IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. AP-76,405
EX PARTE KENNETH WAYNE THOMAS
ON APPLICATION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS IN CAUSE
NO. F-86-85539 IN THE 194 TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
DALLAS COUNTY
Per Curiam.
OPINION
On September 2, 1987, a jury convicted applicant of the offense of capital murder.
The jury answered the special issues submitted pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure Article 37.071, and the trial court, accordingly, set punishment at death. This
Court affirmed applicant’s conviction and sentence on direct appeal. Thomas v. State, No.
AP-69,938 (Tex. Crim. App. June 8, 1994). On May 13, 1997, applicant filed his initial
application for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to Article 11.071. We denied relief. Ex
parte Thomas, No. AP-73,251 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 20, 1999).
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On October 5, 2009, applicant filed this subsequent application with the trial court.
In a single allegation, applicant alleged that he is entitled to relief from his death sentence
because he presented significant mitigating evidence related to his moral culpability and the
appropriateness of a death sentence which could not have been given full effect by the
sentencing jury. See Penry v. Johnson (“Penry I”), 492 U.S. 302 (1989). In an order dated
March 31, 2010, this Court denied relief after finding that applicant’s claim satisfied the
requirement of Article 11.071 §5. Ex parte Thomas, No. WR-16,556-05 (Tex. Crim. App.
March 31, 2010). In light of this Court’s subsequent decision in Ex parte Smith, 309 S.W.3d
53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010), we reconsidered our decision and remanded the application to
the habeas court for consideration of the merits of applicant’s claim. The habeas court did
not hold a hearing, but did enter findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Reviewing the case after remand, the record shows that the mitigating evidence
presented by applicant is the sort of evidence that this Court has said is not encompassed
within the previous statutory special issues. See Smith, 309 S.W.3d; Ex parte Moreno, 245
S.W.3d 419 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Ex parte Martinez, 233 S.W.3d 319 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007). Applicant presented mitigating evidence at the punishment phase of trial tending to
establish that he had limited intellectual ability, suffered from mental illness and brain
damage, and had been victimized as a teenager in a violent assault. The evidence was
presented through the testimony of Jay Douglas Crowder, M.D., a psychiatrist.
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Dr. Crowder testified that applicant had scored 75 and 77 on IQ tests, and that those
scores would place applicant in the bottom 6% of the population in terms of intelligence.
Based on these test results, Dr. Crowder described applicant as “borderline retarded,” and he
informed the jury that applicant could not “learn as well,” “think as well,” or “reason through
things as well” as a person with comparable intellectual limitations. Applicant’s spelling and
math skills, as measured by tests taken around the time of trial, were below that of a typical
third grader.
Dr. Crowder additionally testified that applicant suffered from organic affective
syndrome, an abnormal state of mood that is a form of mental illness. Dr. Crowder based this
diagnosis in part on the fact that applicant had experienced delusions, including the belief
that angels and God had spoken to him and had directed him on specific missions.
According to Dr. Crowder, applicant’s impairments may have been traceable in part
to early toxic exposures, such as exposure to cigarette smoke and possibly alcohol in utero,
as well as trauma at birth. Applicant was born in the back seat of a car, and his umbilical
cord was wrapped around his neck during his birth. Applicant showed significant
developmental delay, as reflected in the fact that he was unable to walk until he was two
years old. As a child, applicant complained of a great many headaches and told his mother
he felt something “crawling around in his abdomen.” Dr. Crowder interpreted these facts to
suggest that applicant suffered from brain damage.
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Dr. Crowder also testified to the consequences of an assault committed against
applicant when he was 16, in which applicant was pistol-whipped at a park where he worked.
Applicant’s medical records indicated that he suffered an injury over the right frontal area
of his brain, which caused him to be disoriented and not to recognize his mother or his
girlfriend. Dr. Crowder testified that the disorientation described in the medical records
indicated that applicant suffered a significant head injury in the assault. An
electroencephalogram test (EEG) following the assault revealed abnormal electrical activities
in the frontal part of applicant’s brain. Dr. Crowder characterized these results as signs of
irreversible brain damage. An EEG and a computed tomography (CT) scan conducted by Dr.
Crowder in anticipation of trial revealed no abnormality. Dr. Crowder also testified
regarding other tests of applicant’s general neuropsychological functioning, and indicated
that applicant had scored “within the brain damaged range” on “90% of the tests that were
administered.”
Dr. Crowder indicated that the injury applicant sustained during the assault
compounded his cognitive limitations, because “people who are already impaired at birth or
later, if they have head injuries that adds on to that [sic], that makes the situation much
worse.” Dr. Crowder noted that some of applicant’s serious assaultive conduct, including
this offense, occurred after the pistol-whipping he received at age 16.
Finally, Dr. Crowder testified that while medication could make applicant
substantially less likely to constitute a continuing danger to society, the mental impairments
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increased the likelihood of applicant’s future dangerousness. On cross examination, Dr.
Crowder acknowledged that applicant’s reduced impulse control, rooted in his mental
impairments, made him more likely to commit violent acts such as “killing folks and
stealing.”
The habeas court concluded that the former statutory special issues did not provide
applicant’s jury with an adequate mechanism for exercising its reasoned moral judgment
concerning whether applicant’s mitigating evidence of low intelligence, brain damage, and
mental illness warranted the imposition of a life sentence rather than the penalty of death.
Based on the forgoing, the habeas court recommended that this Court vacate the punishment
portion of the trial court’s judgment and remand the case for a new punishment hearing.
This Court has reviewed the record with respect to the allegation made by applicant.
Based on the habeas court’s findings and conclusions and our own review, and because the
mitigating evidence presented at applicant’s trial is the type of evidence for which he was
entitled to a separate vehicle for consideration, relief is granted. We vacate applicant’s
sentence and remand the case to the trial court for a new punishment hearing.
Delivered: August 25, 2010
Do Not Publish
Thomas, Ex Parte Kenneth Wayne
Combined Opinion