Taylor, Henry Jr.

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0051-14

HENRY TAYLOR, JR., Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS
GREGG COUNTY

P RICE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which M EYERS, W OMACK ,
K EASLER, H ERVEY, C OCHRAN and A LCALA, JJ., joined. K ELLER, P.J., concurred in the
result. J OHNSON, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

OPINION

The appellant in this case argues that he was convicted of theft solely because his

apparent “ineptitude” prevented him from adequately fulfilling his contractual obligations.

In a published split decision, the Sixth Court of Appeals affirmed the appellant’s conviction

for theft in an amount between $1,500 and $20,000, a state-jail felony.1 The majority found

1

Taylor v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. 06-13-00078-CR, 2013 WL 6516399 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana Dec. 13, 2013).
 Taylor — 2

that the evidence would support a rational inference that, by the time the appellant took a

second installment payment on the contract in the amount of $10,000, on a false premise, he

had formulated the requisite intent to deprive his customer of that amount.2 The dissent

argued that the evidence, while certainly sufficient to support the inference that the money

was taken under false pretenses, was insufficient to show that the appellant ever intended to

renege on the contract.3 In light of this disagreement among the justices below,4 we granted

the appellant’s petition for discretionary review and now affirm the court of appeals’s

judgment.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL POSTURE

In the Trial Court

The indictment alleged that, “on or about the 30th day of November, 2010,” the

appellant unlawfully appropriated $1,500 to $20,000 from “J. Reich” without his effective

consent and with intent to deprive him of it.5 The appellant waived a jury, and the trial judge

heard the following evidence.

2

Id. at *4-5.
3

Id. at *5-6.
4

TEX . R. APP . P. 66.3(e).
5

The State thus bound itself to prove that the appellant unlawfully appropriated the money
from Reich at any time before the presentment of the indictment to the grand jury but not so remotely
that prosecution would be barred by the statute of limitations. Thomas v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___, No.
PD-1326-13, 2014 WL 5154586, at *4 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 24, 2014).
 Taylor — 3

Jeff Reich owned a construction company in Longview, and he also owned certain

commercial properties in Longview and Kilgore. For several years, Reich had done business

with the appellant and the appellant’s father, who ran several commercial sign businesses,6

and Reich had been satisfied with their work. But sometime in 2009, Henry Taylor, Sr.,

“stepped out,” and the appellant took over the businesses. Through Reich’s office manager,

Vicki Yocum, the appellant negotiated a deal on November 4, 2010, by which he agreed to

order four LED signs and install them at two of Reich’s commercial properties, two at the

“Lock Box” location in Longview, and the other two at a location in Kilgore.7 At this time,

Reich made a down payment of $14,657.25, which was half of the agreed-upon total for the

construction and installation of the signs. Reich agreed to pay a second installment of

$10,000 once the signs were manufactured and ready for shipment to the appellant, and he

agreed to pay the balance of the contract price, $4,657.25, when the appellant completed the

installations. Yocum testified that the appellant led her to believe that he would be able to

finish the job some time in December—that he “could have it up and running by Christmas.”

6

The appellant testified that he ran two such companies, Taylor Made Signs and Taylor
Custom Signs. His agreement with Reich is memorialized on a Taylor Custom Signs invoice.
7

Yocum negotiated the agreement with the appellant; Reich signed the checks. During his
testimony, Reich summed up the breakdown of exactly what he had contracted for:

A. We had two sets of LED signs that we wanted. One of them on the Lock Box
storage facility that I own, and one of them on a commercial property that I own
down in Kilgore. So there’s two sets. You have to have -- there’s two different signs
per -- per LED, one on each side. So there’s four signs total, so two per location.
 Taylor — 4

The invoice memorializing this agreement was dated November 4, 2010.8 Approximately

two weeks later, the appellant contacted Yocum to inform her that the signs were ready and

to ask for the second installment payment of $10,000 so that they could be shipped. Yocum

made this payment immediately via a check that cleared the bank.

