Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed December 15, 2009
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-08-00460-CR
Dante BeRnard Knight, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
On Appeal from the 262nd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1163116
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
A jury found appellant, Dante Bernard Knight, guilty of the felony offense of robbery. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.02 (Vernon 2009). The jury assessed punishment at forty-eight years’ confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division. In four issues, appellant argues that (1) the evidence identifying him is factually insufficient; (2) the trial court erred in admitting evidence of an extraneous offense under Texas Rule of Evidence 403; (3) the trial court erred in admitting evidence of an extraneous offense under Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b); and (4) the trial court erred in refusing to give the requested limiting instruction to the jury with regard to the extraneous offense evidence. We affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
At approximately 1 p.m. on November 26, 2007, the complainant was returning from the bank to the convenience store where he worked. The complainant was carrying a bank bag containing receipts and keys belonging to the convenience store’s business. The complainant stopped in the parking lot of the convenience store to help a woman attempting to use a pay phone. As the complainant spoke with the woman, he briefly noticed an African-American male crossing the street towards the convenience store. Seconds later, appellant pushed the complainant to the ground and struck him on the back of the head. Appellant attempted to grab the bank bag out of the complainant’s hands. The complainant refused to let go of the bank bag, but eventually appellant pried it from the complainant’s grip. Appellant ran from the scene while the complainant pulled himself together, got into his vehicle, and chased after appellant. After running for approximately a quarter of a mile, appellant jumped into the passenger side of a sport utility vehicle that was waiting, engine running, with a get-away-driver. The complainant followed the sport utility vehicle until he was unable to keep up with the vehicle’s erratic driving. The complainant memorized the sport utility vehicle’s license plate number and called the police when he returned to the convenience store.
The next day, Houston Police Officer Kerry Richards was on patrol in an unmarked car and noticed appellant outside working on a sport utility vehicle within an apartment complex. Officer Richards ran the license plate number through his in-car database and discovered that the vehicle was listed as suspicious. Officer Richards called for police units in marked cars to station themselves outside the apartment complex. When appellant left the complex in the sport utility vehicle, Houston Police Officer Raymond Abel pulled appellant over for a traffic violation. Officer Abel was aware appellant may have been involved in a robbery and took him into custody.
Officer Abel transported appellant to the police station where Houston Police Officer Colleen Guidry put together a line-up including appellant. Officer Guidry called the complainant to the police station to see whether he could identify anyone in the line-up. Next, she took the complainant into the line-up room where he immediately picked out appellant as the man who robbed him outside the convenience store. Although the complainant stated he was certain that appellant was the perpetrator, he was reluctant to state that his identification was positive. The complainant told Officer Guidry that he was “a good man” and did not want to misidentify someone. However, he also told Officer Guidry that appellant had the same eyes, face, and other identifying features as the person who robbed him. Officer Guidry testified that in her opinion the complainant’s identification of appellant was positive, but that she only recorded the identification as tentative because the complainant would not state he was positive. On cross-examination of Officer Guidry, defense counsel further questioned Officer Guidry about the tentative identification. Appellant was arrested and charged with the felony offense of robbery.
During trial, the complainant testified he was certain appellant was the perpetrator, however he could only be 99% positive and the rest was up to God. On cross-examination, defense counsel repeatedly asked the complainant how well he saw the person who robbed him. Counsel went into detail on whether the complainant could remember exactly what the robber was wearing. Counsel also questioned the complainant about his inability to make a 100% identification.
Additionally, the State introduced evidence that appellant had previously been convicted of theft from a person. The victim of the previous offense, Gary Cunningham, testified about the theft. Cunningham told the jury that at approximately four in the afternoon he was returning from the bank to the restaurant that he managed, when appellant grabbed the bank bag he was carrying from his hands. Cunningham testified appellant fled on foot and then jumped into the passenger-side of a waiting get-away-vehicle. Shortly after stealing the bank bag from Cunningham, police arrested appellant at a nearby mall. Appellant objected to the introduction of the evidence, but was overruled. The trial court found that the defense had placed appellant’s identity in issue during cross-examination and therefore the extraneous offense evidence was admissible to prove appellant’s identity.
The jury found appellant guilty of the felony offense of robbery and, after finding two enhancement paragraphs to be true, assessed punishment at forty-eight years’ confinement. Appellant timely filed this appeal.
Discussion
I. Is the evidence supporting the identification of appellant factually sufficient?
In his first issue, appellant argues the evidence supporting the complainant’s identification of appellant as the perpetrator is factually insufficient.[1] Specifically, appellant points to the fact the complainant said he was only 99% certain in his identification of appellant as the person who robbed him.
