Reversed and Remanded and Memorandum Opinion filed June 22, 2006.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
____________
NO. 14-04-00886-CV
____________
IVO NABELEK, Appellant
V.
BILLY M. ALDRICH, Et. Al., Appellees
On Appeal from the 113th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 03-62775
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Appellant Ivo Nabelek, appearing pro se, appeals from the trial court=s judgment dismissing his suit for want of prosecution. Appellant contends, among other things, that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to retain and motion to reurge his motion for default judgment against appellee Billy M. Aldrich. We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by denying Nabelek=s motion to retain and dismissing his claims for want of prosecution. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court=s order of dismissal for want of prosecution and remand Nabelek=s claims to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. Procedural Background
Appellant Ivo Nabelek is an inmate of the Texas Department of Criminal JusticeCInstitutional Division (ATDCJ-ID@). In November 2003, he filed a pro se complaint against appellee Billy M. Aldrich, a police officer who allegedly arrested him in February 1993, and numerous other defendants.[1] He alleged that, on and after his arrest, the defendants did not inform him of his right, as an alien resident from the Slovak Republic and former Czechoslovakia, to communicate with a consular officer. Nabelek asserted various claims including violations of United States Code Title 42, sections 1981, 1983, and 1985;[2] A[t]orts under federal Constitution and laws@; torts under the Texas Tort Claims Act;[3] and negligence. He sought declaratory relief, $15 million in damages, attorney=s fees, and costs.
The trial court granted Nabelek=s motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis.[4] On April 15, 2004, the district court trial coordinator responded to an inquiry from Nabelek and informed him, ABilly M. Aldrich was served on December 3, 2003. No other Defendants have been served at this time.@[5]
About two weeks later, on April 26, 2004, Nabelek filed a motion for default judgment against Aldrich. In his notice of submission filed the same day, Nabelek stated the motion was to be submitted Afor consideration on May 10, 2004 . . . by written submission, and without necessity of oral argument.@ The record does not contain an order from the trial court ruling on the motion for default judgment.
On June 4, 2004, the trial court issued its first notice of intent to dismiss this case for want of prosecution. In response to this notice, on June 15, 2004, Nabelek filed (1) a combined motion to retain and motion to reurge his motion for default judgment against Aldrich, which Nabelek set for hearing on July 26, 2004, the deadline specified in the notice of intent to dismiss, and (2) a motion for permission to appear by telephone at the July 26, 2004 hearing and to order the clerk to set up a telephone link, which Nabelek set for submission on June 28, 2004. There is nothing in the record to indicate that the trial court acted on Nabelek=s June 15, 2004 motions before issuing a second notice of intent to dismiss his suit for want of prosecution.
On July 14, 2004, the trial court issued a second notice of intent to dismiss. This notice stated that the case would be dismissed for want of prosecution unless a default judgment or an answer was filed by August 9, 2004 or Nabelek filed a verified motion to retain and appeared at an oral hearing on that motion on August 9, 2004 at 1:30 p.m. On August 3, 2004, Nabelek filed a motion reurging his previous motion for permission to appear by telephone and his motion to retain and to reurge his motion for default judgment. Nabelek set this motion for submission on August 9, 2004.
On August 19, 2004, the trial court dismissed Nabelek=s claims for want of prosecution. By letter dated September 3, 2004, the trial court notified Nabelek it had (1) denied his request to appear by telephone at the August 9, 2004 hearing on the notice of intent to dismiss, (2) denied his motion to retain, and (3) signed an order dismissing the case on August 19, 2004. On September 7, 2004, Nabelek filed a motion for reconsideration and a notice of appeal. The motion for reconsideration was overruled by operation of law.[6]
II. Issues Presented
On appeal, Nabelek asserts the following issues:[7]
(1) Did the trial court Aerr and abuse its discretion@ by denying him all means and avenues he pursued to prosecute his claims and by dismissing all of his claims for want of prosecution?
(2) Did the trial court err in denying his motion for default judgment against Aldrich?
(3) Did the trial court err in denying his motion to retain?
(4) Did the trial court err in denying Nabelek=s motion to appear before the court by telephone or similar means? and
(5) Did the trial court err in Arefusing or failing to hold and render a timely hearing and decision on [his] motion for reconsideration and to re-instate the dismissed suit?@
III. Analysis
We first address issue threeCNabelek=s contention that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to retainCbecause this issue, if sustained, is dispositive of the appeal. However, there are several issues that are intertwined with this issue. To completely resolve this issue, we also must address issues one and four. In issue one, Nabelek challenges the dismissal for want of prosecution, which is connected with the motion to retain. And, in issue four, Nabelek challenges the trial court=s denial of his motion to appear by telephone at the dismissal hearing.