On November 22nd, the appellant applied to the City of Longview for a permit to

install a simple “commercial” sign at the Lock Box location. The next day he also applied

to the City of Kilgore for a permit to install an “illuminated” sign at the Kilgore location. But

Yocum heard nothing from the appellant as the holidays approached, so she tried to contact

him. When the appellant finally responded, he offered various excuses, at one point

explaining to Yocum that the LED signs were still in transit from China and would not arrive

until after Christmas. When January came and Yocum continued to hear nothing from the

appellant, she began to “hound” him, mostly via text messages, but the appellant remained

evasive. In mid-January, Yocum requested that the appellant provide verification of

purchase of the LEDs. The appellant faxed her an invoice on January 28, 2011, reflecting

that four signs had been ordered from Affordable LED, Inc., a California company, on

November 18, 2010, and that the $22,600 balance on the invoice had been paid in full,

8

The appellant testified that he told Yocum only that he would “try” to install the signs by
December. Nothing on the November 4th Taylor Custom Signs invoice memorializes a specific
agreement as to when the work would be completed, but both Yocum and Reich testified that they
were led to expect that the work would be finished in December.
 Taylor — 5

presumably at that time, with a credit card.9 For several months thereafter, Yocum made

almost daily attempts to contact the appellant to find out whether the signs had arrived and

when the appellant would be able to install them. Finally, the appellant told her that the signs

had shipped from California, and sometime in the early part of March, 2011, he went to the

Lock Box location. But he reported to Yocum that he was unable to complete the installation

at that time. She told him to leave the LED signs, which were apparently packed in

cardboard boxes, in a storage area on Reich’s commercial premises there. Yocum saw the

cardboard boxes, but she never actually saw the signs themselves.10

A few weeks later, as Yocum continued to badger him, the appellant arranged to

9

The appellant introduced two other invoices for LED signs. The first was dated November
11, 2010, and it reflects that “Henry Taylor Sign” ordered two LED signs from a Houston company,
Elite LED Supply, for the amount of $11,600. This invoice is stamped “PAID,” but it does not make
reference to a particular job. The second invoice is dated much later, February 2, 2011. It purports
to bill “Taylor Custom Signs” the amount of $3,360 each for two LED signs from Affordable LED,
the California company. This invoice is stamped “PAID 03/07/2011,” and also shows that two more
LED signs were ordered but on backorder. Nothing on the face of this invoice refers to the Reich
jobs either. The appellant explained that he ordered two of the LEDs for the Lock Box job from
Affordable and the other two for the Kilgore job from Elite. He explained that he had dealt with
Elite before and knew that they could deliver within eight or nine weeks. Although Affordable
promised it could deliver within two weeks, the appellant had never dealt with Affordable before.
So he decided to order half of the LEDs from Elite and half from Affordable. He admitted that the
LEDs from Elite were different from those that he had agreed with Yocum to order for the Kilgore
job, but he thought that Reich would appreciate the difference because what he actually ordered was
more colorful. He did not attempt to explain why he had faxed Yocum the November 18, 2010,
invoice from Affordable. Nor did he explain why he did not fax her the November 11th Elite invoice
at that time. And he failed to satisfactorily explain why two additional LED signs were apparently
on backorder, according to the Affordable invoice of February 2, 2011.
10

Yocum testified, somewhat cryptically, that “I actually still have one of the boxes[,]” and
that it “actually has a piece of the equipment in it.”
 Taylor — 6

return to the Lock Box location and to have Pete Gerbine, an independent commercial sign

contractor, meet him there to help with the installation of the LED signs. When Gerbine

scrutinized the permit that the appellant had obtained from the City of Longview, however,

he realized that it did not cover the installation of LED signs.11 Gerbine offered to take the

LED signs back to his shop and, from there, help the appellant to obtain a proper permit, but

the appellant loaded the signs into his truck and left the premises.12 By March 24, 2011,

frustrated that the LED signs had still not been installed at the Lock Box and Kilgore

locations,13 Reich contacted the police. On April 8, 2011, the appellant discovered that a

warrant had been issued for his arrest, and he turned himself in. But in the meantime, on

April 1st, he had applied for a new permit that would allow him to install the LED signs at

the Lock Box location. That application was approved on April 27th, but the appellant

11

When asked on cross-examination whether he had realized he lacked the proper permit, the
appellant replied, “When I went and pulled it I thought there was a permit. I thought that’s all you
had to have.” But later he explained, “I don’t like getting my permits until when I get everything --
the sign in my hand.”
12

