Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed July 24, 2007.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
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NO. 14-06-00620-CR
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HAROLD V. GILMORE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 263rd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1033717
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Appellant Harold V. Gilmore was convicted of aggravated robbery and sentenced to forty years= confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division. In three issues, he challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction and the sufficiency of the evidence to support the prior convictions used to enhance his punishment. We affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
At trial, the State contended that in the early morning hours of May 28, 2005, appellant and Leroy Collins,[1] his co-worker at the 99 Cent Store on Scott Street in Houston, Texas, robbed the store and seriously injured their co-worker and the complainant, Liaquat Ali, as Ali worked the night shift. The State called five witnesses. Sergeant R.C. Speckman testified that around 5:45 a.m. on May 28 he was dispatched to the 99 Cent Store. Sergeant Speckman looked through the store=s glass front doors and saw Ali lying face down in a pool of blood, and Sergeant Speckman immediately called for backup and an ambulance. Because he did not see a sign of forced entry at the front doors, Sergeant Speckman searched the premises for a point of entry and found on the north side of the building a fenced in area whose door had a chain with a broken lock, which appeared to be a Afresh@ sign of forced entry. Sergeant Speckman then entered the building to perform a cursory search for possible suspects inside and observed an open cash register, a pair of scissors on the floor and an open package containing items appearing to match the scissors, and a makeshift sleeping pallet near where Ali laid, whose pillow contained blood. After an ambulance team transported Ali to the hospital, Sergeant Speckman and two officers who had arrived conducted a more thorough search of the premises. They found a change tray by the front of the building but no suspects. Sergeant Speckman ultimately called the homicide division because he thought Ali=s injuries were serious, and he explained that the homicide division handles cases that involve seriously injured victims.
The State next called Sergeant Glen Riddle of the Houston Police Department Homicide Division Crime Scene Unit, who testified that he arrived on the scene at 7:25 a.m. to document, photograph, collect, and process evidence. Sergeant Riddle corroborated Sergeant Speckman=s description of the north side door to the fenced in area as having signs of forced entry, namely a bent padlock, and his general description of the scene inside. He further testified that inside the fenced area, there was a freshly damaged door which opened directly into the building, and the damage was likely created with a loud noise. In addition to Sergeant Speckman=s description of items inside the building, Sergeant Riddle also found a two-and-a-half foot long steel pole, a section of a wooden two-by-four, and a package of beer on the floor near the scissors. Although Sergeant Riddle collected five cards with fingerprints lifted from the steel pole and various other items at the scene, none of the fingerprints lifted matched appellant=s or other persons= in the case. He further noted that there was blood splattered on display cases near the sleeping pallet, which indicated that a blow or injury to the head had been received near the pallet and supported the theory that Ali was struck while on the ground. Sergeant Riddle also testified that about thirty minutes into his investigation, officers located Collins in a room in the back of the store. Sergeant Riddle additionally recalled that appellant was one of several witnesses officers spoke with at the scene, but did not know the substance of the discussion.
The State then called Ali, who testified that he began working at the 99 Cent Store for the owner and his friend, Mohammad Pirzada, about three months before the incident. Ali=s shift lasted from 8:30 p.m. to about 6:30 a.m., and after midnight, he locked the front doors and never opened or allowed customers inside the store; customers could request and pay for items only by using a window on the side of the building. Ali explained he sometimes slept on the pallet during his shift and that customers would knock on the window for service. On cross-examination, in an attempt to impeach Ali, defense counsel referenced a store cash register receipt from the night in question allegedly indicating beer was sold after midnight,[2] but Ali denied ever selling beer to customers after midnight because it was against the law.
Ali testified that on the night of the incident, Collins came to the store around 11:00 p.m. and that he gave Collins a television, who then retired to a back room in the store where he sometimes slept. Then, around 1:00 a.m., as he placed money into the cash register after a sale, Ali saw appellant and Collins in the cash register area. Collins demanded to see Ali=s hands, and Ali complied, putting up his hands. According to Ali, appellant then hit him on the left side of his head with a steel pipe. Ali also saw Collins holding a Aknife or something@ and observed him Ago into the register.@ After appellant struck him again in the head with the pipe, Ali fell to the floor unconscious. On cross-examination, Ali offered conflicting testimony as to whether he let appellant in the front door of the store at 1:00 a.m. or whether he saw appellant for the first time at 1:00 a.m. and did not know how appellant entered the store because Ali had locked all the doors.
Ali returned home from the hospital after seventeen or eighteen days, and he claimed he told Pirzada sometime in early June that appellant and Collins had injured him. He stated that police came to ask him some questions the day after he left the hospital, and he told them he was not ready to talk. At their next meeting, which he said was the next day, the police showed him some pictures, and he identified appellant=s picture as the person who had hit him. On cross-examination, Ali gave conflicting accounts as to whether he received medicine in the hospital, and admitted he continued taking medicine Afor my safety of my head@ at the time of trial.
