Dan A. Gattis, County Judge of Williamson County Lisa Birkman, Cynthia Long, Valerie Covey and Ron Morrison, County Commissioners David Flores, County Auditor And Ashlie Koenig, County Budget Officer v. Jana Duty, County Attorney of Williamson County, Texas

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-10-00833-CV

Dan A. Gattis, County Judge of Williamson County; Lisa Birkman, Cynthia Long,
Valerie Covey, and Ron Morrison, County Commissioners; David Flores, County Auditor;
and Ashlie Koenig, County Budget Officer, Appellants

v.

Jana Duty, County Attorney of Williamson County, Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, 368TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 10-1107-C368, HONORABLE JAMES F. CLAWSON JR., JUDGE PRESIDING

OPINION

In this interlocutory appeal from the denial of a plea to the jurisdiction, the principal

issue we must decide is whether the county attorney of Williamson County, in either her individual

or official capacity, has standing to sue the county commissioners court for allegedly violating the

Open Meetings Act and local government code in the course of making budgetary transfers that

negatively impacted the county attorney’s office. Concluding that the county attorney does not have

standing with respect to any justiciable claim, we must reverse the order denying the plea and render

a judgment of dismissal.

BACKGROUND

Appellants are the constitutional county judge of Williamson County, the Hon.

Dan A. Gattis; all four of the county’s commissioners, the Hons. Lisa Birkman, Cynthia Long,

Valerie Covey, and Ron Morrison; the county auditor, David Flores; and the county’s budget officer,
Ashlie Koenig. Appellee is the Hon. Jana Duty, the county attorney for Williamson County. While the

two sides indicate that they have, unfortunately, become embroiled in a much larger series of conflicts

during recent years, the dispute relevant to this appeal centers on certain county budgetary decisions

implemented by appellants during the fall of 2010. In essence, the commissioners court decided to hire

its own attorney to provide it legal advice instead of relying on the county attorney’s office—and funded

the attorney’s salary with money originally allocated to the county attorney’s departmental budget.

On August 31, 2010, the commissioners court adopted a county budget for the 2010-11

fiscal year, which runs from October 1, 2010 to September 30, 2011. Subsequently, during a public

meeting held on September 28, 2010, the commissioners court voted to amend the 2010-11 budget to

transfer a total of $101,802.00, previously allocated to the county attorney’s office for personnel

salaries, taxes, and benefits, to the county judge’s office. All parties acknowledge that this transfer was

intended to partially fund a new position of “Legal Advisor to the Commissioners Court.”

Duty, the county attorney, had attended the September 28 meeting and spoken against

the transfer proposal. After her views did not sway the commissioners court, she turned to the

judicial courts. On September 30, Duty filed suit against the five members of the commissioners court

alleging that the transfer was void under the Open Meetings Act (OMA) because the meeting notice had

been deficient. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 551.041 (West 2004); Weatherford v. City of San Marcos,

157 S.W.3d 473, 485 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied). She sought injunctive relief against the

transfer’s implementation and attorney’s fees as permitted under the OMA. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.

§ 551.142 (West 2004). Duty obtained a temporary restraining order barring the commissioners from

implementing the transfer pending further proceedings.

2
 In response to these developments, the commissioners court opted for a “do-over”: it

posted notice for a public meeting at which it would take up the transfer proposal again, this time

including in the posting a more elaborate description of the proposal’s subject matter. On October 5,

the commissioners court re-adopted the transfer.

Following the October 5 vote, Duty thrice amended her petition. In her live petition,

Duty purports to act in both her individual and official capacities. She has continued to include her

claims for relief under the OMA regarding the September 28 meeting, but has not raised any such

complaint regarding the October 5 meeting at which the transfer was ultimately re-adopted. Regarding

the October 5 adoption, Duty has instead asserted claims under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act

(UDJA)1 for declarations that the commissioners court lacked legal authority to make the transfer

because it failed to comply with procedures prescribed in two sections of the local government code

before taking that action. See Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 111.0675, .070 (West 2008). Duty also

seeks attorney’s fees as permitted by the UDJA2 and injunctive relief barring the transfer. Moreover,

in addition to seeking this relief from the commissioners court members, Duty’s live petition has added

Flores and Koenig as defendants.

