TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-09-00292-CV
Janet Carroll, Appellant
v.
Dr. Juliette Humsi, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 353RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-09-000929, HONORABLE SCOTT H. JENKINS, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
Janet Carroll appeals a district court judgment dismissing her health care liability
claim against Dr. Juliette Humsi for failure to serve the expert report or reports required by
section 74.351 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code within 120 days after Carroll filed her
“original petition.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a), (b), (r)(6) (West 2005).
Carroll contends that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing her claim because she
timely served Humsi with an expert report meeting section 74.351’s requirements. We will affirm
the judgment of dismissal.
BACKGROUND
This appeal arises from the same underlying facts described in this Court’s recent
decisions in Hayes v. Carroll, 314 S.W.3d 494 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.), and Carroll
v. Donau, No. 03-09-00293-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 6063 (Tex. App.—Austin July 9, 2010,
pet. denied). On May 8, 2007, Carroll sued Seton Healthcare System, which operates
Austin’s Brackenridge Hospital, alleging that negligence by unnamed nurses, agents or employees
of Seton while Carroll was being treated at Brackenridge in 2006 resulted in the loss of her right leg
above the knee. Subsequently, on October 30, 2007, Carroll filed a first amended petition naming
as defendants and asserting health care liability claims against six physicians—David Hayes,
Robert Morrison, Maro Ohanian, Philip Ralidis, Jordan Weingarten, and appellee Humsi—and
nine nurses. Carroll attached to her amended petition an expert report from Don Patman, M.D., who
presented opinions that purported to implicate the physician defendants, as well as an expert report
from a registered nurse that purported to implicate the nurse defendants.1
Although Carroll named Humsi as a defendant in the amended petition filed
on October 30, 2007, Carroll did not serve Humsi with process until September 2008. Carroll
simultaneously served Humsi with a copy of the amended petition as well as an amended version of
Dr. Patman’s report. This amended version of Patman’s report, dated January 2008, is the same one
that this Court later analyzed in Hayes. See 314 S.W.3d at 502-09. Carroll attributes her delay in
serving process on Humsi to that fact that Humsi had been a resident at Brackenridge when Carroll
was treated, moved after her residency ended, and “had to be tracked down and served in
Washington State at her new place of business.” After being served with process, Humsi answered,
filed objections to the sufficiency of Patman’s report, then moved to dismiss Carroll’s claim against
her. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a), (b). Humsi relied on three grounds for
1
Carroll had previously served Seton with an earlier version of each report, which
accompanied her original petition, as well as a July 2007 supplement to each report.
2
dismissal: (1) Carroll had not served Humsi with Patman’s report within 120 days after Carroll
filed her first petition in the case (which, again, had named Seton as the sole defendant), (2) in the
alternative, the report was untimely because it was served after the 120th day after Carroll filed her
amended petition adding Humsi as a defendant, and (3) Patman’s report failed to comply with
chapter 74’s requirements and thus constituted a failure to serve an “expert report.” Following a
hearing, the district court granted Humsi’s motion to dismiss without stating the grounds.2 Carroll
appealed the judgment.
ANALYSIS
We apply an “abuse-of-discretion” standard in reviewing a trial court’s ruling on
a motion to dismiss a health care liability claim under section 74.351 of the Civil Practice
and Remedies Code. Jernigan v. Langley, 195 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex. 2006). A trial court abuses its
discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner, or if it acts without reference to any
guiding rules or principles. Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002). Where,
as here, there are no findings of fact or conclusions of law, a trial court’s judgment dismissing a
health care liability claim under section 74.351 will be upheld on any legal theory supported by
the record, and any necessary findings of fact will be implied. Rosemond v. Al-Lahiq, No. 09-830,
2011 Tex. LEXIS 69, at *6 (Tex. Jan. 21, 2011) (per curiam). We defer to the trial court’s factual
2
In the same order, the district court granted summary judgment dismissing Carroll’s
claims against the nurse defendants on election-of-remedies grounds under section 101.106 of the
Civil Practice and Remedies Code. These claims were severed, and Carroll separately appealed the
judgment of dismissal in that cause. We affirmed that judgment in Carroll v. Donau, No. 03-09-
00293-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 6063 (Tex. App.—Austin July 9, 2010, pet. denied).
