process because Tarquis allegedly lacked sufficient minimum contacts with Texas and the trial court=s exercise of personal jurisdiction over Tarquis allegedly would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice; (2) under section 152.201 of the Texas Family Code, the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to make a child custody determination as to Benjamin Skadden-Tarquis because the affidavit contained in the divorce petition showed that since his birth (more than a year before the petition was filed) the child had lived in Texas for only 25 days; (3) the trial court=s exercise of personal jurisdiction in the enforcement proceeding would violate due process because Tarquis allegedly lacked sufficient minimum contacts with Texas and the trial court=s exercise of personal jurisdiction over Tarquis allegedly would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.
[4] This issue is now moot because the trial court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law following this court=s abatement order.
[5] We presume the constitutionality of all statutes and procedural law applicable in this case. See Edgewood Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Meno, 917 S.W.2d 717, 725 (Tex. 1995). Tarquis has not challenged the constitutionality of the Texas procedural law that requires her complaint to be raised within four years of the rendition of the Texas Decree, and she has not alleged that she received no actual or constructive notice of the suit or Texas Decree until more than four years after the rendition of the Texas Decree. See Peralta v. Heights Med. Ctr., Inc., 485 U.S. 80, 84B86, 108 S. Ct. 896, 899B900, 99 L. Ed. 2d 75 (1988) (holding that rendition of judgment against defendant without service of process violates the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution if the defendant did not have actual or constructive notice of the suit or judgment in time to provide defendant with an opportunity to be heard, regardless of whether defendant had a meritorious defense). The trial court based its dismissal on an alleged failure to validly serve Tarquis with process; however, the trial court stated AI know that [Tarquis] had actual notice. I have no doubt that she had actual notice.@
[6] Tarquis cites two cases that contain definitions of Adirect attack@ and Acollateral attack@ but whose holdings do not apply to the facts of this case. See Hogan v. City of Tyler, 602 S.W.2d 555, 558B59 (Tex. Civ. App.CTyler 1980, writ ref=d n.r.e.); Motor Mortgage Co. v. Finger, 200 S.W.2d 228, 230B31 (Tex. Civ. App.CWaco 1947, no writ). The definitions stated in these two cases derive from the definitions set forth by the Texas Supreme Court in Crawford v. McDonald, 33 S.W. 325, 327 (Tex. 1895).
[7] Even if we had to address the definitions of Adirect attack@ and Acollateral attack@ asserted by Tarquis, we still would conclude that her attack was collateral. See Crawford, 33 S.W. at 327. Tarquis=s motion in response to the Enforcement Actions was not (1) a motion for a rehearing or regular appeal in the underlying action, (2) a restricted appeal, or (3) a bill of review. By her motion to dismiss, Tarquis sought to avoid the effect and binding force of the Texas Decree in a proceeding that was instituted to enforce the Texas Decree, not to amend, correct, reform, vacate, or enjoin the execution of the Texas Decree. See id.
[8] As previously noted, we presume the constitutionality of all statutes and procedural law applicable in this case. See Meno, 917 S.W.2d at 725. Tarquis has not challenged the constitutionality of the Texas procedural law that presumes the missing reporter=s record supports the Texas Decree and that allows court reporters to destroy their notes after three years. Tarquis has not asserted a constitutional violation based on an allegation that she received no actual or constructive notice of the suit or Texas Decree until after the court reporter had destroyed her notes of the trial proceedings. See Peralta, 485 U.S. at 84B86, 108 S. Ct. at 899B900. The trial judge noted his belief that Tarquis had actual notice of the Texas proceeding.
[9] We need not and do not address Skadden=s first, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh issues.