We observe, as it ultimately becomes important to our analysis, that Duty’s challenge

to the lawfulness of the transfer vote on October 5 focuses on whether the commissioners court

followed proper procedure in making the transfer, not whether, as a matter of the commissioners court’s

substantive powers and authority, it could hire its own counsel in lieu of funding a position in the

county attorney’s office. See Guynes v. Galveston County, 861 S.W.2d 861, 863 (Tex. 1993) (“the

1
See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 37.004(a) (West 2008).
2
See id. § 37.009 (West 2008).

3
courts of this state have for the last century upheld the power of a commissioners court to hire counsel

to assist it or other officials in carrying out their responsibilities so long as the statutory duties of other

county officials are not thereby usurped”). In fact, her counsel acknowledged in the district court that

“[t]he Commissioner’s Court can hire outside counsel to advise them” and that Duty’s complaint

regarding the October 5 adoption of the transfer instead

deals with the procedure for doing that, and ultimately rests on a budget transfer that
was taken after the initial budget had been approved where the Commissioner’s
Court went in with what we claim to be insufficient notice, both under the
Open Meetings Act and under the Texas local government code . . . . The substance
of our argument . . . is that they improperly made the transfer to fund that position.

The defendants below filed a plea to the jurisdiction. They asserted that Duty lacks

standing to bring her OMA claim because the claim—which, again, pertains solely to the notice that

preceded the September 28 meeting—was mooted by the October 5 adoption of the transfer, and

because Duty has no injury attributable to any violation in connection with the September 28 meeting

where she had actual notice of the transfer proposal, appeared at the meeting, and spoke against it. As

for Duty’s claims under the local government code concerning the October 5 vote, appellants urged

that she lacks individual standing because she has no interest distinct from that of the general public,

cannot establish taxpayer standing, and does not have official-capacity standing because “a county

attorney . . . is without authority to sue the commissioners’ court and other county officials absent

specific statutory authority.” In support of their plea, appellants attached the affidavit testimony of

Koenig, the county budget officer. In pertinent part, Koenig explained that the commissioners court

transferred funds originally allocated to four line items in the county attorney’s departmental budget to

the same line items in the county judge’s departmental budget, as follows:

4
 From To
Dept. 0475 Dept. 0400
(Office of the County Attorney) Amount (Office of the County Judge)

Line Item: Line Item:
001100 Salaries $ 79,476.80 001100 Salaries
002010 FICA 6,080.00 002010 FICA
002020 Retirement 9,212.00 002020 Retirement
002030 Insurance 7.033.20 002030 Insurance
$101,802.00

Duty did not file any evidence in opposition to the plea. Following a hearing at which only argument

was presented,3 the district court denied the plea in full.4 This appeal followed. See Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 54.014(a)(8) (West 2008).

3
On appeal, Duty urges that we should consider certain assertions made by her counsel
during the hearing as “evidence” relevant to the jurisdictional inquiry. The assertions in question
were that the “Commissioners are messing with” the budget, “wrongfully[,] . . . prohibiting [Duty]
from doing her job effectively.” Duty cites Banda v. Garcia for the proposition that these assertions
are evidence because they went “unchallenged” and because counsel is an officer of the court.
955 S.W.2d 270, 272 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam). Banda has no application here. That case involved
an attorney who explicitly purported to be “testifying” regarding the existence of a pre-suit
settlement. Id. Although the attorney was never placed under oath, the supreme court observed that
counsel was “clearly attempting to prove the existence and terms of the settlement” and held that
opposing counsel had waived any complaint to the admission of that testimony. Id. Duty’s counsel,
by contrast, never purported to testify, such that appellants would have been on notice of the need
to object, but presented only argument. Further confirming that counsel’s assertions were in the
nature of argument rather than testimony, they consisted of unsupported legal conclusions, not
factual assertions like those in Banda. For the same reasons, we would add that counsel’s assertions
would have been incompetent to prove any material fact even if they had been presented by a sworn
witness on the stand. See, e.g., City of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex. 2009)
(observing that unsupported legal conclusions are not competent evidence and may not support a
judgment even in the absence of an objection); see also N.C. Sturgeon, L.P. v. Sul Ross State Univ.,
No. 03-01-00716-CV, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 331, at (Tex. App.—Austin Jan. 16, 2003, pet. denied)
(mem. op.) (noting that phrases such as “wrongfully” constitute legal conclusions, not evidence).
4
We note that the district court had initially intended to take the plea under advisement but,
at the parties’ insistence, instead issued a ruling following the hearing.

5
 ANALYSIS

Appellants bring forward the grounds for dismissal asserted in their plea to

the jurisdiction.