Gerbine testified that “the signs never showed up in my shop.” It is not entirely clear from
Gerbine’s testimony whether he ever actually saw the LED signs themselves, although he did testify
that, other than the wrong permit, another problem with installing the signs on that day was that
“there was some additional bracing that needed to be done to the signs.” He did not explain how he
was aware of this. For his part, the appellant testified that he did not take the signs to Gerbine’s shop
because he believed Gerbine was attempting to “take the job” from him. The appellant insisted that
he still had all four LEDs in his possession and he introduced photographs of LED signs which he
claimed were those that he had ordered for Reich.
13

By this time, the appellant had actually done some preliminary work at the Kilgore location,
but the electrical work had yet to be completed and no LED signs had been installed there.
 Taylor — 7

testified that, on the advice of counsel following his arrest, he never supplied or installed any

of the LED signs.

Yocum testified that, at least as of November 4, 2010, when she first contracted with

the appellant, she had not harbored any concern that he was trying to steal anything: “The day

we signed that I gave him checks. No, I had no qualm whatsoever. By the time he pulled

the permits I think the only reason he did it is because I hounded him daily.”

Over the appellant’s objection, the trial court permitted the State to introduce evidence

of other recent contractual obligations that the appellant had undertaken but failed to

complete. Four dissatisfied customers testified:

• James Arendell owned an Anytime Fitness franchise. In May of 2009,
he contracted with the appellant to install a sign on those premises by
August. Arendell paid the appellant approximately $9,000 up front.
Although the appellant timely erected a sign, he failed to install the
necessary electrical connection. After more than a year of attempting
to get the appellant to complete the work and getting nothing but
promises and excuses, Arendell eventually hired another contractor to
complete the electrical work for $3000. At that point, Arendell realized
that the sign that the appellant had erected was insufficiently
illuminated. He sued the appellant in small claims court and obtained
a judgment of $750, which the appellant has never paid.

• Doris Wallace owned the Village Shopping Center and a Subway
restaurant in Hallsville. Wallace hired the appellant in February of
2010 to install a new sign for the shopping center and paid him a first
installment of $3,194.10, leaving a balance of $3,188.04. She had
contracted with the appellant and his father in the past, and they had
consistently completed those jobs. But on this occasion the appellant’s
work was shoddy and incomplete. When he installed the concrete base
for the new sign, it collapsed into a concrete blob. Wallace had to hire
Gerbine to fix the damage. Gerbine noticed that the appellant had
poured the concrete in a state owned right-of-way, and so he had to
 Taylor — 8

move the base to a different location. After making numerous promises
that he would produce a sign and offering various excuses why he had
not yet done so, the appellant eventually quit answering Wallace’s calls.
By June or July, he had yet to produce a sign. Nor did he reimburse
Wallace the money she had initially paid him. Wallace hired Gerbine
to supply and install a sign.

• Dr. Tucker Lee Woods was a chiropractor who opened an office on
Wallace’s commercial property at the Village Shopping Center in
Hallsville. In February or March of 2010, Woods hired the appellant
to construct a sign on the premises to advertise his business. Woods
immediately paid the appellant half of the contract price of
approximately $2,200, and he paid the balance in May or June. But
after four months’ time the appellant still had not even begun the work.
Nor could Woods ever get a “straight answer” from the appellant to
explain the delay, despite numerous attempts. Woods successfully sued
the appellant in small claims court and obtained a judgment in excess
of $3,000, which the appellant paid only after a constable was sent to
collect it. Woods hired another company that was able to install a sign
within four to six weeks.

• Cathy Lee owned Java House Coffee in Liberty City. She ordered an
unlit sign from the appellant, in September of 2008, and paid him $811,
which represented half of the contract amount. Lee believed the sign
would be in place within two weeks, but when that did not happen, she
began to contact the appellant to find out why. With each call, the
appellant would promise to come install the sign “next week.” After
six months, when the appellant finally produced a sign, it was still
unfinished and the wrong size, the text was in the wrong font, and the
appellant failed to attach it to the pole securely. The appellant
promised to fix it, but he never did. Upon receiving a demand letter
from Lee, the appellant apparently promised to reimburse her, assuring
her that the “check [was] in the mail,” but Lee never received it. Lee
filed a civil suit against the appellant and won a default judgment.