A. Standard of Review
In a factual sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in a neutral light. Prible v. State, 175 S.W.3d 724, 730–31 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The evidence may be factually insufficient in two ways. Id. at 731. First, when considered by itself, the evidence supporting the verdict may be so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Id. Second, where the evidence both supports and contradicts the verdict, the contrary evidence may be strong enough that the beyond-a-reasonable doubt standard could not have been met. Id. In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we must employ appropriate deference so we do not substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder. Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Our analysis must consider the evidence appellant claims is most important in allegedly undermining the jury’s verdict. Sims v. State, 99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
B. Analysis
Appellant relies on Johnson v. State for his assertion that the evidence identifying him is factually insufficient. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Appellant’s reliance on this case is misplaced. In Johnson, an aggravated sexual assault case, the victim testified that she was positive defendant Johnson was her assailant, but she was not 100% positive. Id at 5. The reasons the victim was not 100% positive defendant Johnson was her assailant were (1) because it was dark; (2) she had been blindfolded; (3) the assailant wore a ski-mask the majority of the time; (4) she was scared; and (5) she was never able to get a good look at the assailant. Id. The reason the victim felt she was positive about her identification was based on a similarity in the defendant Johnson’s eyes. Id. The Johnson victim’s inability to make a 100% positive identification is what appellant contends likens Johnson to the case at bar. The facts surrounding the identification of the perpetrator in Johnson and those in the case at hand are distinguishable.
In the instant case, the complainant was attacked at approximately one in the afternoon. The attack was outside in broad daylight, there is testimony that customers at the gas station across the street watched the attack. The complainant noticed appellant walking across the street before appellant attacked him. The complainant was able to give police a description of appellant including his hair style, race, and height. Appellant focuses on the discussion the complainant had with Officer Guidry during the line-up procedure. During this conversation, the complainant identified appellant as the person who robbed him, but would not state that he was positive in his identification. Officer Guidry testified at trial that the complainant seemed certain in his identification, but was also particularly concerned that he would make a misidentification. Officer Guidry testified that in her opinion, based on her experience of conducting hundreds of line-ups over an eight year time period, the complainant was positive in his identification. The complainant told Officer Guidry that he recognized appellant’s eyes, ears, face, height and other identifying features, but the complainant insisted he was afraid of making the wrong identification. At trial, the complainant testified that he could be only 99% sure and the rest was up to God. A reasonable juror could have believed the complainant’s inability to make a “100%” identification resulted from his belief system and that the complainant’s “99%” identification sufficiently identified appellant as the perpetrator. It is within the province of the jury to reconcile the conflicts and contradictions in the evidence. Chiles v. State, 988 S.W.2d 411, 415 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d). Viewing all the evidence in a neutral light, we hold it was sufficient for a reasonable trier of fact to conclude appellant was the person who robbed the complainant.
II. Did the trial court err in admitting evidence of an extraneous offense under Texas Rules of Evidence 403 and 404(b)?
Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting evidence that appellant had previously been convicted of theft from a person. Appellant claims the prejudicial effect of this evidence substantially outweighs its probative value under rule 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. Additionally, appellant argues evidence of his prior conviction is not admissible under rule 404(b) of the Texas Rules of Evidence because the prior conviction is not similar enough to the current charge to render it a “signature crime.”