Standard of review

A plea to the jurisdiction challenges a trial court’s authority to decide a specific cause of

action. See Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004).

Analysis of whether this authority exists begins with the plaintiff’s live pleadings. Id. at 226. The

plaintiff has the initial burden of alleging facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s

jurisdiction to hear the cause. Id. (citing Texas Ass’n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440,

446 (Tex. 1993)). Whether the plaintiff met this burden is a question of law that we review de novo.

Id. We construe the pleadings liberally, taking them as true, and look to the pleader’s intent. Id.;

Texas Logos, L.P. v. Brinkmeyer, 254 S.W.3d 644, 659 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.). Mere

unsupported legal conclusions are insufficient. See Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corp. v. Texas

Comm’n on Envtl. Quality, 307 S.W.3d 505, 515-16 & n.7 & 8 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.). If

the pleadings fail to allege sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction

but also fail to affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one

of pleading sufficiency, and the plaintiff should be afforded the opportunity to amend. Miranda,

133 S.W.3d at 226-27. If, on the other hand, the pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of

jurisdiction, then a plea to the jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity

to amend. Id. at 227.

When resolving issues presented by the plea to the jurisdiction, we may consider

evidence that the parties have submitted and must do so when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional

6
issues. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 555 (Tex. 2000). In fact, in a plea to the

jurisdiction, a party may present evidence to negate the existence of a jurisdictional fact alleged in the

pleadings, which we would otherwise presume to be true. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227; see also Combs

v. Entertainment Publ’ns, Inc., 292 S.W.3d 712, 719 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.). To the extent

the evidence presented to negate the jurisdictional fact implicates the merits of the plaintiff’s cause of

action, the party asserting the plea must present undisputed or conclusive evidence to negate a genuine

issue of material fact as to the jurisdictional fact’s existence. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227-28. Our

ultimate inquiry is whether the plaintiff’s pled and un-negated facts, taken as true, and liberally

construed with an eye to the pleader’s intent, affirmatively demonstrate a claim or claims within

the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. See id. at 226; Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corp.,

307 S.W.3d at 513, 516 n.8. This is a question of law that we review de novo. See Miranda,

133 S.W.3d at 22; Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corp., 307 S.W.3d at 513, 516 n.8.

Open Meetings Act claim

Appellants urge that the district court erred in denying their plea as to Duty’s OMA claim

because the claim was rendered moot by the October 5 adoption of the transfer and that Duty incurred

no injury from any notice defect before the September 28 meeting that could give rise to standing. We

need only address the former contention, as it is dispositive. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

Duty acknowledges that there is no longer a live, justiciable controversy as to whether

the transfer is void under the OMA because the commissioners court ultimately re-adopted the

transfer on October 5 and she does not allege any OMA violations in regard to that proceeding. But

Dusty insists that a justiciable controversy still remains as to the September 28 meeting by virtue of her

7
attorney’s fee claim under the OMA. In support, Duty cites this Court’s analysis in Griffin v. Birkman,

266 S.W.3d 189, 194 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied).

In Griffin, the plaintiff, a former constable—in Williamson County, it so happens—sued

the commissioners court under the UDJA seeking declaratory and injunctive relief and attorney’s fees

in regard to a transfer of budgeted funds from his department to another department during

fiscal year 2006. Id. at 193. In the interim before this Court’s ruling, fiscal year 2006 concluded and

the county commenced operating under the new budget for fiscal year 2007. Id. This Court rejected

arguments that the end of fiscal year 2006 had wholly ended the controversy over the transfers

because, the Court observed, Griffin had asserted an attorney’s fee claim under the UDJA. See id.

at 193-94. If Griffin prevailed on appeal, as this Court observed, it would have been necessary to

remand the case to the trial court to reconsider, in light of this Court’s judgment, whether awarding

attorney’s fees to Griffin would have been equitable and just. Id. at 194; see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 37.009 (West 2008). To that extent, this Court held that Griffin’s claims were not moot.

Griffin, 266 S.W.3d at 194.

Although Duty is correct that a pending attorney’s fee claim may in some circumstances

preserve a live controversy with respect to an otherwise-moot cause of action,5 her attorney’s-fee claim

does not have such an effect here. Duty’s attorney’s-fee claim is predicated on the OMA, which, unlike

the UDJA in Griffin, is a “prevailing-party” statute—the trial court is authorized to award fees only

if and when a party “substantially prevails.” Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 551.142(b); cf. Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. § 37.009 (“[i]n any proceeding under this chapter, the court may award costs and

5
In addition to Griffin, see, e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hallman, 159 S.W.3d 640, 642-43
(Tex. 2005) (holding, in a UDJA case, that appellee’s “interest in obtaining attorney’s fees ‘breathes
life’ into this appeal and prevents it from being moot”).

