438 F.2d 1075
Cleveland COLSON, Petitioner-Appellee,
v.
Lamont SMITH, Warden, Respondent-Appellant.
No. 28943.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
Jan. 21, 1971.
Arthur K. Bolton, Atty. Gen. of Georgia, Mathew Robins, Marion O. Gordon, Asst. Attys. Gen., Dorothy T. Beasley, Deputy Asst. Atty. Gen., Harold N. Hill, Jr., Executive Asst. Atty. Gen., Atlanta, Ga., for respondent-appellant.
Al G. Norman, Atlanta, Ga., for petitioner-appellee.
Before THORNBERRY, GOLDBERG and AINSWORTH, Circuit Judges.
THORNBERRY, Circuit Judge:
Cleveland Colson was indicted by the Fulton County, georgia, Grand Jury on February 15, 1963, along with three other defendants, for robbery by use of force and arms. On April 1, 1963, Colson, represented by court-appointed counsel, pleaded guilty and was sentenced by the Fulton County Superior Court to a term of fifteen to twenty years. In February 1968 Colson filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal district court. His action was stayed several times pending exhaustion of available remedies in the Georgia state courts. Finally, in September 1969, the district court, having concluded that petitioner had substantially exhausted his state remedies,1 conducted an evidentiary hearing on petitioner's contentions. At the hearing, petitioner presented evidence on the issues of systematic exclusion of Negroes from the Fulton County Grand Jury and ineffective assistance of counsel.2 On October 14, 1969, the district court determined that a prima facie case of purposeful grand jury discrimination had been made out, and without reaching the adequacy of counsel question, ordered petitioner remanded to the custody of the State for speedy reindictment and trial. The State appealed, contending first that petitioner by pleading guilty had waived his right to challenge the construction of the grand jury, and also contesting the district court's findings on the issue of grand jury composition. On June 9, 1970, this Court remanded the case to the district court for 'findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding petitioner's claim of ineffective counsel and the concomitant issue of the voluntariness of the plea of guilty.' Colson v. Smith, 5th Cir. 1970, 427 F.2d 143. Since the district court had already conducted a full hearing on the issue of counsel's competency, all that remained to comply with our order of June 9 was to enter findings of fact and conclusions of law based on the evidence previously presented. Accordingly, the district court entered a final order dated July 17, 1970, concluding that petitioner's plea of guilty the ineffective assistance of counsel, and again ordering petitioner's release subject to the State's right to reindict him. The State returns to this Court now, contesting not only the district court's findings in its order of October 14, 1969, but also the latest findings of the district court on the issue of effectiveness of counsel.
I.
At the outset we advert to the settled rule in this Circuit that a voluntary plea of guilty waives all nonjurisdictional defects, including the right to challenge the construction of the grand jury. Williams v. Smith, 5th Cir. 1970, 434 F.2d 592; Throgmartin v. United States, 5th Cir. 1970, 424 F.2d 630. Under this rule, were we to find that petitioner's guilty plea was voluntarily entered, we would be precluded from any consideration of the issue of grand jury composition. Thus we must dispose first of petitioner's attack on his plea of guilty.