3
determinations that are supported by the evidence but review questions of law de novo. Stockton
v. Offenbach, No. 09-0446, 2011 Tex. LEXIS 128, at *10-11 (Tex. Feb. 25, 2011). Thus, to the
extent that our analysis requires us to construe chapter 74—a question of law—we apply a de novo
standard. See City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2003). “In construing
a statute, our objective is to determine and give effect to the Legislature’s intent,” looking first to the
plain and common meaning of the statute’s words. Id. (citing State v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322,
327 (Tex. 2002)); see Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.023 (West 2005). We will read the statute as a
whole, interpreting it to give effect to every part. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d at 25.
On appeal, Carroll argues that the district court would have abused its discretion in
dismissing her claim against Humsi in reliance on any of the three grounds Humsi asserted in her
motion. Humsi’s first two grounds pertain to the “threshold issue” of whether Carroll timely served
Humsi with Patman’s report. See Rosemond, 2001 Tex. LEXIS 69, at *9. The third and final ground
concerns the adequacy of Patman’s report assuming it was timely served. See id.
Under section 74.351, subsection (a), a health care liability claimant
shall, not later than the 120th day after the date the original petition was filed, serve
on each party or the party’s attorney one or more expert reports, with a curriculum
vitae of each expert listed in the report for each physician or health care provider
against whom a liability claim is asserted. The date for serving the report may be
extended by written agreement of the affected parties.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a). If the claimant fails to serve the required
expert report or reports on a particular defendant within this period, that defendant may obtain both
dismissal of the claim against him and attorney’s fees. See id. § 74.351(b) (“If, as to a defendant
4
physician or health care provider, an expert report has not been served within the period specified
by Subsection (a), the court, on the motion of the affected physician or health care provider, shall
. . . enter an order that: (1) awards to the affected physician or health care provider reasonable
attorney’s fees and costs of court incurred by the physician or health care provider; and (2) dismisses
the claim with respect to the physician or health care provider, with prejudice to the refiling of the
claim.”), (r)(1) (“‘Affected parties’ means the claimant and the physician or health care provider who
are directly affected by an act or agreement required or permitted by this section and does not include
other parties to an action who are not directly affected by that particular act or agreement.”).
In her dismissal motion, Humsi first asserted that Carroll’s service of Patman’s report
on her was untimely, such that the district court had no discretion but to dismiss Carroll’s claim,
because it occurred more than 120 days after Carroll filed her “original petition” in the case naming
Seton as the sole defendant.3 We rejected this identical argument in Hayes, holding that the “original
petition” that triggers the 120-day period to serve expert reports with respect to a particular defendant
is the first petition that asserts a health care liability claim against that defendant, not, as Humsi
urges, the first petition filed in the case. Hayes, 314 S.W.3d at 502; accord Davis v. Baker, No. 03-
10-00324-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 10317, at *12 (Tex. App.—Austin, Dec. 22, 2010, no pet. h.);
Daybreak Cmnty. Servs. v. Cartrite, 320 S.W.3d 865, 872 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, no pet.);
Stroud v. Grubb, No. 01-09-00945-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 3675, at *13 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] May 13, 2010, pet. denied); Arizpe v. Wilcox, No. 04-09-00408-CV, 2010 Tex. App.
3
It is undisputed that there was no “written agreement” between Carroll and Humsi to
extend Carroll’s “date for serving the report.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a)
(West 2005).
5
LEXIS 3150, at *8-9 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 28, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Padre
Behavioral Health Sys., LLC v. Chaney, 310 S.W.3d 78, 85 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2010,
no pet.); Osonma v. Smith, No. 04-08-00841-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 4959, *1-2
(Tex. App.—San Antonio July 1, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Humsi suggests no reason why we
should depart from that precedent here. Following Hayes, we hold that the district court would have
abused its discretion if it had granted Humsi’s dismissal motion on the ground that Carroll failed to
serve her with Patman’s report within 120 days after she filed her original petition against Seton.