We review a dismissal for want of prosecution under an abuse-of-discretion standard. See MacGregor v. Rich, 941 S.W.2d 74, 75 (Tex. 1997). The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court=s action was arbitrary or unreasonable. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241B42 (Tex. 1985); see Sweed v. City of El Paso, 139 S.W.3d 450, 452 (Tex. App.CEl Paso 2004, no pet.) (invoking Downer test in context of reviewing dismissal for want of prosecution).
A trial court may dismiss a case for want of prosecution under either Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 165a or the court=s inherent common-law authority. Alexander v. Linda=s Boutique, 134 S.W.3d 845, 850 (Tex. 2004). AA trial court may dismiss under Rule 165a on >failure of any party seeking affirmative relief to appear for any hearing or trial of which the party had notice,= . . . or when a case is >not disposed of within the time standards promulgated by the Supreme Court. . . .=@ Villarreal v. San Antonio Truck & Equip., 994 S.W.2d 628, 630 (Tex. 1999) (quoting Tex. R. Civ. P. 165a (1), (2)). Under the common law, the trial court has an inherent power to dismiss, independent of the rules of procedure, when a plaintiff fails to prosecute his case with due diligence. Id.
In Nabelek=s combined motion, which he set for hearing on August 9, 2004, Nabelek asked the trial court to retain the case on its docket and to grant a default judgment against Aldrich, who had been served but who had not answered. Although the motion was not verified, Nabelek included an unsworn declaration, in which he stated, AI, undersigned Ivo Nabelek, do declare under penalty of perjury, that the foregoing and below-stated allegations are true and correct. I am presently being incarcerated at the TDCJ-ID Jim Ferguson Unit, Madison County, Texas.@ Because Nabelek was an inmate, the unsworn declaration, which was in writing and subscribed under penalty of perjury, served in lieu of a verification. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. '' 132.001, 132.002 (Vernon 2005).
Before a court may dismiss a case for want of prosecution, the court must give the party notice and an opportunity to be heard. Villarreal, 994 S.W.2d at 630. Additionally, a court may not dismiss for want of prosecution on a ground other than those for which it gave notice of its intent to dismiss. See Villarreal, 994 S.W.2d at 632B33. The notice of intent to dismiss referred only to a motion to retain; it did not specify any particular content. If the trial court had intended to require that Nabelek, in his motion to retain, allege good cause or diligence in prosecution to avoid dismissal, the notice needed to so state. See id. (holding notice that informed plaintiff that case would be dismissed only if the plaintiff did not appear and announce ready could not be interpreted as giving notice of two grounds for dismissal, that is, failure to announce ready and failure to use diligence in prosecuting the case). Therefore, to the extent the trial court dismissed based on Nabelek=s failure to allege good cause or diligence, the trial court abused its discretion. See 3V, Inc. v. JTS Enters., Inc., 40 S.W.3d 533, 543B44 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (holding trial court abused its discretion when, under the notice sent out, the trial court was precluded from dismissing this case for any reason other than the failure to file a final order and trial court also was precluded from dismissing the case for failure to file a final order because requisite event had not occurred).
Because Nabelek filed the equivalent of a verified motion to retain and set it for hearing on August 9, 2004 at 1:30 p.m., the only basis on which the trial court, consistent with its notice, could have dismissed Nabelek=s claims was Nabelek=s failure to appear at the hearing on his motion to retain. Thus, we turn now to Nabelek=s Afailure@ to appear.
In response to the trial court=s first notice of intent to dismiss, Nabelek filed a motion to appear by telephone and requested the court to order the clerk to set up a telephone link. Nabelek referred to the provision in the notice making his appearance mandatory and explained he was imprisoned at the TDCJ-ID, Jim Ferguson Unit, and could appear only by means of a telephone conference hearing. Nabelek resubmitted that motion in response to the court=s second notice. By letter dated September 3, 2004, the trial court notified Nabelek it had denied his request to appear by telephone for the hearing.