It is clear that a defendant is entitled to the effective assistance of counsel in determining how to plead and in making his plea, and can attack his conviction collaterally if he is not given this right. 1 C.A. Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure 171 (1969); Davis v. United States, 5th Cir. 1967, 376 F.2d 535. Moreover, the Supreme Court has said that this threshold right to the assistance of counsel is no less momentous to an accused who must decide whether to plead guilty than to an accused who stands trial. Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 721, 68 S. Ct. 316, 322, 92 L. Ed. 309 (1948). In defining the scope of counsel's duty to an accused client, however, courts have distinguished between the defendant who is standing trial and the defendant who is pleading guilty. This Court recently stated that 'the only required duty of counsel under the most liberal construction when a plea of guilty is entered is that counsel * * * should ascertain if the plea is entered voluntarily, and knowingly.' Lamb v. Beto, 5th Cir. 1970, 423 F.2d 85, 87. Similarly, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, in an opinion by the now Chief justice of the United States, warren Burger, has stated that 'ineffective assistance of counsel, as opposed to ignorance of the right to counsel, is immaterial in an attempt to impeach a plea of guilty, except perhaps to the extent that it bears on the issues of voluntariness and understanding.' Edwards v. United States, 1958, 103 U.S.App.D.C. 152, 256 F.2d 707, 709. See also Kress v. United States, 8th Cir. 1969, 411 F.2d 16; Alaway v. United States, D.C.Cal.1968, 280 F. Supp. 326. The reason for this narrow prescription of counsel's duty to a client who pleads guilty was explained by the then Judge Burger in Edwards, supra, as follows:
It must be realized this is not a case in which proof of guilt depended upon a trial. In such cases, the accused usually relies to a great extent on counsel to conduct an effective defense, because the accused does not know enough of the law to do so himself. While the accused may have to take the consequences of a poor defense, he may at least say the fault was not his own. But this is not so when he pleads guilty. Here the deed is his own; here there are not the baffling complexities which require a lawyer for illumination; if voluntarily and understandingly made, even a layman should expect a plea of guilty to be treated as an honest confession of guilt and a waiver of all defenses known and unknown. And such is the law.
256 F.2d 707, 709.
We subscribe fully to the principle that guilty pleas are meant to be, and should be, final. And if there was ever any doubt in our minds of the inviolability of that principle, there is certainly no longer any doubt after the supreme Court's recent decisions declaring with unmistakable clarity its firm commitment to the finality of guilty pleas. McMann v. Richardson,397 U.S. 759, 90 S. Ct. 1441, 25 L. Ed. 2d 763 (1970); Parker v. North Carolina, 397 U.S. 790, 90 S. Ct. 1458, 25 L. Ed. 2d 785 (1970); Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 90 S. Ct. 1463, 25 L. Ed. 2d 747 (1970). A necessary result of the seriousness with which courts treat pleas of guilty, however, is that courts have a concomitant responsibility to assure that defendants who plead guilty do so voluntarily and knowingly. One aspect of this responsibility is manifested in Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, which imposes a mandatory duty on the trial court to ascertain that a guilty plea is made voluntarily and with understanding of the nature of the charge. See also McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 89 S. Ct. 1166, 22 L. Ed. 2d 418 (1969). We think that an equally important aspect of the courts' responsibilities in this problem area is the protection of the accused's right to the benefit of reasonably competent counsel in making his plea,3 especially when that plea is entered on advice of counsel. One cannot read the Supreme Court's opinions in McMann, Parker and Brady, supra, without being impressed by the significance the Court attached to the role of counsel in the process of deciding how to plead. In all three cases, it was obvious that the Supreme Court envisioned a system under which the defendant, advised by reasonably competent counsel, makes an informed and conscious choice. See also Von Moltke v. Gillies, supra. When this system functions satisfactorily, it is both fair and reasonable to expect that a defendant who has made his choice and received whatever benefits flow therefrom be required to live by that choice. In any particular case in which the syatem fails, however, it is the courts' duty to supply relief.
Bearing all the foregoing in mind, we turn now to the specific allegations and findings of the instant case.