In the alternative, Humsi contended that Carroll’s service of Patman’s report was
untimely because it did not occur until more than 120 days after the date Carroll filed her amended
petition adding Humsi as a defendant, the applicable trigger date under Hayes. Carroll filed her
amended petition naming Humsi as a defendant on October 30, 2007. The 120th day after this
date was February 27, 2008. Humsi has asserted that she was not served with the report until
September 2008—almost seven months later—when she was contemporaneously served with the
amended petition. For this reason, Humsi has argued, the district court had no discretion but to
dismiss Carroll’s claim against her.
Carroll argues that her service of the report on Humsi should be considered timely
based on what is in essence a refinement of our holding in Hayes. She urges that section 74.351,
subsection (a), contemplates that the 120-day period does not begin to run as to a particular
defendant until (1) the first petition naming the defendant is filed, and (2) the defendant is
served with process or otherwise is made a party to the action. Under the circumstances here, as
Carroll observes, this would mean that the 120-day period would not have been triggered until
6
September 2008, when she finally served Humsi with process, and that she would have complied
with the deadline by simultaneously serving Humsi with Patman’s report. In support of her view,
Carroll emphasizes that section 74.351, subsection (a), requires claimants to serve expert reports “on
each party or the party’s attorney.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a) (emphases
added). One is not a “party” to a lawsuit, Carroll observes, unless and until he or she is both named
in a pleading and is either served, accepts or waives service, or makes an appearance. See Mapco,
Inc. v. Carter, 817 S.W.2d 686, 687 (Tex. 1991) (per curiam); Ex parte Bowers, 886 S.W.2d 346,
349 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ dism’d w.o.j.); accord Ross v. Nat’l Ctr. for the
Employment of the Disabled, 197 S.W.3d 795, 797-98 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (“[A] party
who becomes aware of the proceedings without proper service of process has no duty to participate
in them.”) (citations and quotations omitted). From this, Carroll reasons that “[t]he only logical
interpretation is that the 120-day period runs from the date the defendants were originally added to
the suit and had a cause of action brought against them and were served with citation.” “For the
defendants in this case,” Carroll explains, “that means 120 days from the day they were first named
and sued in the First Amended Petition, October 30, 2007, at the earliest, with the actual deadline
dependant on when a named defendant actually became a ‘party.’”
Carroll is correct in observing that section 74.351, subsection (a), contemplates that
a claimant cannot satisfy the expert-report requirement as to a physician or health care provider
unless and until the physician or provider is also made a party: “a claimant shall . . . serve on
each party or the party’s attorney one or more expert reports.” This legislative intent is made further
apparent by an additional requirement within subsection (a): “Each defendant physician or health
7
care provider whose conduct is implicated in a report must file and serve any objection to the
sufficiency of the report not later than the 21st day after the date it was served, failing which all
objections are waived.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a). We cannot conclude
that the Legislature would have imposed this procedural requirement, at pain of waiver for non-
compliance, unless it contemplated that a “defendant physician or health care provider” on whom
a report is “served” so as to trigger the 21-day deadline must necessarily be a party, as otherwise
the defendant made subject to the deadline would be outside the court’s jurisdiction and have
no obligation to participate in the action. See Ross, 197 S.W.3d at 797-98; see also Acker v. Texas
Water Comm’n, 790 S.W.2d 299, 301 (Tex. 1990) (we presume that Legislature is aware of
background law and acts with reference to it). Construed together, these provisions and requirements
of subsection (a) mean that a claimant must, as a practical matter, obtain service of process, a waiver
of service, or an appearance from a physician or health care provider named in the petition before
the claimant can satisfy the expert-report requirement as to the physician or health care provider.