The present case is analogous to Boulden v. Boulden, 133 S.W.3d 884 (Tex. App.CDallas 2004, no pet.). In Boulden, the inmate husband filed a petition for divorce and an affidavit of inability to pay costs, with a declaration under Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code Chapter 132. Id. at 884; see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 132.001B.003 (Vernon 2005); Tex. R. Civ. P. 145. Although the clerk was to have issued citation, there was no record of citation being issued or served, and the wife did not appear. See Boulden, 144 S.W.3d at 885; see Tex. R. Civ. P. 145 (1).
The trial court sent the inmate notice of a dismissal hearing set for October 15, 2002, directing him to appear in person before the court administrator prior to that date. Boulden, 144 S.W.3d at 885. The notice stated the court would dismiss the case for want of prosecution under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 165a unless there was good cause to maintain the case on the docket. Id. The notice further directed that the inmate should not telephone or write for a continuance. Id. In response, the inmate filed a motion seeking a bench warrant to appear in person at the hearing or alternatively, for a hearing by conference call. He also filed a pauper=s affidavit requesting appointment of an attorney ad litem and reiterating his financial condition. Id. There was no record the trial court took any action on these filings. Id. On October 24, 2001, the trial court signed an order of dismissal for want of prosecution. Id. The court of appeals reversed, reasoning:
Litigants cannot be denied access to the courts simply because they are inmates. By requiring a pro se inmate=s personal appearance at a hearing while not acting on that inmate=s motion for a bench warrant or to conduct the hearing by telephone conference or other means, the trial court effectively closed its doors to the inmate. [The inmate] could not physically appear in court and, as indicated in his filings with the court, could not afford to retain an attorney to appear on his behalf. Although there is no absolute right for an inmate to appear in person in a civil case, where the trial court determines personal appearance is not warranted, it should allow the inmate to proceed by affidavit, deposition, telephone, or other effective means. [The inmate] proposed alternative means of appearing such as appointment of an attorney ad litem or conducting the dismissal hearing by conference call. It appears that [the inmate] did everything he could to respond to the trial court=s notice of dismissal. We conclude that under these circumstances, the trial court abused its discretion by dismissing the case for want of prosecution.
Id. at 886B87 (citations and footnotes omitted).
The trial court in the present case required Nabelek=s presence at the dismissal hearing. The trial court then, either by not acting on Nabelek=s motion to appear by telephone before the dismissal hearing or by denying the motion, essentially closed the court=s doors to him. We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court abused its discretion by dismissing Nabelek=s claims against all defendants, including Aldrich, for want of prosecution. Accordingly, we sustain Nabelek=s first, third, and fourth issues to the extent they challenge the trial court=s dismissal of his claims for want of prosecution. We reverse the trial court=s order of dismissal for want of prosecution and remand Nabelek=s claims to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.[8]
/s/ Kem Thompson Frost
Justice
Judgment rendered and Memorandum Opinion filed June 22, 2006.
Panel consists of Justices Hudson, Frost, and Seymore.
[1] The other named defendants included Investigator/Officer Reese (first name unknown) of the Houston Police Department, the City of Houston, the City of Houston Police Department, the Chief of the City of Houston Police Department sitting in office between February 17, 1993 and May 12, 1994, the Mayor of the City of Houston sitting in office between February 17, 1993 and May 12, 1994, the District Attorney of Harris County, Texas sitting in office between February 17, 1993 and May 12, 1994, Harris County Assistant District Attorneys Marie Munier and Denise Oncken, the State of Texas, the 351st Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas (with then presiding judge, the Honorable Lupe Salinas), the 180th Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas (with then presiding judges, the Honorable Patricia Lykos and the Honorable Dan E. Walton), the Texas Department of Public Safety and its official representatives sitting in office between February 17, 1993 and May 12, 1994, the Sheriff of Harris County, Texas sitting in office between February 17, 1993 and May 12, 1994, the Office of the Sheriff of Harris County, Texas, and the United States of America. Nabelek also indicated other defendants were to be specified upon the completion of discovery.
[2] See 42 U.S.C. '' 1981, 1983, 1985.
[3] See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. '' 101.001B.109 (Vernon 2005).
[4] See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. '' 14.002 (Vernon 2002); Tex. R. Civ. P. 145.
[5] The record contains a return of service showing that Aldrich was served by certified mail on December 3, 2003.
[6] See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c).
[7] No appellees= brief has been filed in this appeal.
[8] Given our resolution of these issues, we need not address Nabelek=s second and fifth issues. Further, as to Nabelek=s second issue, our record does not contain any order denying his motion for default judgment.