A. Standard of Review
Extraneous offense evidence is admissible if it is relevant to a fact of consequence in the case, and the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. Martin v. State, 173 S.W.3d 463, 467 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tex. R. Evid. 401. Evidence of “other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” Tex. R. Evid. 404(b). Character conformity evidence that has no relevance beyond a tendency to show the defendant is a bad person or of a character from whom criminal conduct might be expected is inadmissible. Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). However, evidence of extraneous crimes, wrongs or acts is admissible under rule 404(b) if it tends in logic and common experience to serve some purpose other than character conformity to make the existence of a fact of consequence more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 287 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g). Rule 404(b) also provides that extraneous offense evidence may “be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Tex. R. Evid. 404(b). This list is illustrative rather than exhaustive. Johnston v. State, 145 S.W.3d 215, 219 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Extraneous offense evidence may also be admissible to rebut a defensive theory. Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 626 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
If a trial court determines that extraneous misconduct evidence is not barred under rule 404(b), it may still be inadmissible under rule 403. Relevant evidence is properly excluded under rule 403 when its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Tex. R. Evid. 403. Courts should balance the following factors under a rule 403 analysis: (1) the strength of the evidence in making a fact more or less probable; (2) the potential of the extraneous offense evidence to impress the jury in some irrational but indelible way; (3) the amount of time the proponent needed to develop the evidence, during which the jury will be distracted from consideration of the indicted offense; and (4) the strength of the proponent’s need for this evidence to prove a fact of consequence. Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Whether extraneous offense evidence has relevance apart from character conformity is a question for the trial court. Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391. The trial court must conclude that the evidence tends in logic and common experience to serve some purpose other than character conformity to make the existence of a fact of consequence more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Id. We review the trial court’s ruling under an abuse of discretion standard and will not disturb the ruling if it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Powell v. State, 63 S.W.3d 435, 438 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
B. Rule 404(b)
One of the main rationales for admitting extraneous offense evidence is to prove the identity of the offender. Segundo v. State, 270 S.W.3d 79, 88 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Here, the theory of relevancy is usually that of modus operandi in which the pattern and characteristics of the charged crime and the extraneous offense evidence are so distinctively similar that they constitute a “signature.” Id. No rigid rules dictate what constitutes sufficient similarities; rather, the common characteristics may be proximity in time and place, mode of commission of the crimes, the person’s dress, or any other elements which mark both crimes as having been committed by the same person. Id. But if the similarities are “generic,” i.e. typical of the crime, they will not constitute a “signature crime.” Id.
Appellant concedes he placed identity in issue during his cross-examination of the complainant and Officer Guidry. See Page v. State, 137 S.W.3d 75, 78 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (identity can be raised by the defense on cross-examination when the identifying witness is impeached on a material detail of the identification). Because identity was placed in issue, we must compare the circumstances of the charged offense and the extraneous offense to determine if they are sufficiently similar to make the extraneous offense relevant to the issue of identity. See id at 336. On June 18, 2002, the appellant was convicted of theft from a person. In that case, appellant stole a bank bag from a restaurant manager as the manager was returning from the bank and entering his restaurant sometime in the afternoon. After taking the bank bag, appellant fled on foot to a vehicle waiting nearby with his get-away-driver ready to go. Appellant contends these crimes are not “so idiosyncratic and unusual as to signal them conclusively to be the handiwork of the same person.” Owens v. State, 827 S.W.2d 911, 915 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
The State concedes the five year time gap between the offenses is lengthy; however, this is not dispositive of our inquiry.[2] See Lane v. State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 519 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that extraneous offenses may be sufficiently similar to prove identity when there is either proximity in time and place or a common mode of commission. Ransom v. State, 503 S.W.2d 810, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). A comparison between the charged offense and the extraneous offense shows a high degree of similarity. Both offenses were committed during the day, shortly after the complainants had left a bank. Both the complainants were within footsteps of their places of work with bank bags in hand. Appellant did not make demands from either complainant and with a clear goal in mind he specifically targeted the bank bags. After each offense, appellant fled on foot to a get-away-vehicle with a driver.
Appellant contends the use of force in the current charge distinguishes it from the extraneous offense. However, in the current charge the complainant resisted appellant; while in the extraneous offense the complainant let go of the bank bag and did not struggle with appellant. Even so, some dissimilarity between the charged crime and the extraneous offense do not automatically make the extraneous offense inadmissible. Dickson v. State, 246 S.W.3d 733, 743 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d). We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the similarities between the charged offense and the extraneous offenses are sufficient to show appellant’s signature style of theft.[3] See Burton v. State, 230 S.W.3d 846, 851 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.).
C. Rule 403
Rule 403 provides relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Tex. R. Evid. 403. Appellant argues that even if the extraneous offense was admissible under Rule 404(b), it should have been excluded as unfairly prejudicial under Rule 403. Appellant contends the evidence is dangerously prejudicial because it had the potential to impress the jury in some irrational and indelible way. Rule 403 does not exclude all prejudicial evidence. It focuses only on the danger of “unfair prejudice.” State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). “Unfair prejudice” refers only to relevant evidence’s tendency to tempt the jury into finding guilt on grounds apart from proof of the offense charged. Id. The prejudicial effect may be created by the tendency of the evidence to prove some adverse fact not properly in issue or unfairly to excite emotions against the defendant. The extraneous offense evidence presented in this case is not inflammatory. There is nothing particular about this evidence that could potentially affect the jury in an emotional way. Cf. Santellan, 939 S.W.2d at 169 (finding the offense of abuse of a corpse could potentially affect the jury in an emotional way). The extraneous offense evidence was admitted to prove the hotly contested issue of identity. The testimony offered to prove the crime was straightforward and was not of the type to cause an emotional reaction. The complainant described the chain of the events surrounding the theft, followed by the arresting officers explaining how they came to arrest appellant. There is nothing about this evidence that would have left an indelible impression on the jurors. Additionally, the court gave a limiting instruction to the jury before the extraneous offense evidence was introduced as well as a limiting instruction in the jury charge. Accordingly, we find that the extraneous offense evidence does not have a great potential to impress the jury in an irrational way and would not tempt the jury into a finding of guilt on improper grounds.