There is testimony from petitioner in this case that his court-appointed counsel informed him that one of his co-defendants was going to testify against him, that counsel could not undertake to defend him in a jury trial unless petitioner could pay him, and that the best thing petitioner could do was plead guilty. Petitioner's counsel contradicted much of this testimony, but it was uncontroverted that petitioner adhered to his decision to plead not guilty until the day the case was called. Furthermore, it was uncontradicted that there was considerable discussion between the petitioner and his counsel, on the one hand, and the state trial judge, on the other, before petitioner entered his final plea. During this colloquy, it appears that petitioner resisted pleading guilty for some time before finally relenting.4 It also appears that although counsel knew beforehand that petitioner wanted to plead not guilty, counsel appeared in court on the day the case was called completely unprepared to go to trial. On this record the trial judge made a fact finding that petitioner's guilty plea was the product of ineffective assistance of counsel. This finding was essentially a credibitlity decision, which we, of course, will not disturb except on a showing of clear error. United States v. Saunders, 5th Cir. 1970, 435 F.2d 683; United States v. Schoen, 5th Cir. 1970, 434 F.2d 931; Bickers v. Cranford, 5th Cir. 1970, 433 F.2d 955. In this case, however, we go beyond the traditional principles of restraint in appellate review to uphold the district court. We agree further with the district court's finding that under either version of the facts, the evidence in this case demonstrates that petitioner was ineffectively represented in his state court proceeding. We reach this conclusion even in light of the narrow duty imposed on counsel representing a defendant who pleads guilty. See Lamb v. Beto, supra. For we believe that the evidence in this case supports the conclusion that counsel actively tried to convince petitioner to plead guilty in the face of petitioner's repeated protestations of innocence; and to offset this evidence, there was no evidence that counsel's advice to plead guilty was based on any evaluation of petitioner's chances had he gone to trial.5 In other words, we do not have before us a case of 'reasonable competent' advice which, with the benefit of hindsight, turned out to be mistaken. Cf. McMann, Parker, and Brady, supra. We are of the opinion that on this record there is no way that an appellate court could conclude that counsel had fulfilled his duty to ascertain that his accused client's plea of guilty was voluntarily and understandingly made. We therefore affirm the district court's order to set aside the conviction. Having thus invalidated the guilty plea, we proceed to petitioner's challenge to the racial composition of the grand jury that indicted him.
II.
We are not unfamiliar with the Fulton County Grand Jury selection process. On more than one occasion in the past, both the Supreme Court and this Court have held that this system, which uses segregated tax rolls as the main source for the master grand jury list, as a matter of law presents an 'opportunity for discrimination.'6 Whitus v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 545, 552, 87 S. Ct. 643, 647, 17 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1967); Jones v. Smith, 5th Cir. 1969, 420 F.2d 774. In the instant case, the grand jury that indicted petitioner in the first term of 1963 was selected from the 1959 master grand jury list, which was compiled under the aforementioned system in the following manner: Six white jury commissioners selected the names for the 1959 master grand jury list from the tax returns of 1959, which were made on separate slips of paper, each colored according to the race and residence of the taxpayer. White forms were used for white taxpayers living inside the City of Atlanta. Pink forms were used for Negro taxpayers living inside the city. Blue forms for white taxpayers living outside the city, and green forms for Negroes living outside the city. From among these slips, one Commissioner would choose a slip, call out the name, and if any of the Commissioner knew the named person, that Commissioner would state whether the person was 'qualified.' The statutory standard used to determine whether a taxpayer qualified was that a person be an experienced, upright and intelligent citizen of the community.7 If none of the Commissioners knew the person, then the Commissioners searched the old petit jury books for the name. If the person had served on the petit jury for several years, he qualified for the grand jury. Other indicia used by the Commissioners to determine intelligence, uprightness and experience were whether the taxpayer was a homeowner and had lived in the community for many years; or whether the taxpayer had been at his present job for a reasonable length of time. The names selected in the foregoing manner were then put on the master grand jury list, and on separate slips of paper, none of which were racially designated. These slips were placed in one compartment of the grand jury box. The jury venire for each term of court was then drawn at random from this box by a local judge. The slips drawn were then placed into another compartment of the grand jury box to separated them from the names yet uncalled.
When a state or county utilizes such a potentially discriminatory selection process, the only proof required to make out a prima facie case is proof of an impermissible disparity in racial composition between the tax rolls and the venire or list from which the particular grand jury is drawn.8 Jones supra, at 776. Petitioner presented evidence that in his case the Fulton County Grand Jury Selection Process produced the following statistical results. According to the 1960 census, the Fulton County population consisted of 69.3 white adult males and 36.7 Negro adult males. The 1959 master grand jury list was selected by an all-white jury commission and the grand jury that indicted petitioner was 100% white. The foregoing evidence was all direct evidence and was not objected to by the State. Of course, alone it would not be sufficient to make out a prima facie case.9 But petitioner went further and presented evidence of the racial composition of the tax rolls for 1959, the 1959 master grand jury list, and the jry venire form which petitioner's grand jury was drawn as well as evidence of the racial composition of other grand jury venires for the term of court preceding the term in which petitioner was indicted. On each of these issues, however, petitioner was unable, because of the alleged unavailability of certain statistical sources,10 to present first-hand evidence of racial composition. Rather, petitioner resorted to the alternative methods of proof discussed below.