Dingler v. Tucker, 301 S.W.3d 761, 766-67 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied); Carreras
v. Zamora, 294 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.); Yilmaz v. McGregor,
265 S.W.3d 631, 636-39 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied).
But the fact that a claimant must obtain service, a waiver of service, or an appearance
from the defendant before the claimant can be said to have served the expert report on a “party or
the party’s attorney” does not imply, as Carroll urges, that the Legislature intended section 74.351,
subsection (a)’s deadline to run only from the time these requirements are finally met and the
defendant is made a party. On the contrary, the Legislature has unequivocally mandated that the
8
deadline is “not later than the 120th day after the date the original petition was filed.” Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a) (emphasis added). The Legislature conceivably could have,
but did not, opt to make the triggering event the date the named defendants are made parties. Nor
did it create any explicit exceptions or tolling mechanisms for delays or difficulties the claimant
might encounter in making them parties. See id. § 74.351. Instead, the Legislature provided only
one means to extend the 120-day deadline for serving an expert report—written agreement of
the parties. See id. Absent such an agreement—and there was none here—“a trial court has no
discretion to grant an extension and must dismiss a case in which a plaintiff fails to timely file a
report.” Estate of Regis v. Harris County Hosp. Dist., 208 S.W.3d 64, 68 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.). The net effect of this statutory scheme is that claimants must (1) obtain
service of process, a waiver of service, or an appearance from a physician or health care provider
named in the petition, and (2) serve the required expert report or reports on that “party or the party’s
attorney,” both within 120 days after the claimant files the petition naming that defendant. See
Dingler, 301 S.W.3d at 766-67; Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 638.
Our construction of section 74.351 is consistent with the Texas Supreme Court’s view
of the statute as evidenced in its recent Offenbach decision. See Offenbach, 2011 Tex. LEXIS 128.
In Offenbach, the supreme court chiefly addressed whether strict application of section 74.351’s 120-
day deadline for “service” of an expert report might yield in certain circumstances when a claimant
has made diligent efforts to timely serve a defendant with an expert report but failed. There was
evidence that the claimant had been unable to timely serve a defendant physician with process
because the physician’s last known address was invalid, the physician had moved frequently and
9
been indefinitely suspended from the practice of medicine, the claimant’s certified letters had
been returned unclaimed, and the claimant’s motion for substituted service was not granted until
after the 120-day deadline had expired. Id. at *2-4. While leaving open whether a due-diligence-
based exception might be recognized under other circumstances, the supreme court held that
the claimant had failed to raise a fact issue as to her diligence. See id. at *17. The court then offered
the following observations:
The application of the statute in this case . . . is unfortunate and, in part, a
consequence of the Legislature’s decision to calculate the 120-day expert report
deadline from the date of filing the suit rather than its service on the defendant. The
statute appears to assume that serving a physician or other health care provider
will be simple and straightforward. That, however, is not always the case, and when
complications arise, as here, section 74.351(a) presents a very small window through
which to serve both the lawsuit and the expert report.
We understand that the deadline is intended to weed out frivolous health care liability
claims early in the proceeding. See Lewis v. Funderburk, 253 S.W.3d 204, 205
(Tex. 2008) (noting efforts of Legislature “to stem frivolous suits against health care
providers”); Am. Transitional Care Cntrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873,
878 (Tex. 2001) (noting that one purpose of the expert-report requirement is to deter
frivolous claims). That purpose would not be sacrificed, however, by calculating the
expert report deadline from the date the physician or other health care provider
becomes a party to the proceeding through service or appearance. Calculating the
deadline from that date would also better fit the statute’s requirement that the
expert report is to be served on “each party or the party’s attorney.” Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code § 74.351(a).
Id. at *21-22. But the court conceded that any such changes were the prerogative of the Legislature
rather than the courts:
The Legislature, however, has chosen to commence the 120-day period from the
date of filing, and “we are not free to rewrite the statutes to reach a result we
might consider more desirable, in the name of statutory construction.” Public Utility
10
Comm’n of Tex. v. Cofer, 754 S.W.2d 121, 124 (Tex. 1988). When a statute is
unambiguous, our role is to apply it as written despite its imperfections. Leland
v. Brandal, 257 S.W.3d 204, 206 (Tex. 2008); see also Simmons v. Arnim, 220 S.W.