Appellant also complains the amount of time spent presenting the extraneous offense evidence weighs in favor of finding it dangerously prejudicial. On the second and final day of the guilt/innocence stage of trial, the State introduced the testimony of four witnesses to develop the extraneous offense. These were the only witnesses on the final day of trial. The extraneous-offense testimony covers 27 pages of the 133 pages of evidence in the reporter’s record, or, one-fifth of the testimony in the State’s case in chief. In Lane v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals found the amount of time used to develop an extraneous offense was not excessive where it comprised less than one-fifth of the State’s case in chief. See Lane, 933 S.W.2d at 520. We hold that the extraneous offense evidence was unlikely to distract the jury from considering the charged offense, and thus does not weigh against admitting the evidence.
These were the only factors in the Rule 403 analysis challenged by appellant. In light of our resolution above, we hold the trial court did not err in admitting the extraneous offense evidence. Accordingly, appellant’s second and third issues are overruled.
III. Did the trial court err in refusing to give a limiting instruction specifically on the issue of identity?
Appellant argues the trial court should have given a limiting instruction specifically instructing the jury to consider the extraneous offense evidence only on the issue of identity. Instead, the trial court instructed the jury that it could consider the extraneous offense as evidence of “motive, opportunity intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake or accident.” Appellant objected to the court’s instruction both when it was given during trial and when it was included in the jury charge. In response, the State argues appellant was not harmed by the trial court’s failure to specifically instruct the jury on the issue of identity. Accordingly, we proceed to the harm analysis and determine whether appellant was harmed by the trial court’s failure to give the requested instruction.
A. Standard of Review
When a timely objection has been made to a jury charge error at trial, then reversal is required if there is some harm to the accused from the error. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). To determine whether some harm was suffered, the error is examined in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the arguments of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Id. The error is harmless if it did not contribute to the conviction or punishment. Stahl v. State, 749 S.W.2d 826, 831 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).
B. Did appellant suffer harm?
The relevant portion of the jury charge and oral admonishment to the jury is as follows:
You are instructed in this case regarding the defendant’s committing an alleged offense or offenses other than the offense alleged against him in the indictment in this case, you cannot consider such evidence for any purpose unless you find and believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed such other offense or offenses, if any, and even then you may only consider the same in determining the motive, opportunity, intent preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident of the defendant, if any, in connection with the offense if any, alleged against him in the indictment and for no other purpose.
We must examine the record as a whole and not focus exclusively on the charge. Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The complainant’s testimony in this case is strong. He was able to describe appellant, give police the license plate number of the get-away-vehicle, and pick appellant out of a line-up. Additionally, police officers found appellant driving and maintaining the get-away-vehicle described by the complainant. Furthermore, in assessing harm we are to look at the error in light of the entire jury charge. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. The jury charge is not devoid of a limiting instruction altogether. The jury was instructed to refrain from considering the extraneous offense evidence for purposes other than those listed in the charge—i.e. not to consider the evidence for character conformity. Considering the extraneous offense evidence for character conformity is precisely the harm claimed by appellant. We will not presume the jury disregarded the trial court’s instruction. See Colburn v. State, 966 S.W.2d 511, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). The combination of the strong evidence of guilt and the fact that a limiting instruction was given, shielded appellant from any harm resulting from the trial court’s refusal to give the requested limiting instruction. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s fourth issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled all of appellant’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ John S. Anderson
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Adele Hedges, and Justices Anderson, and Mirabal.[4]
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
[1] As a factual sufficiency review begins with the presumption the evidence supporting the jury’s verdict is legally sufficient, and since appellant challenges only the factual sufficiency of the evidence, he effectively concedes the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain the conviction. See Santellan v. State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 164 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
[2] We note appellant was incarcerated for much of the time between the two offenses. Appellant received a sentence of eight years’ confinement for the extraneous offense.
[3] Although appellant is charged with robbery in the current offense, the offense of robbery includes proof of theft. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.02 (Vernon 2009).
[4] Senior Justice Margaret G. Mirabal sitting by assignment.