Petitioner did not show, for example, the racial breakdown of the Tax Rolls for 1959, which was the source of the 1959 master grand jury list, because of the alleged unavailability of racial information for that year.11 Instead, petitioner relied on records from later years showing a constant figure of approximately 15 percent for Negro taxpayers in Fulton County. Neither did petitioner offer direct proof of the racial breakdown of the 1959 master grand jury list, from which the jury venires in the instant case were drawn. Failure of direct proof on this point was also caused by the alleged unavailability of racial information in the 1959 tax rolls. Since the racial identity of the persons listed on the 1959 master list could not be ascertained directly, petitioner checked the names and addresses on the 1959 list against the same names on the 1962 tax rolls. Petitioner did not, however, check the race of every individual on the 1959 master list. Instead, he offered in evidence a random sample of seventy-five names based on a selection of every fortieth name of the 3007 names on the master list. Thus, petitioner took each fortieth name and address on the 1959 master grand jury list, searched the 1962 tax rolls for the same name, and if the address was identical, assumed that it was the same person and relied on the racial designation of that person on the 1962 tax rolls for proof of that particular taxpayer's race. If the address on the 1962 tax rolls was different from the address on the 1959 list, but there was only one such name on the 1962 tax rolls, petitioner assumed again that it was the same person and relied on the racial designation of the 1962 tax rolls. If there were two such names on the 1962 rolls, and the addresses were different, petitioner designated the race as 'unknown.'
By referring to the 1962 tax rolls, petitioner also compiled statistics showing the racial breakdown of the grand jury venire from which the indicting grand jury was selected, as well as the racial breakdown of all the Fulton County grand jury venires and grand juries during 1962. These methods of proof produced the follwing statistical profile of petitioner's case:
PERCENTAGES
White Negro Unknown
Fulton County Population
(1960 census - males over 69.3 30.7 0
21)
Fulton County Tax Rolls 86.0 14.0 0
Jury Commissioners 100 0 0
Grand Jury that indicted
petitioner 100 0 0
Grand Jury Venire from
which indicting grand 90 0 10
jury selected
Grand juries during six
terms of 1962 and first 98.8 1.2 0
term of 1963
Grand jury venires from
which preceding selected 84.6 .7 14.7
Random Sample of 75
names from 1959 Master 90.7 1.3 9
Grand Jury List
The district court was satisfied that this proof made out a prima facie case of systematic exclusion of Negroes from the grand jury, and we agree. As the district court pointed out in its opinion, petitioner was able to discover the race of 90% of the panel from which his grand jury was selected, and no Negroes were included in that unmber; the race of 85% of the grand jury panels from which the first 1963 grand jury and all the 1962 grand juries were drawn and fewer than 1% were Negroes; and the race of 91% of a random sample of 75 names from the 1959 grand jury list, of which fewer than 2% were Negroes. Assuming that petitioner's proof methods are acceptable, we believe that these statistics make out a prima facie case.12
The State does not argue that petitioner's statistics on their face fail to show an impermissible disparity between the racial composition of the tax rolls and the racial composition of the grand jury venire. It is petitioner's proof methods that the State so vigorously contests. After reviewing the State's arguments with great care,13 we find that we are unpersuaded by them for two reasons. First, we note that in certain respects, petitioner went a good deal farther in proving his case than he was required to go under the standards enunciated in Jones and Whitus, supra, for cases in which segregated tax rolls have been used as the source for the master grand jury list. For example, petitioner offered proof of the racial composition of the 1959 master grand jury list. While proof of the percentage of Negroes and white persons in the pool of jurors would have been required in a case not involving the use of segregated tax rolls, Rabinowitz v. United States, 5th Cir. 1966, 366 F.2d 34; Roach v. Mauldin, 5th Cir. 1968, 391 F.2d 907, as we pointed out earlier in this opinion, that requirement was relaxed for cases of the type under review here, Jones, supra. Petitioner also showed the racial composition of the grand jury venires other than the one from which his indicting grand jury was seleced. This evidence, too, was more than Whitus and Jones require.