The State next called Pirzada, who testified that appellant worked as a security guard and handyman for the store, and stated that both appellant and Collins had keys to the store and could come and go from the store as they pleased. He stated that appellant and Collins often complained that Ali watched over them, as Ali had caught them stealing from the store before, and that appellant and Collins had asked Pirzada to ask Ali to not interfere in their work. Pirzada also testified that he saw appellant speaking with police at the scene. In the weeks following the incident, Pirzada visited Ali in the hospital and at his home, and, after four or five visits, Ali told him appellant and Collins had hit Ali. Pirzada maintained that Ali consistently named appellant and Collins as the perpetrators, but, since Ali did not give any details, Pirzada waited to contact anyone about what Ali had revealed to him. Thereafter, when Ali regained his Afull conscious[ness],@ he told Pirzada the details of what appellant and Collins did, and Pirzada then contacted the police with this information. On cross-examination, Pirzada maintained that Ali could not and would not sell beer from the store after midnight, but he admitted seeing a receipt from the night of the incident indicating that someone sold beer after midnight.
The State finally called Officer A.D. Brown, a detective for the Houston Police Department Homicide Division who was dispatched to the scene. Officer Brown corroborated the other officers= descriptions of the crime scene and testified that he spoke with appellant and Israel McKinney, a witness, at the scene. According to Officer Brown, appellant kept repeating AWhere is Leroy?@ McKinney told Officer Brown he saw four black males in a blue Ford Expedition getting beer at the store at 2:00 a.m. and gave Brown specific descriptions of their physical attributes and clothing. McKinney said later, at 4:40 a.m., he saw the same Expedition parked by the back door of the store and the same four black males kicking and tearing at the gate, and he then heard a loud, shotgun-like bang and saw two of them go into the store.
Based on McKinney=s statements, Officer Brown searched for these or other suspects for three weeks to no avail. Officer Brown then visited Ali on June 17, 2005 after he came home from the hospital. Although Ali did not feel well and did not discuss the case in detail, both Ali and Pirzada did inform Officer Brown they thought appellant was the perpetrator. Ali, however, did not see appellant in any of the photos Brown showed him. On June 28, 2005, Brown returned to Ali=s house with a photo lineup containing appellant=s picture, asked Ali if he recognized anyone in the lineup, and Ali recognized appellant=s picture. Ali then gave Brown his account of what happened, which largely tracked Ali=s testimony at trial; but, Brown specifically noted that Ali told him he saw Collins taking money out of the cash register. Brown additionally testified that a metal pipe is considered a deadly weapon capable of causing serious bodily injury or death. On cross-examination, Officer Brown stated that, although Ali told police he had not sold beer after hours, the receipt indicated someone at the store had in fact done so the night of the incident, which gave McKinney=s story more credibility. He also admitted he was Asomewhat stunned@ by Ali=s implication of appellant on June 28 and conceded that all other information to date pointed to the suspects McKinney described. Officer Brown further noted, however, that McKinney did not provide any information regarding the attack itself.
In his case in chief, appellant called only one witness, Sergeant W.P. Booth of the Houston Police Department Homicide Division. Sergeant Booth spoke with appellant at the scene, and, when Booth informed appellant that someone had been injured inside the store, appellant replied, A[W]ell, where=s Leroy?@ After Collins had been discovered in the store, Sergeant Booth asked appellant for his contact information, which proved accurate.
The jury convicted appellant of aggravated robbery, and the trial court sentenced him to forty years= confinement. Appellant now claims the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction and to prove the prior convictions used to enhance his sentence.
II. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
In issues one and two, appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction for aggravated robbery. In evaluating a legal sufficiency claim attacking a jury=s finding of guilt, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We do not ask whether we believe the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318B19 (1979). Rather, we determine only whether a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d 384, 389 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). In our review, we accord great deference A>to the responsibility of the trier of fact [to fairly] resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.=@ Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319).
In conducting a factual sufficiency review of the jury=s determination, we do not view the evidence Ain the light most favorable to the prosecution.@ Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Rather, we look at all evidence in a neutral light and will reverse only if (1) the evidence is so weak that the finding seems clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or, (2) considering conflicting evidence, the finding, though legally sufficient, is nevertheless against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414B15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). However, it is not enough that we may harbor a subjective level of reasonable doubt to overturn a finding that is founded on legally sufficient evidence. See id. at 417. We cannot conclude that a finding is Aclearly wrong@ or Amanifestly unjust@ simply because, on the quantum of evidence admitted, we would have voted differently had we been the fact finder. See id. Nor can we declare that a conflict in the evidence justifies a new trial simply because we may disagree with the factfinder=s resolution of that conflict. See id. Rather, before ordering a new trial, we must first be able to say, with some objective basis in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the (albeit legally sufficient) evidence contradicts the verdict. See id.