8
reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees as are equitable and just”). Whether a party “prevails”

under the meaning of such a statute turns on whether there has been a material alteration in the

legal relationship between the parties. See Intercontinental Group P’ship v. KB Home Lone Star L.P.,

295 S.W.3d 650, 656 & n.27 (Tex. 2009) (“a plaintiff must receive affirmative judicial relief to be

considered a prevailing party”; deciding that plaintiff’s nominal “success affords no actual relief on

the merits that would materially alter [plaintiff’s] relationship with [defendant]”); Wibbenmeyer

v. TechTerra Commc’ns, Inc., No. 03-09-00122-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 2203, at *33

(Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 26, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.). There has been no such material alteration

here because Duty never obtained affirmative relief on the merits of her OMA claim seeking to

invalidate the September 28 adoption of the transfer before the claim was rendered moot by the

October 5 re-adoption.

Although Duty obtained a temporary restraining order, such an order merely preserves

the status quo temporarily pending proceedings that could actually alter the parties’ legal relationship.

See In re Newton, 146 S.W.3d 648, 651 (Tex. 2004) (“The purpose of a TRO is to preserve the

status quo.”); Wibbenmeyer, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 2203, at *27. Nor did Duty “prevail” when the

commissioners court opted to re-notice and re-approve the transfer on October 5. Speer v. Presbyterian

Children’s Home & Serv. Agency, 847 S.W.2d 227 (Tex. 1993) (holding that where plaintiff’s claims

for declaratory and injunctive relief were rendered moot, plaintiff “could never be a prevailing party”

“and is thus not entitled to recover her attorneys fees and costs”). Instead, the events of October 5

served only to render her OMA claim moot. Consequently, the district court lacked subject-matter

jurisdiction over that claim. See University of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston v. Estate of Blackmon,

9
195 S.W.3d 98, 100-01 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (mootness deprives courts of subject-matter

jurisdiction over the claims).

Local government code claims

Individual standing

General test

As to the remainder of Duty’s claims, which seek relief under the UDJA concerning

alleged violations of the local government code in connection with the October 5 re-adoption vote,

appellants assert that Duty lacks standing in her individual capacity because she can establish

no injury distinct from that incurred by the general public. Similar to the U.S. Constitution, the

Texas Constitution requires that a party have standing to bring a claim in court, and the general test is

whether there is a controversy between the parties that will actually be determined by the judicial

declaration sought. Stop the Ordinances Please v. City of New Braunfels, 306 S.W.3d 919, 925

(Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) (citing Texas Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 446). “Constitutional

standing is thus concerned not only with whether a justiciable controversy exists, but whether the

particular plaintiff has a sufficient personal stake in the controversy to assure the presence of an actual

controversy that the judicial declaration sought would resolve.” Id. at 925-26 (citing Patterson

v. Planned Parenthood, 971 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. 1998); Nootsie, Ltd. v. Williamson County

Appraisal Dist., 925 S.W.2d 659, 662 (Tex. 1996)). To have standing, a plaintiff must “allege

some injury distinct from that sustained by the public at large.” Brown v. Todd, 53 S.W.3d 297, 302

(Tex. 2001). In other words, the plaintiff must show that he or she

has or imminently will suffer an invasion of some legally cognizable interest that is
sufficiently unique to the plaintiff, as distinguished from the general public, to ensure

10
 that the plaintiff has a sufficient personal stake in the controversy so that the lawsuit
would not yield a mere advisory opinion or draw the judiciary into generalized policy
disputes that are the province of the other branches.

Stop the Ordinances Please, 306 S.W.3d at 927. The alleged injury must be “fairly traceable to

the defendant’s allegedly unlawful conduct,” “likely to be redressed by the requested relief,” and

“concrete and particularized,” such that the plaintiff has a personal stake in the dispute. Brown,

53 S.W.3d 297 at 305.

Duty alleges that the commissioners court failed to comply with sections 111.0675 and

111.070 of the local government code before adopting the transfer. Section 111.0675 requires that the

commissioners court publish notice of a hearing “relating to a budget” not “later than the 10th day

before the date of the hearing.” See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 111.0675. Section 111.070 sets forth

procedures whereby a commissioners court may alter a budget that it previously has approved:

(a) The commissioners court may spend county funds only in strict compliance
with the budget, except as provided by this section.