The second reason we are unpersuaded by the State's arguments is that we believe that this case presents just the type of problem that the prima facie evidence device was intended to deal with. Proving that there has been racial discrimination in the selection of grand jurors is a very difficult task for parties challenging their indictments because of the large amount of statistical data that must be gathered. The task is much easier for States because this type of information is peculiarly within the State's knoweledge. In such cases, it clearly would be unfair to indictees to insist on exacting methods of proof. McCormick on Evidence 309 (1954). At the same time, however, the State must be protected from being required to produce statistics on grand jury composition every time someone raises an unsubstantiated allegation of systematic exclusion. Willis v. Smith, 5th Cir. 1970, 434 F.2d 1029. Herein lies the usefulness of the prima facie presumption in jury discrimination cases. On the one hand, it requires parties who challenge their indictments to carry the buden of proof up to a point. On the other hand, however, it protects those parties once they have raised sufficient doubts about the system, for it prevents States from smugly sitting back and watching indictees labor under an almost impossible burden of proof when the States could easily resolve any doubts or fill any gaps with information available at their fingertips.
Applied to the instant case, we think the prima facie presumption has served the Court and the parties well. Petitioner has been able to prove his case up to a point, but for lack of information (which was at one time, at least, in the hands of the State), he has been unable to go farther. We think that he has shown this Court enough to raise substantial doubts about the constitutionality of his indictment. Prima facie evidence is, after all, not conclusive unless nothing is done by the party on the other side to refute it. 9 Wigmore on Evidence 2494 (1940). In this case, the State could easily have come forward and refuted or disproved petitioner's case with facts of its own, if those facts had been in the State's favor. Instead, however, the State chose to complain about petitioner's proof methods. It is true that petitioner's methods were oblique, but they were the beat he could do, and the State has not demonstrated to us that they were unreliable. It may also be true that in the jury composition cases decided by this Court to date, there has always been first-hand knowledge of racial composition. But this does not mean that there is only one acceptable method of proving systematic exclusion.
While we, of course, do not fault the State for making its arguments with respect to petitioner's proof methods, we decline to accept those arguments in a case of this type. For when a defendant's right to be indicted by a grand jury from which members of his race have not been systematically excluded is at stake, justice will not permit us to indulge in games of courtroom strategy. In this case, petitioner presented enough evidence of a disparity between the tax rolls and the grand jury venire to justify requiring the State to come forward and explain. Since the State declines to explain, we affirm.
The Georgia Supreme Court dismissed for 'want of prosecution' petitioner's appeal feom the denial of his state habeas corpus petition by the Tatnall County Superior Court. The apparent reason for the Georgia Supreme Court's dismissal was that petitioner failed to file a timely pauper's affidavit. The district court concluded that petitioner nevertheless had shown substantial compliance with exhaustion requirements, and we agree. Boyd v. Smith, 5th Cir. 1970, 435 F.2d 153
In his petition for habeas corpus relief, petitioner also alleged that his constitutional rights had been violated because (1) the Atlanta police held him incommunicado for four days after arrest; (2) Fulton County Court officials refused to provide him with his original trial record for purposes of appeal; and (3) the state trial court altered the sentences of petitioner's co-defendants, but refused to alter petitioner's sentence. Petitioner did not pursue any of these matters as discrete grounds for relief in the evidentiary hearing, however
See, e.g., McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 90 S. Ct. 1441, 25 L. Ed. 2d 763 (1970)
On the one hand, uncertainty is inherent in predicting court decisions; but on the other hand defendants facing felony charges are entitled to the effective assistance of competent counsel. Beyond this we think the matter, for the most part, should be left to the good sense and discretion of the trial courts with the admontion that if the right to counsel guaranteed by the Constitution is to serve its purpose, defendants cannot be left to the mercies of incompetent counsel, and that judges should strive to maintain proper standards of performance by attorneys who are representing defendants in criminal cases in their courts.