At the conclusion of the bench trial, the appellant argued that the evidence failed to

establish that, at the time he undertook the contract with Reich, he harbored any intent to

deprive Reich of property. He argued that his attempts to complete the contract negated the
 Taylor — 9

requisite intent for theft, referring the trial judge to Ehrhardt v. State, an opinion of the

Texarkana Court of Appeals.14 The prosecutor responded that the evidence established a

“pattern [by which] what we see is [the appellant] doing a little bit of work,
taking a lot of money, and then not completing the task. That’s what we see
time and time again from [the appellant]. He gives a lot of excuses until he
has gotten all the money he can out of you, and then he stops doing anything
for you, right?”

The trial judge took the case under advisement. The next day, the trial judge filed a letter,

which was faxed to the parties, in which he announced, “When we re-convene, I will find the

[appellant] guilty.” “What distinguishes this case” from Ehrhardt, the trial judge explained,

was “the evidence that [the appellant] had participated in similar transactions. That evidence,

along with the evidence of the transaction alleged in the indictment, establishes the requisite

mental state.” Later the trial court pronounced the appellant guilty on the record, assessing

his punishment at one year’s confinement in a state jail and ordering him to pay restitution

in the amount of $22,600.15

In the Court of Appeals

On appeal, the appellant once again argued that the amount of work he performed on

the contract, however deficiently, nevertheless served to negate any rational inference that

he intended to deprive Reich of property as of the time of their contract. In a 2-1 decision,

14

See 334 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d) (“The amount of work
performed can negate any intent to deprive at the time of the formation of the contract.”).
15

The restitution amount assessed reflects the price for the manufacture of the four LED signs,
as stated in the November 18th invoice from Affordable LED, Inc. to Taylor Custom Signs.
 Taylor — 10

the court of appeals held that the evidence was sufficient to support appellant’s conviction.16

Although the court noted that the “mere failure to perform a contract is not sufficient to

establish guilt of theft,” the court of appeals identified “at least one instance during the

continuing transaction that stands out, . . . wherein Taylor represented that it was necessary

for Reich to pay $10,000.00 in order to have the signs shipped.”17 It was this representation,

the court of appeals held, that allowed a rational fact-finder to conclude that appellant took

the money by deception, and thus, without the effective consent of the owner. The trial judge

could rationally find “that such representation [that the signs were ready to be shipped] was

false and that it was upon this false representation that Reich paid Taylor $10,000.00.” 18

In dissent, Justice Carter cited Baker v. State,19 in which this same Texarkana Court

of Appeals acknowledged that partial performance of a contract negated the intent to commit

theft through fraud or deception.20 Although Baker allowed for an exception when there is

proof that funds were not used for the contracted project, there was no such evidence of

misapplication in this case, and thus, Justice Carter reasoned, “[w]hile this money was

16

Taylor, 2013 WL 6516399 at *4.
17

Id.
18

Id.
19

986 S.W.2d 271 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d).
20

Id. at 275.
 Taylor — 11

probably paid prematurely, there is no evidence it was diverted from the project,” and

therefore the evidence was insufficient to support appellant’s conviction.21 We granted the

appellant’s petition for discretionary review to address this dispute.

THE LAW

The Malik standard of a hypothetically correct jury charge for measuring sufficiency

of the evidence applies in bench trials.22 When an indictment alleges theft in the most

general of statutory terms, as did the indictment in this case, the hypothetically correct jury

charge embraces any and every statutorily defined alternative method of committing the

offense that was fairly raised by the evidence.23 As raised by the evidence in this case, the

hypothetically correct jury charge would authorize conviction under the following

definitions.

A person commits theft “if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive

the owner” of it.24 Appropriate means “to acquire or otherwise exercise control over property

other than real property.” 25 An intent to deprive an owner of his property means an intent “to

21

Taylor, 2013 WL 6516399 at *6 (Carter, J., dissenting).
22

Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
23

Geick v. State, 349 S.W.3d 542, 546 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
24

TEX . PENAL CODE §31.03(a).
25

Id. § 31.01(4)(b).
 Taylor — 12

withhold the property from the owner permanently or for so extended a period of time that

a major portion of the value or enjoyment of the property is lost to the owner.” 26

Appropriation is unlawful if it is without the owner’s effective consent.27 Consent is not

effective “if induced by deception.”28 There are two statutory definitions of “deception” that

are relevant on the facts presented here:

• creating or confirming by words or conduct a false impression of law
or fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction,
and that the actor does not believe to be true;29 and