(b) The commissioners court may authorize an emergency expenditure as an
amendment to the original budget only in a case of grave public necessity to
meet an unusual and unforeseen condition that could not have been included
in the original budget through the use of reasonably diligent thought and
attention. If the court amends the original budget to meet an emergency, the
court shall file a copy of its order amending the budget with the county clerk
and the clerk shall attach the copy to the original budget.

(c) The commissioners court by order may:

(1) amend the budget to transfer an amount budgeted for one item to
another budgeted item without authorizing an emergency expenditure;
or

(2) designate the county budget officer or another officer or employee of
the county who may, as appropriate and subject to conditions and

11
 directions provided by the court, amend the budget by transferring
amounts budgeted for certain items to other budgeted items.

Id. § 111.070.

As appellants suggest, any individual, personal stake that Duty possesses in obtaining

declarations that these statutes have been violated would be common to members of the general public.

On appeal, Duty tacitly acknowledges as much, urging that she has incurred a particularized injury

because the transfer affected her “as a taxpayer” and “as the county attorney.”6

Taxpayer standing

Taxpayer standing is a long-established exception to the general rule that an individual

must show that they have suffered a particularized injury distinct from that suffered by the general

public in order to have standing to challenge a government action or assert a public right. Bland Indep.

Sch. Dist., 34 S.W.3d at 556; Texans Uniting for Reform & Freedom v. Saenz, 319 S.W.3d 914,

919 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.). A taxpayer has standing to sue in equity to enjoin the

illegal expenditure of public funds, even without showing a distinct injury. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist.,

34 S.W.3d at 556; Texans Uniting for Reform & Freedom, 319 S.W.3d at 919. As the Texas Supreme

Court has explained,

When a taxpayer brings an action to restrain the illegal expenditure by the
commissioners’ court of tax money he sues for himself, and it is held that his interest
in the subject matter is sufficient to support the action; but when the money
has already been spent an action for its recovery is for the county. The cause of

6
Duty also suggests that the UDJA independently confers standing to seek a declaratory
judgment to determine his or her “rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder.” See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 37.004. To the contrary, it is well-established that the UDJA does not
confer subject-matter jurisdiction to resolve a controversy that is not otherwise justiciable. Chenault
v. Phillips, 914 S.W.2d 140, 141 (Tex. 1996) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam).

12
 action belongs to it alone. Our courts do not recognize the right of one to bring a
law suit for another merely because he might derive some indirect benefit therefrom.
A taxpayer would be benefitted through the collection by the county of delinquent
taxes owing by other property owners, but his interest is not of a nature to authorize
him to prosecute tax suits.

Hoffman v. Davis, 100 S.W.2d 94, 96 (Tex. 1937); accord Texans Uniting for Reform & Freedom,

319 S.W.3d at 920. The requirement that the action be to restrain an illegal expenditure overlaps

somewhat with the ultra-vires exception to sovereign or governmental immunity, through which a

claimant can sue a government official in his official capacity for prospective injunctive or declaratory

relief to restrain the official from exceeding statutory authority. Texans Uniting for Reform & Freedom,

319 S.W.3d at 920 (citing City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 372-77 (Tex. 2009)).

To have standing as a taxpayer, Duty must allege and ultimately prove that (1) she is a

taxpayer to Williamson County and (2) the county’s expenditures pursuant to the transfers are illegal

by virtue of the commissioners court having violated local government code section 111.0675 or

111.070, or both. See id. at 919-20. Appellants do not dispute that Duty is a taxpayer to Williamson

County, but urge that her pleading allegations and the undisputed evidence negate, as a matter of law,

any violation of sections 111.0675 or 111.070 on which taxpayer standing could be predicated.7

Section 111.0675, as previously noted, requires that the “commissioners court shall

publish notice before a public hearing relating to a budget in at least one newspaper of general

circulation in the county.” Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. § 111.0675(a). This notice “shall be published

7
Appellants also urge that even if these sections were violated, such a fact would not
render the expenditures at issue “illegal” in the sense required for taxpayer standing. They rely on
a distinction between “illegal” or “void” governmental actions and “voidable” ones, and insist
that violations of the local government code could only amount to the latter. See Henn v. City of
Amarillo, 301 S.W.2d 71, 75 (Tex. 1957); Osborne v. Keith, 177 S.W.2d 198, 200 (Tex. 1944). In
light of the analysis that follows, we need not address this argument.