66, 70 (Tex. 1920) (noting that “[c]ourts must take statutes as they find them”); but
see Univ. of Tex. S.W. Med. Ctr. v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex. 2004)
(noting that statutes should not be read to create absurdities).
Id. at *22.
Although the supreme court was not called upon to address the specific statutory-
construction arguments Carroll advances here, it is nonetheless significant that the high court did not
question that the Legislature had decided “to calculate the 120-day expert report deadline from the
date of filing the suit rather than its service on the defendant,” and even went so far as to urge the
Legislature to modify that statutory scheme—as the courts could not properly do so—“by calculating
the expert report deadline from the date the physician or other health care provider becomes a party
to the proceeding through service or appearance.” Id. at *21-22. Similar to the Offenbach court, we
conclude that Carroll’s proposed construction of section 74.351, subsection (a)’s 120-day deadline
advocates what the statute perhaps should provide rather than what it presently does provide.
Applying the statute as currently written, we hold that Carroll was required to serve Humsi or her
counsel with Patman’s report within 120 days of the date Carroll filed her amended petition naming
Humsi as a defendant, October 30, 2007, making her deadline February 27, 2008.
In the event we reject her statutory-construction arguments, Carroll urges that she
should be considered to have timely served Humsi with Patman’s report because Humsi’s attorney
received a copy of Patman’s report within 120 days after Carroll filed her amended petition naming
Humsi as a defendant. Humsi acknowledges that her counsel was retained shortly after Carroll filed
11
her amended petition naming Humsi as a defendant, that her counsel also represented one of the co-
defendant physicians who were named in the same pleading, and that, at least in that capacity,
counsel had received a copy of Patman’s report within 120 days after Carroll filed her amended
petition. See Hayes, 314 S.W.3d at 499-502 (recounting procedural history of Carroll’s claims
against Humsi’s co-defendant physicians and holding that she timely served Patman’s January 2008
report on each of them).4 The chief problem with this argument is that, as previously indicated, the
Legislature expressly required that a claimant timely serve the required expert report or reports “on
each party or the party’s attorney,” a term that denotes a defendant who has already been served with
process, waived service, or entered an appearance in the action.
Carroll counters that nothing in subsection (a) requires that the “party” or “party’s
attorney” on whom an expert report is served must necessarily be a “party” by the time the
report is served. In her view, a claimant can satisfy the expert report requirement by serving it on
a defendant or counsel within the 120-day period, even if the defendant has not yet been made a
party, so long as the defendant is made a party at some point thereafter through service of process,
waiver of service, or appearance. We are unpersuaded that subsection (a)’s text leaves room for that
interpretation. Our sister courts, in fact, have overwhelmingly rejected the same argument in light
4
Carroll asserts—and it appears undisputed—that her counsel communicated with Humsi’s
counsel within the 120-day period regarding whether Humsi would agree to accept service of process
through her counsel, and that she instructed her counsel to refuse to accept service on her behalf
or even to disclose her current address to Carroll’s counsel. Such facts would be relevant to, at most,
whether Carroll would be entitled to some sort of exception to the 120-day deadline based on her
diligence in attempting to serve Humsi. That issue is addressed below.
12
of subsection (a)’s requirement that a claimant must serve the “party or the party’s attorney.” See
Dingler, 301 S.W.3d at 766-67; Carreras, 294 S.W.3d at 350; Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 636-39.5
Carroll emphasizes University of Texas Health Science Center v. Ripley, which
involved a health care liability claim that the claimants initially asserted in federal court and
then, after the hospital obtained dismissal on Eleventh Amendment grounds, re-filed it in state court.