• promising performance that is likely to affect the judgment of another
in the transaction and that the actor does not intend to perform or knows
will not be performed, except that failure to perform the promise in
issue without other evidence of intent or knowledge is not sufficient
proof that the actor did not intend to perform or knew the promise
would not be performed.30

The question before us is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense of

theft as so defined to a level of confidence beyond a reasonable doubt.31

26

Id. § 31.01(2)(A).
27

Id. § 31.03(b)(1).
28

Id. § 31.01(3)(A).
29

Id. § 31.01(1)(A).
30

Id. § 31.01(1)(E).
31

Geick, 349 S.W.3d at 545.
 Taylor — 13

Theft cases involving unfulfilled contractual obligations present special problems with

sufficiency of the evidence. As we have observed before:

A claim of theft made in connection with a contract . . . requires proof of more
than an intent to deprive the owner of property and subsequent appropriation
of the property. In that circumstance, the State must prove that the
appropriation was a result of a false pretext, or fraud. Moreover, the evidence
must show that the accused intended to deprive the owner of the property at
the time the property was taken. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence,
though, we should look at events occurring before, during and after the
commission of the offense and may rely on actions of the defendant which
show an understanding and common design to do the prohibited act.32

A contractor accused of theft may not be convicted of that offense on the theory that he

acquired a down payment from his customer by deception if there is no reason to doubt from

the evidence that he had every expectation at the time that the money changed hands of

fulfilling his contractual obligation; at the time of the down payment, the customer paid

voluntarily, and the accused neither intended nor knew he would not perform.33

The courts of appeals have picked up on this theme and elaborated upon it. One court

of appeals has explained that, “[i]f no more than intent [to deprive] and appropriation is

shown in a contract claim, nothing illegal is apparent, because under the terms of the

32

Wirth v. State, 361 S.W.3d 694, 697 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citations, footnotes, and
quotation marks omitted).
33

Phillips v. State, 640 S.W.2d 293, 294 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (relying on TEX . PENAL
CODE § 31.01(2)(E) to hold that, “since the down payment was voluntarily given to the appellant
pursuant to a contractual agreement and there is insufficient evidence in the record to show the
money was obtained by deception, the conviction cannot stand”); Peterson v. State, 645 S.W.2d
807, 811-12 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (same); Wilson v. State, 663 S.W.2d 834, 836-37 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1984) (same).
 Taylor — 14

contracts individuals typically have the right to ‘deprive the owner of property,’ albeit in

return for consideration.”34 Only when, at the time that money is exchanged pursuant to the

contract, the accused either intends not to, or at least knows he will not, perform his part of

the bargain may he be held criminally liable for theft. And the courts of appeals have further

extrapolated from this principle to hold, moreover, that “if a contract is partially or

substantially performed, then intent to commit theft through criminal fraud or deception is

not shown by the evidence.”35 The appellant relies upon these holdings.

But these principles, the courts of appeals have recognized, are not absolute. For one

thing, a contractor may yet be found guilty of theft if, at some point after the formation of the

contract, he formulates the requisite intent to deprive and appropriates additional property

by deception; that is, he induces his customer to make further payment on the contract while

no longer intending to perform, or at least knowing that he will not.36 Moreover, the fact that

34

Baker, 986 S.W.2d at 274. See also Jacobs v. State, 230 S.W.3d 225, 230 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (“[T]he State must show a rational factfinder could have
found appellant had no intention of fulfilling his obligation under the agreement, and his promise
to perform was merely a ruse to accomplish theft by deception.”) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted).
35

Baker, 986 S.W.2d at 275; see also Ehrhardt, 334 S.W.3d at 855 (“The amount of work
performed can negate any intent to deprive at the time of formation of the contract.”); Phares v.
State, 301 S.W.3d 348, 352 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2009, pet. ref’d) (when the accused contractor
in a theft case performs many of the services contracted for, the evidence fails to establish that
appropriation of payment from his customer at the outset of the contract was unlawful in that it was
without effective consent because of the accused’s deception); Cox v. State, 658 S.W.2d 668, 670-71
(Tex. App.—Dallas 1983, pet. ref’d) (same).
36

Ehrhardt, 334 S.W.3d at 856 (“The requisite criminal intent can be formed after the
 Taylor — 15

partial or even substantial work has been done on a contract will not invariably negate either

the intent to deprive or the deception necessary to establish the unlawfulness of the initial

appropriation. A contractor still may be convicted of theft under circumstances—to be sure,

circumstances beyond the mere “failure to perform the promise in issue”37 —in which a

rational fact-finder could readily conclude that he never intended, even at the outset, to

perform fully or satisfactorily on the contract, and always harbored the requisite intent or

knowledge to deceive his customer and thereby deprive him of the value of at least a

substantial portion of the property thus unlawfully appropriated.38 The State insists that this

is such a case.