13
not earlier than the 30th or later than the 10th day before the date of the hearing.” Id. § 111.0675(a).

Duty alleges that the commissioners court neither published notice in the newspaper nor provided

ten days’ notice of the October 5 meeting. Thus, Duty urges, the commissioners court violated

section 111.0675. While not attempting to negate Duty’s factual allegations, appellants attack her

legal conclusion that these facts would establish a violation of section 111.0675. Specifically,

appellants argue that section 111.0675, as a matter of statutory construction, applies to only the hearing

on the proposed annual budget—e.g., the one approved on August 31, 2010—not transfers like those

at issue here.

Statutory construction presents a question of law that we review de novo. State

v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006). In construing a statute, our primary objective is to give

effect to the Legislature’s intent. Id. We seek that intent “first and foremost” in the statutory text.

Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex. 2006). “Where text is clear, text is

determinative of that intent.” Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009)

(op. on reh’g) (citing Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 284; Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs. v. Johnson,

209 S.W.3d 644, 651-52 (Tex. 2006)). We consider the words in context, not in isolation. State

v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322, 327 (Tex. 2002). We rely on the plain meaning of the text, unless a

different meaning is supplied by legislative definition or is apparent from context, or unless such a

construction leads to absurd results. See Entergy Gulf States, Inc., 282 S.W.3d at 437; City of Rockwall

v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625-26 (Tex. 2008); see also Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.011 (West 2005)

(“Words and phrases shall be read in context and construed according to the rules of grammar and

common usage,” but “[w]ords and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular meaning, whether

by legislative definition or otherwise, shall be construed accordingly.”).

14
 As appellants observe, the two local government code sections at issue appear in

a subchapter that governs “budget preparation” in counties with a population above 125,000. See

Tex. Local Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 111.061-.075 (West 2008).8 The subchapter refers to a single “hearing”

on “the budget,” for the purpose of adopting the annual budget. E.g., id. §§ 111.063 (requiring

budget officer to itemize “the budget”), .068(a) (requiring commissioners to take action on the

budget after “the public hearing”). Section 111.0675 is sandwiched between the section that requires

the commissioners court to hold a “public hearing” on “the budget,” id. § 111.067(a), and a section

requiring commissioners to take action on “the budget” following the public hearing, id. § 111.068(a).

Only after these and further provisions addressing the annual budget does any mention of adjustments

to the previously adopted budget appear—in the provisions governing “emergency expenditure”

and “budget transfer” in section 111.070. Id. §§ 111.070(b), (c). Viewed in context, section 111.0675

plainly specifies the manner and time frame in which notice of the public hearing on the annual budget

is required. Nothing in the subchapter purports to extend section 111.0675’s requirements to anything

other than adoption of the annual budget. Id. §§ 111.061-.075. Consequently, Duty has alleged only

conduct that does not, as a matter of law, constitute a violation of 111.0675, and thus cannot give rise

to taxpayer standing by virtue of that provision.

Duty, for the most part, does not join issue with appellants’ statutory-construction

arguments, but urges instead that we should not reach them because they go to the “merits” of her claim.

See Bland Indep. Sch. Dist., 34 S.W.3d at 554 (recognizing that courts should not “delv[e] into

the merits of the case” beyond the extent necessary to determine jurisdiction). Duty is correct in

observing that appellants’ statutory-construction arguments implicate the merits of her claims.

8
The parties do not dispute that Williamson County has a population of over
125,000 people.

15
However, determining whether the facts Duty has alleged constitute a violation of section 111.0675 is

an inherent and proper part of the jurisdictional inquiry where Duty is relying on taxpayer standing.

Texans Uniting for Reform & Freedom, 319 S.W.3d at 931; Hendee v. Dewhurst, 228 S.W.3d 354, 368

(Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. denied). And, as we explained in Hendee, with specific reference to the

overlapping or parallel ultra-vires analysis:

To the extent that Plaintiffs suggest that it is categorically improper to adjudicate,
through a jurisdictional plea, jurisdictional issues that implicate or overlap the merits,
that notion is belied by Miranda. See [Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v.] Miranda,
133 S.W.3d 217,] 227-28 [(Tex. 2004)] (regarding whether parks and wildlife
department acted with gross negligence so as to waive sovereign immunity under
the recreational use statute). It is also well-established that where a trial court’s
jurisdiction depends upon whether a state official’s acts are within her constitutional
or statutory authority, such as when a plaintiff alleges ultra vires action to avoid
sovereign immunity, the trial court may sometimes be able to decide the
jurisdictional issue as a matter of law based on the pleadings by construing the
constitutional and statutory provisions defining the actor’s authority and ascertaining
whether the acts alleged would exceed that authority. See, e.g., McLane Co.
v. Strayhorn, 148 S.W.3d 644, 649 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied)
(acknowledging that in determining whether declaratory judgment suit may be
maintained against a state official, it was first necessary, in light of sovereign
immunity principles, to construe statutes defining official’s powers to “decide
whether the [official] validly exercised her discretion or acted outside of her
legal authority”); cf. Director of Dep’t of Agric. & Env’t v. Printing Indus. Ass’n,
600 S.W.2d 264, 265-70 (Tex. 1980) (construing constitution to determine whether
plaintiff alleged ultra vires action by state officials; state had raised issue via
special exceptions). And Miranda would further allow jurisdictional challenges, via
its summary judgment-like process, to the existence of the alleged acts that are
asserted to have been beyond the actor’s constitutional or statutory authority.

Hendee, 228 S.W.3d at 368-69. By the same token, it is not enough that Duty has pled legal

conclusions that the commissioners court violated section 111.0675—her burden is to allege facts

that would constitute violations of the statute. See Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corp., 307 S.W.3d

at 515-16 & nn.7-8. She has not.

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 Duty further suggests that the applicability of section 111.0675 presents “fact questions”

and that she should be “afforded an opportunity to investigate . . . more fully” appellants’ argument that

111.0675 does not apply to the October 5 meeting. But whether 111.0675 applies only to the hearing

on the proposed annual budget or whether it applies to any meeting regarding the budget or budget

transfers does not require factual investigation—it is a matter of statutory construction that is properly

resolved at the jurisdictional stage, without further delay. See id. at 516 n.8 (“While genuine disputes

over the existence of facts material to jurisdiction will preclude dismissal, see Miranda, 133 S.W.3d

at 227-28, the pure legal question of whether pled and un-negated facts would establish a constitutional

violation or ultra vires conduct can—and must—be resolved to determine the trial court’s jurisdiction,

and this is true regardless of whether that issue parallels the merits. Hendee I, 228 S.W.3d at 368-

69; see also Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227 (emphasizing that jurisdictional issues should be resolved

“as soon as practicable”). In sum, the facts Duty alleges do not, as a matter of law, invoke taxpayer

standing with respect to local government code 111.0675.

The same is true with respect to local government code 111.070. Duty asserts in part that

the commissioners court violated section 111.070, subsection (b), because it did not make the finding

of an “emergency” required thereunder. See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 111.070(b). However, as

appellants point out, subsection (b) is one of two alternative means by which a commissioners court

may deviate from strict compliance with the previously adopted annual budget—the other is the

“transfer” of “an amount budgeted for one item to another budgeted item without authorizing an

emergency expenditure.” Id. § 111.070(b), (c). Consequently, Duty’s allegations regarding the absence

of an “emergency” declaration would not state a violation of section 111.070 if the pleadings and

evidence establish compliance with (c).

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 Duty argues that because the money was going to be used to pay for the new position

of “legal advisor to the commissioners court,” it was not a transfer from one “budgeted item” to

another permitted under subsection (c), but an entirely new “budgeted item” not previously included.

However, Duty acknowledges that the Williamson County budget is not organized by job titles, but

is instead by categories such as “Salaries,” “FICA,” “Retirement,” and “Insurance.” And she did

not present evidence to controvert Koenig’s testimony that the commissioners court transferred funds

from line items for “Salaries,” “FICA,” “Retirement,” and “Insurance” in her departmental budget

to corresponding line items in the county judge’s departmental budget. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d

at 227-28. In Griffin, this Court upheld the legality of this sort of transfer under subsection (c).

266 S.W.3d at 198. We noted:

The Williamson County budget does not show individual salaries as separate line
items; each department’s budget simply shows a total for salaries, FICA, and
other categories of expenditures. . . . The transfer budget tracks the format of the
county budget with a lump-sum line item for FICA, retirement, and other categories
of expenses. The transfer was from one budget item to another, as specified in
the statute.