A person commits robbery if, in the course of committing theft and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, the person (1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another or (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. ' 29.02(a) (Vernon 2003). The offense becomes aggravated if the person uses or exhibits a deadly weapon. See id. ' 29.03(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). A Adeadly weapon@ is (1) a firearm or anything manifestly designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury or (2) anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. See id. ' 1.07(17) (Vernon 2003). Appellant contends the State relied solely on Ali=s testimony to establish the elements of robbery. He maintains that we should review such testimony with Agreat caution@ because of its disjointed and contradictory nature and asserts that his attack on Ali=s credibility at trial created reasonable doubt sufficient to undermine the jury=s verdict. In support of his legal and factual sufficiency challenges, appellant points to the following evidence:
$ The cash register sales receipt allegedly proving the sale of beer in violation of the TABC, which contradicts Ali=s testimony that he did not sell beer after hours;
$ Evidence that two independent witnesses saw the 99 Cent Store=s doors open after hours, which contradicts Ali=s testimony that he closed and locked the front door at midnight;
$ Mark Watson=s[3] and McKinney=s observations that the front door to the store was open after midnight, which contradicts Ali=s statement that he set the store=s alarm when he closed and locked the doors;
$ The five fingerprint cards lifted from the evidence failed to connect appellant to the offense;
$ The lack of scientific evidence connecting appellant to the offense, namely the lack of blood evidence;
$ Ali=s failure to immediately identify appellant, whom Ali personally knew, to the police officers when they visited Ali=s home on June 17, 2005, several weeks after the robbery;
$ McKinney=s observation that four black males at the store attempted to gain entry on the north side of the store;
$ Watson=s statements to the police that he observed these four individuals getting beer after hours at the store;
$ Appellant voluntarily approached police officers responding at the scene to inquire about his friend, Collins, who was asleep inside the store, which appellant claims is Aatypical@ behavior for someone who had committed an aggravated robbery; and
$ Appellant complained about Ali while working at the store, which suggests a possible motive for Ali to identify appellant as the robber.
We find appellant=s contentions lack merit for several reasons. First, in imploring us to view Ali=s testimony with Agreat caution@ and in maintaining that his attack on Ali=s credibility created reasonable doubt, appellant essentially asks us to reevaluate the jury=s credibility determinations, and we decline to substitute our own judgment for that of the jury or substantially intrude upon the jury=s role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility of witness testimony. See Vasquez v. State, 67 S.W.3d 229, 236 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Second, although Ali=s testimony was at times contradictory regarding certain detailsCincluding, for example, the dates of his meetings with the police and whether he took medication for his head injuryChis testimony regarding his identification of the perpetrators and the details of the incident was substantially corroborated at trial by Officer Brown and Pirzada. See Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (A[A] witness may be believed even though some of his testimony may be contradicted and part of his testimony recorded, accepted, and the rest rejected.@). Third, the lack of fingerprint or scientific evidence does not in itself establish that appellant=s conviction was supported by insufficient evidence, as a conviction may be based on the testimony of only one eyewitness. See, e.g., Walker v. State, 180 S.W.3d 829, 832 (Tex. App.CHouston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (finding legally sufficient evidence to support conviction for aggravated robbery where conviction was based on testimony of single eyewitness). Fourth, regarding the eyewitness observations of four other possible suspects at the scene, the jury was free to determine the weight to give to this evidence, and we cannot say this evidence outweighs the evidence of appellant=s guilt, namely Ali=s detailed recollection of the events, which was corroborated by testimony and some physical evidence, and Ali=s identification of appellant as the perpetrator. See Ates v. State, 21 S.W.3d 384, 392B93 (Tex. App.CTyler 2000, no pet.) (finding evidence factually sufficient to support jury=s finding that appellant committed murder where evidence of guilt was largely circumstantial and jury, as factfinder, could have disregarded evidence of three other potential suspects as weak and unpersuasive); Reeves v. State, 969 S.W.2d 471, 479B80 (Tex. App.CWaco 1998, pet. ref=d) (finding evidence factually sufficient to support jury=s finding that appellant committed murder where evidence of guilt was entirely circumstantial and jury, as factfinder, could have disregarded evidence of other potential suspects as weak and unreliable). Fifth, as to Ali=s alleged failure to Aimmediately@ identify appellant as the perpetrator to Officer Brown on June 17, 2005, we note that Ali did in fact identify appellant to Officer Brown during the course of the meeting, and, in any case, even a total failure to identify the defendant on one occasion goes only to the weight of that person=s testimony.[4] See Sharp, 707 S.W.2d at 614.