ANALYSIS

Could a rational trier of fact conclude that, at any time at which the appellant induced

Reich to make payment on their agreement, he had no intention to perform—or at least knew

that he would not perform—his contractual obligation? The court of appeals answered this

formation of a contract. We emphasize, however, the deprivation of property cannot occur prior to
the formation of the requisite intent.”); Higginbotham v. State, 356 S.W.3d 584, 588 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d) (same).
37

See TEX . PENAL CODE § 31.01(1)(E) (requiring evidence of more than the “failure to perform
the promise in issue” to establish that the actor does not intend to perform or knows he will not).
38

See Merryman v. State, 391 S.W.3d 261, 272 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. ref’d) (the
evidence is legally sufficient to prove theft by deception when “[t]he evidence shows a series of
transactions between Merryman and customers with the same pattern—promising to complete the
construction projects in a short time-frame (one to two months), demanding advance payments on
a tight weekly schedule regardless of job progress, beginning a minimal amount of work and then
stopping and walking off the job, leaving it unfinished after a ‘payment dispute’ arose, and giving
no refund of payments made”).
 Taylor — 16

question affirmatively, effectively holding the evidence sufficient to establish that, at least

as of the point in late November of 2010 when the appellant induced Reich to make the

second installment payment of $10,000, based upon the apparently false representation that

the LED signs had been manufactured and were ready for shipment,39 he at least knew that

he would renege on his contract. We agree.

Although far from conclusive, the evidence supports a rational inference that, at least

by the time the appellant induced the second payment on the contract, he had formulated the

requisite intent to deprive Reich of his money without consideration. Bearing in mind that,

by statute, the appellant’s failure to perform on the contract will not suffice to establish that

he did not intend to, or at least knew he would not, fulfill his contract obligations,40 we still

believe that the evidence is legally sufficient to establish an intent to deprive Reich of

39

The court of appeals observed:

While we agree with [the appellant] that the entire chain of events does not
evidence the intent, at the time the contract was formed, to unlawfully deprive Reich
of [his] funds, a false representation made by [the appellant] to induce Reich to make
the $10,000.00 payment [on or about November 18, 2010] is legally sufficient
evidence supporting a finding of unlawful appropriation, the basis for the claim of
theft.

Based on this evidence, the fact-finder could have reasonably believed that
[the appellant] induced Reich to make a $10,000.00 payment within two weeks of the
November 5 down payment by falsely representing that the signs were ready for
shipment when they were not.

Taylor, 2013 WL 6516399 at *5.
40

TEX . PENAL CODE § 31.01(1)(E).
 Taylor — 17

property of a value of at least $1,500 by deception. Specifically, the evidence of the

appellant’s inability to satisfy his other contractual obligations before his dealings with Reich

and Yocum supports a rational inference that, by the time he induced them to make the

$10,000 payment at the end of November, he was aware of a reasonable certainty that he

would be unable—whether by unavoidable circumstances or simply by his own “monumental

ineptitude in business”41 —to make good on his agreement to produce and install the LED

signs.42

We agree with the State that the evidence of the appellant’s other contract disputes

since taking over the business from his father reveal a pattern from which a rational fact-

finder could conclude that the appellant was aware that he would be unable to fulfill his

contractual obligation to Reich by the time that he induced the late-November payment.