Griffin, 266 S.W.3d at 201-02. As in Griffin, the commissioners court’s transfers at issue here were

from one budget item to another. Consequently, Duty has alleged facts that do not, as a matter of law,

constitute a violation of section 111.070. Therefore, she does not have standing as a taxpayer to

complain of violations of that provision. See Texans Uniting for Reform & Freedom, 319 S.W.3d

at 920.

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 Official-capacity standing

In the alternative, Duty claims standing in her official capacity to assert her claims

regarding local government code 111.0675 and 111.070. Appellants argue that Duty cannot possess

standing to sue the county in her official capacity because, in essence, she is the county when acting in

her official duties, as is the commissioners court, and only the commissioners court has power to decide

when the county can bring suit. In support, appellants rely on authorities dating back to Looscan

v. Harris County, 58 Tex. 511, 514 (1883). In Looscan, the Texas Supreme Court held that, absent the

consent of the commissioners court, the district attorney could not institute an action in the name of the

county to recover and prevent further payments to a county attorney hired by the commissioners court.

Id. The court reasoned in part that the claims asserted by the district attorney belonged to the county

and that the district attorney in his official role had no interest distinct from that of the county. Id.

at 516. Similarly, in Driscoll v. Harris County Commissioners Court, the court of appeals concluded

that the county attorney lacked the requisite justiciable interest to attack expenditures of county funds.

688 S.W.2d 569, 583 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see Travis County

v. Matthews, 235 S.W.2d 691, 697 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1950, writ ref’d n.r.e) (county attorney

could not litigate on county’s behalf without the commissioners court’s permission).

The core rationale underlying these cases is that there was no justiciable controversy

between the county and the attorney, in his or her official capacity, because the interests of the two

were aligned. Other cases suggest that there may exist circumstances in which a county attorney, in his

or her official capacity, may have a justiciable interest in a controversy that diverges from that of

other county officials, as routinely occurs among different state officials and agencies. See Cascos

v. Cameron County Attorney, 319 S.W.3d 205, 224-26 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2010, no pet.)

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(“[county attorney] was entitled to file his declaratory judgment action to clarify his rights and

responsibilities as the Cameron County Attorney”); see Terrell v. Greene, 31 S.W. 631, 634 (Tex. 1895)

(county attorney successfully sought mandamus to compel county judge to allow him to prosecute suit

against county treasurer who had mishandled county funds because refusing to do so would “deprive

the county attorney of the right to discharge a duty imposed on him as an officer of that county”).

In ascertaining whether Duty, in her official capacity as county attorney, could possess

a justiciable interest that is distinct from that of the commissioners court in regard to whether the latter

complied with the local government code when making the transfer on October 5, we return to

our earlier observation that the commissioners court undisputedly possesses the ultimate authority to

hire its own counsel if it so wishes. See Guynes, 861 S.W.2d at 863. Although a county official may

possess a core “sphere of authority” into which the commissioners court may not intrude or interfere,

as we noted in Griffin, 266 S.W.3d at 198, there is no allegation that the October 5 transfers constituted

that sort of interference with Duty’s delegated functions. See Guynes, 861 S.W.2d at 863 (affirming

summary judgment in favor of commissioners court because criminal district attorney did not have

exclusive right to represent county in civil matters; therefore, the commissioners court was not usurping

his functions by hiring civil counsel). Duty’s complaints with the transfers, again, solely concern the

procedure that the commissioners court followed when making the transfer. Assuming Duty’s interest

as county attorney in regard to that complaint could, in theory, diverge and be adverse to that of the

county, that interest, like her individual interest, would merely be common with that possessed by

the other citizens of Williamson County. Consequently, Duty lacks standing in her official capacity.

20
See Stop the Ordinances Please, 306 S.W.3d at 927 (requiring injury distinct from that of the

general public).9

CONCLUSION

We conclude that Duty lacks standing to pursue any justiciable claim against appellants.

Furthermore, as previously demonstrated, these jurisdictional defects are not the sorts of omissions that

may be cured by repleading, but are instead a function of pled or undisputed facts that affirmatively

negate jurisdiction. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227. Consequently, we reverse the district court’s

order denying appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction, grant the plea, and render judgment dismissing Duty’s

claims for want of subject-matter jurisdiction.

__________________________________________

Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton and Rose

Reversed and Rendered

Filed: August 24, 2011

9
We further observe that our analysis of Duty’s taxpayer standing would likewise foreclose
her from asserting the same claims in her official capacity— arguably jurisdictionally, by rendering
the claims moot, or at least on the merits.

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