230 S.W.3d 419 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.) (en banc). While the suit was pending in
federal court, the claimants served an expert report on the hospital. Once in state court, the hospital
5
Our assessment of subsection (a)’s text is further supported by the practical difficulties
Carroll’s construction would invite. See Acker v. Texas Water Comm’n, 790 S.W.2d 299, 301
(Tex. 1990) (stating presumption that Legislature is aware of background law and acts with reference
to it.); Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Texas Attorney Gen. Child Support Div., No. 03-10-
00225-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 864, at *42-43 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 3, 2011, no pet. h.)
(considering adverse practical consequences of Child Support Division’s proposed construction of
Lottery Act as additional support for contrary construction apparent from text); see also Tex. Gov’t
Code Ann. § 311.021(3), (4) (West 2005) (presumptions that legislature intended “just and
reasonable result” and result “feasible of execution” when enacting statutes); id. § 311.023 (5)
(courts may consider “consequences of a particular construction” when construing statutes). These
difficulties include inviting disputes regarding whether such “premature” service of expert reports
through an attorney was within the scope of the attorney’s representation or if the representation had
been initiated by the time of service. It would also imply that the defendant on whom the report was
served would be required to raise any objections to the report’s adequacy within 21 days after
service—despite that the defendant was not a party, was not within the trial court’s jurisdiction,
and had no obligation to participate in the action. See Ross v. National Ctr. for the Employment of
the Disabled, 197 S.W.3d 795, 797-98 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam); Carreras v. Zamora, 294 S.W.3d
348, 350 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.); Yilmaz v. McGregor, 265 S.W.3d 631, 637-
38 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied). That implication, as Humsi urges, would
present the defendant a Hobson’s choice—either risk waiving any objections to personal jurisdiction
to preserve objections to the expert report’s adequacy, or risk waiving objections to the report’s
adequacy in order to stand on his rights not to participate in the action. See Ross, 197 S.W.3d at 795;
Carreras, 294 S.W.3d at 350; Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 637-38. During oral argument, Carroll
suggested that any such difficulties could be avoided by construing the 21-day objection requirement
to begin running only after the defendant on whom the expert report has previously been served is
finally made a party. However, like her arguments concerning when the 120-day period begins to
run, we find no textual support for Carroll’s contentions.
13
sought dismissal on the basis that the claimants did not serve (or re-serve) their expert report within
120 days after they re-filed their suit. Applying former section 74.351, subsection (a)—under which
the 120-day period was triggered on “the date the claim was filed” rather than on the date the
“original petition” was filed, as it does currently—the Fourth Court of Appeals, en banc, held that
the claimants’ service of the expert report during the federal lawsuit sufficed under subsection (a)
with respect to the state lawsuit. Id. at 421-22; id. at 423 (Simmons, J., concurring). Any persuasive
value Ripley might have here is limited by both the textual differences in the versions of
subsection (a) applicable to that case versus here and the case’s unique procedural circumstances,
which involved federal and state iterations of the same health care liability litigation and a defendant
who was a party to both, features not present here. In short, Ripley does not alter our assessment that
current subsection (a) required Carroll to make Humsi a “party” before she could serve Patman’s
report on that “party or the party’s attorney.” See Dingler, 301 S.W.3d at 766-67; Carreras,
294 S.W.3d at 350; Yilmaz, 265 S.W.3d at 636-39; see also St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp. v. Poland,
288 S.W.3d 38, 44 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g) (applying
former subsection (a), holding that claimant’s furnishing of expert report to defendant’s counsel
before filing suit did not satisfy service requirement; “because the [plaintiffs] did not serve their
expert’s report within the 120-day period following their assertion of a health-care-liability claim
against appellants, the trial court had no discretion to do anything except dismiss the health care-
liability claims against these two defendants with prejudice.”).6
6
The First Court of Appeals denied en banc consideration in Poland over the votes
of two dissenting justices who advocated that the pre-suit furnishing of the expert report
satisfied subsection (a). See St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp. v. Poland, 288 S.W.3d 38, 39 n.1
14
Additionally, even accepting Carroll’s position that subsection (a)’s reference to
“party or the party’s attorney” can be construed to reference defendants who do not become parties
until sometime after the expert report is served on them, subsection (a) would still plainly require
that both service of the expert report and the defendant’s acquisition of party status must
occur within 120 days after the claimant files the petition naming the defendant. See Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a) (“a claimant shall, not later than the 120th day after the date
the original petition was filed, serve on each party or the party’s attorney one or more expert reports
. . .”) (emphases added); see also Offenbach, 2011 Tex. LEXIS 128, at *21 (“when complications
[in serving process] arise . . . section 74.351(a) presents a very small window through which to serve
both the lawsuit and the expert report.”) (emphasis added). It is undisputed that Humsi was not
made a party to Carroll’s suit until long after the 120-day period had expired. Consequently, even
if we were to accept Carroll’s premise that she could satisfy section 74.351, subsection (a) by serving
Humsi with Patman’s report through her counsel before she became a party, Carroll would still have
failed to make Humsi a “party” within the 120-day period, and would not have timely served the
report on the “party or the party’s attorney.”