Together, the testimony of Arendell, Wallace, Woods, and Lee established a recent trend

whereby the appellant would contract to install a sign, take a substantial initial payment on

the contract, inexplicably and unreasonably delay the work while (at least sometimes)

inducing the customer (such as Woods and Reich) to make further installment payments, cut

off contact with the customer when no further payments were forthcoming, and then

41

Id. at *4.
42

Cf. TEX . PENAL CODE § 6.03(b) (“A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect
to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the
nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge,
with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to
cause the result.”).
 Taylor — 18

ultimately fulfill his contractual obligations, if at all, only under duress. The inference that

the appellant at least knew he would not perform in this case is certainly less compelling than

in Merryman, where the defendant’s conduct more clearly evinced a purpose to take regular

payments without any intention ever to fully perform.43 But a rational inference was

available, nonetheless, that the appellant induced Reich to pay him an additional $10,000 on

the contract by falsely representing that the signs had been manufactured and were ready for

shipment, and that, at least by that time, the appellant was aware of a reasonable certainty

that he would be unable to satisfactorily complete his contractual obligation to produce and

install the LED signs.

It is true that some of the appellant’s conduct would seem circumstantially to dispel

the inference that the appellant knew that he would not perform. He sought permits for the

installations as early as November 22nd, and showed up at the Lock Box location on two

occasions with an apparent purpose to install LED signs there. But the trial court could

rationally have concluded from the facts that the Lock Box permit was obviously deficient,

that the appellant’s conduct on those occasions was evasive, and that the signs were never

ultimately installed, that the appellant had a modus operandi, as evidenced by his other recent

business dealings, to put on an appearance of intending to satisfy his contractual obligations

while knowing he would not. The evidence in this case is admittedly far from overwhelming,

and many fact-finders might just as reasonably have acquitted the appellant. Even so, we

43

See note 38, ante.
 Taylor — 19

cannot say that the trial court’s reliance on the appellant’s other recent failures to perform

on his contractual obligations to infer both deception and an intent to deprive on the

appellant’s part in this particular case was “a determination so outrageous that no rational

trier of fact could agree.” 44

Justice Carter believed the evidence to be insufficient because there was a failure of

proof that the $10,000 the appellant induced Reich to pay in late November, while “probably

paid prematurely, . . . was diverted from the project.”45 After discounting the cost of

manufacturing the LED signs as determined from the invoices that the appellant produced

at trial from Affordable and Elite, Justice Carter calculated that the amount left over roughly

corresponded to the amount that the appellant had invoiced Reich for the work he would

complete (however unsatisfactorily) at the Kilgore location.46 But this calculation assumes

that the invoices from the manufacturers that the appellant introduced at trial (as opposed to

the Affordable invoice of November 18th, which the appellant had faxed to Yocum in

satisfaction of her request for verification of purchase, and which Justice Carter himself

rejected as “bogus”47 ) necessarily corresponded to LED signs he had ordered for the Reich

44

Wirth, 361 S.W.3d at 698.
45

Taylor, 2013 WL 6516399 at *6 (Carter, J., dissenting).
46

Id. See note 9, ante.
47

Id.
 Taylor — 20

job. The only evidence that they actually did correspond was the appellant’s own testimony,

both the reliability and credibility of which the trial judge could rationally have chosen to

suspect under the circumstances.48 Indeed, there is at least some reason to doubt that the

appellant ever ordered LED signs for the Reich job at all, notwithstanding his production of

photographs at trial.49 The trial court was not bound to find that the $10,000 that the

appellant induced Reich to pay by deception in late November was necessarily used for the

Reich job. For these reasons, we do not share Justice Carter’s concerns.

CONCLUSION

We remain ever mindful that, in breach of contract cases, an accused may not be

convicted for theft based upon nothing more substantial than evidence that, for whatever

reason (including his “monumental ineptitude in business”),50 he “fail[ed] to perform the

promise in issue[.]”51 On the facts of this case, however, we agree with the State that the

evidence of the appellant’s other contractual failures, combined with his conduct in this case,

provided sufficient proof to sustain the trial judge’s finding that the appellant obtained

48

See note 9, ante.
49

It is not clear from the record that either Yocum or Gerbine ever actually saw the signs, and
the appellant himself, besides never satisfactorily explaining the various anomalies with the invoices
from the sign manufacturers, never fully justified having ordered a sign for the Kilgore job that was
different from the one that he and Yocum had agreed upon. See note 9, ante.
50

Taylor, 2013 WL 6516399 at *4.
51

TEX . PENAL CODE § 31.01(1)(E).
 Taylor — 21

Reich’s consent to pay the late-November $10,000 installment by deception, and with intent

to deprive Reich of that property, in that he knew by that time that he would not perform his

contractual obligation as promised. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the court of

appeals.

DELIVERED: December 10, 2014
PUBLISH