S.Ct. at 1449
Petitioner testified to the following events leading up to his guilty plea:
Q. Excuse me, Was that the first thing (your counsel) said to you?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Go ahead.
A. That's the first thing he said in the Courtroom. But I signed this piece of paper and, oh, two or three minutes later, I imagine, Judge Alverson started to sentencing one of my co-defendants, and so I asked (my counsel) at that time what was that I had signed there.
He said that was a guilty plea.
I says, 'No, sir, not me. I'm not pleading guilty.'
So he said, 'But that's the only chance you got.'
I said, 'I don't care what kind of chance I've got, I'm not going to plead guilty. I'm telling you that now.'
So he told me to be quiet, then.
Q. Let me ask you, at that point, had you ever had any discussion with him about who your witnesses were to be if the case was tried?
A. No, sir. I hadn't, because he never did come back out to the jail anymore to see me.
Q. Had there ever been any discussion as to the form of statement you might give to the jury if the trial took place?
A. No, sir.
Q. Did you have any idea at all how you would participate in the trial?
A. Well, the only thing that I was depending on, is I knew that I hadn't robbed anyone and I knowed that hadn't anyone picked me out any place, and hadn't anyone accused me of anything.
Q. What I'm asking you, had (your counsel) discussed with you about trying it, what points to bring out in your statement or--
A. No, sir. (He) hadn't talked with me since he talked with me out at the jail that few minutes I was telling you about--
Q. All right.
A.-- earlier.
Q. How did you think you were going to have a trail anyway, if you hadn't talked to your lawyer?
A. At that time, the only thing I was depending on, sir, was that hand't anyone pecked me out of any lineup, hadn't anyone accused me of anything, and--
THE COURT: So you told him, you were still standing in front of the bench when you told him you weren't going to plead guilty?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir, I was.
THE COURT: Did you tell that to Judge Alverson?
THE WITNESS: No, sir, I did not tell that to Judge Alverson. But (my lawyer) he had to scratch my name off or scrarch something off there where I had signed it, and then he set me back down on that bench again, sir.
THE COURT: He struck your name off the peea of guilty, then?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
BY MR. NORMAN:
Q. All right. Then what happened?
He said set there for a moment, is that what you're saying?
A. Yes, sir, and after that, after they finished sentencing my co-defendants' he came over and tried to talk me into pleading guilty again. So I told him,
'No, sir.'
So he goes up and he talked with the Judge-- in fact he went up and talked with him two different times. And he came back, and he told me, says, 'You can, I can get you fifteen to twenty years,' he said, 'If you plead guilty.' He said, 'But if you don't plead guilty, you are subject to get the chair.'
I said, 'No, sir. I'm not going to plead guilty.'
So that was the second time, when he went back and talked with Judge Alverson.
So he came back after that, and he told me that Judge Alverson told him to tell me that if I insisted on having a jury trial, that he was going to have my previous criminal record typed up, and as each juror entered the box to deliberate, that he was going to hand each one of them a copy of my previous criminal record. And in the event that I was found guilty, he would be compelled to sentence me to the electric chair.
So. I axed (my lawyer), I said,
'But can you do that?'
He said, 'Oh yes, he can do that.'
So, I didn't know what to do or how to defend myself, so I axed (my lawyer). I said, 'Well, what would you do in a case like that?'
He said, 'Oh, I'd jump at it. I would sign the guilty plea before you could say 'Jack-In-The-Bush.'
So that's when I signed the guilty plea, sir.