Finally, Carroll urged in her briefing that we apply an equitable exception to
section 74.351, subsection (a)’s 120-day deadline in light of what she terms defendants’ “ability to
dodge formal service” and potential for “gamesmanship.” In the interim prior to oral argument, the
Texas Supreme Court decided Offenbach, which presented the issue of whether or when such
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); id. at 47 (Jennings, J., dissenting to order
denying en banc consideration).
15
an exception might be recognized. The supreme court left open whether strict application of
section 74.351’s 120-day deadline for serving an expert report might yield in certain circumstances
when a claimant has made diligent efforts to timely serve a defendant with an expert report but
failed, either because “service” under section 74.351 incorporates common-law due-diligence
and relation-back concepts, see Offenbach, 2011 Tex. LEXIS 128, at *13, or because the statute
must be so construed to prevent Open Courts violations through the imposition of an impossible
condition to suit. Id. at *19-20. Instead, the supreme court held that even if a due-diligence
exception to section 74.351’s 120-day deadline existed, the claimant had failed—even under the
circumstances presented in that case—to raise a fact issue in that regard. See id. at *13-14. As
Carroll seemed to acknowledge during oral argument, the record in this case does not demonstrate
the sort of diligence that the supreme court seemed to require in Offenbach. On this record, we
cannot conclude that the district court would have abused its discretion in impliedly finding
and concluding that Carroll was not entitled to the equitable exception she claims. See Bohannon
v. Winston, 238 S.W.3d 535, 538 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2007, no pet.) (“The potential for
gamesmanship does not vest the courts with the power to legislate; instead we must apply the statute
as it is written and address a party’s misconduct in an appropriate manner when it occurs.”).
We hold that the district court would not have abused its discretion in dismissing
Carroll’s health care liability claim against Dr. Humsi for failing to serve Dr. Patman’s expert report
within 120 days after she filed her petition naming Humsi as a defendant. This holding, in turn,
would have had the effect of mooting Humsi’s third ground for dismissal—that Patman’s report was
inadequate—such that we do not imply findings or conclusions to that effect in support of the
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district court’s judgment. See Rosemond, 2001 Tex. LEXIS 69, at *9-10. In any event, we need
not reach Carroll’s contentions regarding this ground for dismissal. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; but
see Hayes, 314 S.W.3d at 502-08 (holding that district court did not abuse its discretion in holding
that same report was adequate).
CONCLUSION
Like the Offenbach court, we are bound to apply section 74.351, subsection (a), of
the Civil Practice and Remedies Code as it is currently written, notwithstanding any perceived
“imperfections” in the statute’s calculation of its 120-day deadline for serving expert reports.
Offenbach, 2011 Tex. LEXIS 128, at *22. Having done so, we cannot conclude that the district court
abused its discretion in dismissing Carroll’s health care liability claim against Dr. Humsi. We affirm
the district court’s judgment of dismissal.
__________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Henson
Affirmed
Filed: April 13, 2011
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Janet Carroll v. Dr. Juliette Humsi
Combined Opinion