Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed July 25, 2006.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-05-00793-CR
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ANTHONY CHARLES POLK, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 253rd District Court
Chambers County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 12375
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Appellant entered a plea of not guilty to the offense of possession of cocaine. He was convicted and the trial court sentenced him to two years incarceration in a State Jail Facility, and imposed a $1,500.00 fine. The trial court suspended the sentence and placed appellant on probation. In four issues, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence. We affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
On February 15, 2002, State Trooper Jason Matura observed a blue Dodge Intrepid traveling on Interstate 10 in Chambers County, Texas. Trooper Matura testified the vehicle was following too closely and changed lanes erratically. Matura stopped the vehicle and, for safety reasons, asked the driver to step to the rear of the vehicle. Matura smelled a strong odor of burnt marijuana on the driver. Matura then asked the two passengers to step out of the vehicle. Matura handcuffed the three men for his own safety and began to search the vehicle. Matura found several bags in the trunk of the vehicle, which he searched. In a duffle bag, Matura found a baggie containing marijuana, several pills, and cocaine. When Matura asked about ownership of the duffle bag, appellant stated the bag was his. Matura arrested appellant for possession of controlled substances and released the other two men.
II. Issues Presented
In appellant=s first two issues, he argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because Matura did not have reasonable suspicion to extend the scope of the investigation to appellant. In his third and fourth issues, appellant argues the smell of burnt marijuana on the driver did not provide probable cause for the search of the entire vehicle including the trunk.
III. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
We review the trial court=s ruling on a motion to suppress under an abuse‑of‑discretion standard. Long v. State, 823 S.W.2d 259, 277 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc). A trial court=s ruling on a motion to suppress will not be overturned if it is supported by the record. Brooks v. State, 76 S.W.3d 426, 430 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.). The trial court is the sole finder of fact and is free to believe or disbelieve any or all of the evidence presented. Id. We give almost total deference to the trial court=s determination of historical facts that depend on credibility and demeanor, but we review de novo the trial court=s application of the law to the facts if resolution of those ultimate questions does not turn on the evaluation of credibility and demeanor. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc). When, as in this case, the trial court fails to file findings of fact, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court=s ruling and assume that the trial court implicitly made findings of fact that support its ruling if those implied findings of fact are supported by the record. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc). Because the trial judge was free to believe any or all evidence presented and to make a determination of historical facts supported by the record after evaluating the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses at the hearing, we give the trial court=s decision deference. See Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89.
B. Reasonable Suspicion for Appellant=s Investigative Detention
In his first two issues, appellant argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because Trooper Matura did not have reasonable suspicion to extend the scope of the investigative detention to appellant. An officer is permitted to make a lawful temporary investigative detention of an individual if the officer has (1) a reasonable suspicion to believe that an individual is violating the law; (2) some suggestion to connect the detainee with the unusual activity; and (3) some indication that the activity is related to a crime. See Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Appellant acknowledges in his brief that Trooper Matura had reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle and detain the driver, but contends he did not have reasonable suspicion to believe that appellant violated or was violating the law. However, any articulable facts and circumstances that come into the officer=s knowledge during a valid traffic stop may justify further investigation. Razo v. State, 577 S.W.2d 709, 711 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). Furthermore, appellant, as a passenger in the detained vehicle, cannot claim immunity from investigation. See Tardiff v. State, 548 S.W.2d 380, 382 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977); Wood v. State, 515 S.W.2d 300, 306 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974).
As noted, appellant has acknowledged that Trooper Matura=s initial stop of the driver was lawful. A traffic stop is a temporary investigative detention. Josey v. State, 981 S.W.2d 831, 837 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. ref=d). If, during a valid traffic stop, an officer develops reasonable suspicion that the detainee was engaged in, or soon would engage in criminal activity, a continued detention is justified. See Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21B22, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968)). When a police officer smells marijuana, he has a reasonable suspicion that the detainee is engaged in criminal activity, specifically, possession of a controlled substance. See Taylor v. State, 20 S.W.3d 51, 56 (Tex. App.CTexarkana 2000, pet. ref=d) (holding that the odor of marijuana alone provides reasonable suspicion of criminal activity sufficient to justify a continued detention). Further, Matura was justified in asking the passengers to step out of the car for his safety. See Rhodes v. State, 945 S.W.2d 115, 117 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (officers may use such force as is reasonably necessary to maintain officer safety). Trooper Matura testified he handcuffed appellant and the other two passengers for his own safety because he was alone and it was beginning to get dark. Because Trooper Matura testified that he smelled a strong order of marijuana on the driver, we hold he had reasonable suspicion to further detain appellant. Accordingly, appellant=s first and second issues are overruled.
C. Probable Cause to Search Appellant=s Bag
In his third and fourth issues, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because the smell of marijuana on the driver did not give Matura probable cause to search appellant=s bag in the trunk of the vehicle. An officer may conduct a warrantless search of a motor vehicle if the officer has probable cause to believe the vehicle contains evidence of a crime. Powell v. State, 898 S.W.2d 821, 827 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (en banc). Police officers have the right to search an entire vehicle when they have probable cause to believe there is contraband in the vehicle, but do not know where it is located. United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 821B24, 102 S. Ct. 2157, 2171B72, 72 L. Ed. 2d 572 (1982) (AWhen a legitimate search is under way, and when its purpose and its limits have been precisely defined, nice distinctions . . . between glove compartments, upholstered seats, trunks, and wrapped packages, in the case of a vehicle, must give way to the interest in the prompt and efficient completion of the task at hand.@). Probable cause to search a validly stopped vehicle without a warrant exists when the searching officer, experienced in detecting the odor of marijuana, smells burnt marijuana emanating either from the vehicle itself, or from the person of an individual who has emerged from the vehicle. Leonard v. State, 496 S.W.2d 576, 578 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973).
Appellant argues that because Matura did not find marijuana in the interior of the vehicle, he did not have probable cause to search the trunk. This argument is without merit. If probable cause justifies the search of a lawfully stopped vehicle, it justifies the search of every part of the vehicle and its contents that may conceal the object of the search. See Osban v. State, 726 S.W.2d 107, 110B11 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc). Trooper Matura had probable cause for the search of the trunk after smelling burnt marijuana. Under the automobile exception, the trooper was permitted to conduct the search immediately without a warrant. See Levine v. State, 794 S.W.2d 451, 453 (Tex. App.CAmarillo 1990, pet. ref=d). Accordingly, appellant=s third and fourth issues are overruled.
For the stated reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Eva M. Guzman
Justice
Judgment rendered and Memorandum Opinion filed July 25, 2006.
Panel consists of Chief Justice Hedges and Justices Yates and Guzman.
Do Not Publish C Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).