There are obviously times when, even though a defendant insists on pleading not guilty, the State's evidence against him is so strong and his defenses are so weak that it would be folly to go to trial. Cf. North Carolina v. Alford, 8 Crim.L..rep. 3039 (Nov. 25, 1970). In these instances and in other comparable situations, court-appointed counsel is, of course, obligated to advise his client of the advantages of pleading guilty. It goes without saying that, from the standpoint of refuting a postconviction allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel, it should be possible in such cases for court-appointed sounsel to explain to the court the reasons for his advice. As the Supreme Court stated in McMann, supra note 4, courts, viewing these cases after the fact, do not require counsel's advice to have been correct, only 'reasonably competent.' But when, as in this case, the defendant resisted pleasing guilty and no reasons were given for urging a guilty plea on the defendant, courts cannot assume that there were satisfactory reasons for the plea. This is especially true when there appear positive reasons in the record why a petitioner might have pleaded not guilty. The record in the instant case indicates, for example, (1) that although counsel told the petitioner that petitioner's co-defendant would testify against him, at no pertinent time did counsel talk to petitioner's co-defendant; (2) that petitioner told counsel that he had an alibi and witnesses who would testify in his behalf, but counsel never even made an effort to find out who those witnesses were; and (3) that, unlike his co-defendants, petitioner was not identified in the line-up
Petitioner in his brief on this appeal cites Whitus v. Georgia for the proposition that use of segregated tax lists to compile a master grand jury list automatically shifts the burden of proof to the State. Petitioner's brief at 5. We wish to make it clear that this is not the law. Before the burden is shifted to the State, something more must be shown-- specifically, evidence of actual discrimination. Willis v. Smith, 5th Cir. 1970, 434 F.2d 1029. The only effect of Whitus is that persons challenging their indictments are not required to show as much as they would be required to show under a system that does not use segregated tax rolls. See note 8, infra
The standard is set out in the Alabama Code, which provides in pertinent part as follows:
Qualifications of persons on jury roll; excusing certain persons from service.-- The jury commission shall place on the jury roll and in the jury box the names of all citizens of the county who are generally reputed to be honest and intelligent and are esteemed in the community for their integrity, good character and sound judgent * * *
Ala.Code Tit. 30 21 (Supp.1969). The Supreme Court recently declined to declare clare the quoted portion of this statute facially invalid. Carter v. Jury Commission, 396 U.S. 320, 90 S. Ct. 518, 24 L. Ed. 2d 549 (1970).
This standard represents a relaxation of the burden of proof applied in cases in which segregated tax rolls or the like are not used. Then, the party challenging his indictment must show an impermissible disparity between the source and the master list or pool of grand jurors from which all grand juries are drawn. Cf. Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 85 S. Ct. 824, 13 L. Ed. 2d 759 (1965). See also Rabinowitz v. United States, 5th Cir. 1966, 366 F.2d 34
The Supreme Court has held that the mere fact that no Negroes serve on the jury commission is not enough for a prima facie showing of discriminatory exclusion. Carter v. Jury Commission, 396 U.S. 320, 90 S. Ct. 518, 24 L. Ed. 2d 549 (1970). Likewise, it is settled that 'a Negro defendant is not entitled to a jury containing members of his race.' Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 203, 85 S. Ct. 824, 826, 13 L. Ed. 2d 579 (1965)
The Record reflects that there was no statistical summary in the Fulton County Tax Commissioner's office showing the total number of Negro taxpayers and the total number of white taxpayers for 1959, and that 1962 was the first year that this type of data was available. The State insisted that the needed racial information was available in the State Archives, but the State never produced this information, and there was never any factual determination of whether the 1959 information actually was on file in the State Archives
Id
E.g., Jones v. Georgia, 389 U.S. 24, 88 S. Ct. 4, 19 L. Ed. 2d 25 (1967); Spencer v. State, 240 So. 2d 260 (Miss.Sup.Ct., 1970)
Specifically, the State complains of petitioner's reliance on the 1960 census to show the 1959 population of Fulton County; the use of later tax rolls to determine the race of taxpayers on the 1959 tax rolls; and the random sampling of names on the 1959 grand jury master list coupled with the use of the 1962 tax rolls to prove the racial compostition of the 1959 master list. The first contention is so obviously lacking in merit that it warrants no discussion. This Court has always relied on the census to determine the racial composition of the population. E.g., Rabinowitz v. United States, 5th Cir. 1966, 366 F.2d 34