Based on our review of the record and according appropriate deference to the jury=s determinations, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of aggravated robbery beyond a reasonable doubt. Viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we further conclude that the evidence of guilt is not so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong or manifestly unjust or that the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We overrule issues one and two.
III. Prior Convictions
In issue three, appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting copies of judgments and sentences for appellant=s prior convictions during the punishment phase of his trial to enhance his punishment range because there was insufficient evidence that he was the person named in these documents. Aggravated robbery constitutes a first-degree felony carrying a punishment range of five to ninety-nine years or life imprisonment. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. '' 12.32(a), 29.03(b) (Vernon 2003). The State may seek to enhance this range to fifteen to ninety-nine years or life by alleging and proving one prior felony conviction. See id. ' 12.42 (c)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2006). To establish that a defendant has been convicted of a prior offense, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) a prior conviction exists, and (2) the defendant is linked to that conviction. Flowers v. State, 220 S.W.3d 919, 921 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The State may establish a prior conviction by admitting certified copies of a judgment and a sentence and authenticated copies of the Texas Department of Corrections records including fingerprints, supported by expert testimony identifying them as identical with known prints of the defendant. Beck v. State, 719 S.W.2d 205, 209 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The State may also use circumstantial evidence to prove the defendant is the same person named in the alleged prior convictions. See Human v. State, 749 S.W.2d 832, 835B36, 839 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). The factfinder looks at the totality of the evidence to determine whether the State proved the prior conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. See Flowers, 220 S.W.3d at 923.
In support of its enhancement allegations, the State introduced four Harris County Jail cards reflecting, among other offenses, three prior felonies. Each of the cards contained appellant=s full name, date of birth, the offense charged, the cause number, the court, and fingerprints. The State called Deputy Katherine Mills of the Harris County Sheriff=s Office=s Crime Scene Unit, who testified that she took appellant=s fingerprints in the courtroom and that his fingerprints matched those found on the jail cards. The State then introduced a New Mexico jail card reflecting a felony offense, and Deputy Mills testified that the fingerprints on this jail card also matched appellant=s. The State thereafter introduced copies of judgments and sentences for each of the offenses on the jail cards. Appellant objected to the judgments and sentences for failing to contain fingerprints with identifiable characteristics that could link the documents to him. In response, the State adduced, through testimony from Deputy Mills, that each of the judgments and sentences for the Harris County offenses contained the same name (AHarold Vincent Gilmore@), cause number, and convicting court found on the corresponding jail cards, which, as noted, contained appellant=s identified fingerprints. As to the New Mexico documents, Deputy Mills testified that the judgment and sentence contained the same name (AHarold Vincent Gilmore@), birth date, and social security number found on the jail card, and also contained appellant=s identified fingerprints.
We conclude that, based on the totality of the evidence, the State produced sufficient evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was linked to the offered prior convictions. Deputy Mills identified the fingerprints on the jail cards as appellant=s and thus sufficiently linked appellant to the offenses on these cards. She then matched up the jail cards with the corresponding judgments and sentences by noting the identifying information found on each, such as appellant=s name, birth date, and social security number, and the offense=s cause number. See id. at 924B25 (finding sufficient evidence of prior DWI conviction where State introduced (1) county clerk=s computer printout of DWI conviction containing cause number, sentence, and appellant=s name, address, birth date, social security number, and other personal descriptors and (2) appellant=s driver=s license record containing same birth date, address, and personal descriptors as printout, picture of appellant, and information regarding same DWI conviction); Lavinge v. State, 64 S.W.3d 673, 675 (Tex. App.CHouston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (finding sufficient evidence of prior rape conviction where State introduced (1) jail card containing appellant=s fingerprints, as identified through expert testimony and (2) indictment with transcript of plea proceedings containing same charge and sentence as reflected on jail card). As such, the trial court did not err in admitting the prior convictions. We overrule issue three.
Having overruled all of appellant=s issues, we affirm the trial court=s judgment.
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Leslie Brock Yates
Justice
Judgment rendered and Memorandum Opinion filed July 24, 2007.
Panel consists of Justices Yates, Edelman, and Seymore.
Do Not Publish C Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
[1] The State tried appellant and Collins together as co-defendants.
[2] Appellant did not admit a copy of this receipt at trial.
[3] Watson spoke to the police at the scene, but his statements to police were not substantially developed at trial. Officer Brown did concede that Watson stated he saw the front doors to the store open after midnight on the date of the incident.
[4] Appellant also suggests Ali failed to name appellant as the perpetrator to Pirzada before the police visited his home on June 17. Pirzada testified to the contrary at trial, maintaining that Ali told him in early June that appellant and Collins were the perpetrators, and the jury was free to believe this testimony.