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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
BRADFORD LARKIN, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
NEW JERSEY TRANSIT RAIL
OPERATIONS, INC., (NJT)
Appellant No. 3409 EDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment Entered January 3, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Civil Division at No(s): 2670 August Term, 2011
BRADFORD LARKIN, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
NEW JERSEY TRANSIT RAIL
OPERATIONS, INC., (NJT)
Appellant No. 3410 EDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment Entered January 3, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Civil Division at No(s): 2670 August Term, 2011
BEFORE: BOWES, DONOHUE, AND STABILE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 16, 2015
New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Inc. (“New Jersey Transit” or
“railroad”) appeals from the judgment entered on a jury verdict and award
of attorney’s fees and costs in favor of its employee, Bradford Larkin. Mr.
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Larkin commenced the action against his employer pursuant to the Federal
Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”), for injuries he sustained when the train
that he was operating collided with an abandoned vehicle on the tracks.1
After careful review, we affirm in part and reverse in part.
On July 1, 2010, Mr. Larkin was the engineer on a New Jersey Transit
train traveling eastbound on the northeast corridor from Trenton, New
Jersey, and approaching the Hamilton, New Jersey station. Upon seeing a
vehicle on the tracks, he pulled the emergency brake to stop the train, a
procedure known as dumping. Nonetheless, the train struck the vehicle,
which was later revealed to be stolen and abandoned. Mr. Larkin sustained
injuries to his neck, shoulder, wrist, and elbow in the incident.
Mr. Larkin filed this FELA action, alleging, inter alia, that New Jersey
Transit was negligent in failing to secure the tracks in the area of the
collision and/or warn its employees to reduce speed due to the presence of a
crossing and frequent trespassers in that area. The case was consolidated
with the FELA action filed by Claressa Ferguson, the assistant conductor on
the train.
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1
The underlying case was consolidated for discovery and trial with a similar
action filed by the train’s assistant conductor, Claressa Ferguson. New
Jersey Transit filed an appeal in that case at No. 3369 EDA 2013, which also
has been assigned to this panel. Two of the three issues are identical.
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A jury trial commenced on June 10, 2013. During opening statements,
counsel for New Jersey Transit told the jury that, “Mr. Larkin’s own expert
will say the reason he’s not looking for work is because he’s receiving
disability.” N.T. Trial Vol I., 6/10/13, at 57. Counsel for co-plaintiff Claressa
Ferguson promptly objected to the reference to disability and the trial court
sustained the objection and ordered the comment stricken. Id. at 57-8. No
request for curative instruction or motion for mistrial was made.
Mr. Larkin was the first witness for the plaintiffs. At 4:02 p.m., after
considerable direct examination, the court took a short break and excused
the jury. At that time, counsel for Mr. Larkin objected to defense counsel’s
earlier reference to Mr. Larkin receiving disability benefits and pointed out
that this was the subject of an unresolved motion in limine. He argued that
counsel’s reference to this collateral source was so prejudicial as to be
incurable, and requested a mistrial. The court declined to grant a mistrial.
Instead, it prohibited any further reference to disability benefits and advised
the parties that it would give very explicit instructions to the jury not to
consider “any kind of collateral source of benefit” at the close of the case.
Id. at 105. While acknowledging the reference was improper, the trial court
stated that it intended to cure it.
Defense counsel’s improper reference was revisited on June 13, 2013,
in light of a report that a male juror was overheard commenting to fellow
jurors on June 11th that, “he’s on worker’s compensation.” N.T. Trial,
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6/13/13, at 9. Shortly thereafter, counsel for Mr. Larkin renewed his earlier
motion for a mistrial premised on the assumption that this was a reference
to Mr. Larkin and involved collateral source benefits. The trial court deferred
its ruling and permitted two of plaintiffs’ expert witnesses to testify. At the
hearing on the motion for mistrial, witnesses confirmed that a juror was
discussing worker’s compensation during Mr. Larkin’s testimony and that the
jurors had disregarded the trial court’s instruction not to discuss the case
until deliberations. The trial court declared a mistrial and held the plaintiffs’
request for costs and fees in abeyance.
A new trial commenced on July 1, 2013. The plaintiffs mounted a
double-pronged offensive. They maintained that the railroad was negligent
in failing to secure the area of the collision or warn the engineers of the
danger presented by trespassers who frequented that crossing. The
plaintiffs also alleged that the railroad’s practice of requiring its engineers to
multitask, i.e., refer to special bulletins, timetables and other paperwork
while operating the train, violated Northeast Operating Rules Advisory
Committee (“NORAC”) Rule 958, which required engineers to keep a
constant lookout ahead and to regulate the speed of the train if distracted.
Plaintiffs’ expert, railroad safety consultant Paul Byrnes, testified that New
Jersey Transit was not teaching compliance with or enforcing NORAC Rule
958.
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The following events at the second trial are important to our resolution
of the issues on appeal. New Jersey Transit sought to cross-examine Dr.
Robert Wolf, Mr. Larkin’s economic expert, regarding Mr. Larkin’s statement
to him that he did not seek employment because he did not wish to lose
entitlement to disability benefits. The plaintiffs objected based on the
collateral source rule. The railroad maintained that it was admissible to
show Mr. Larkin’s failure to mitigate his damages, but the trial court
disagreed and sustained the objection.
At the charging conference on July 11, 2013, the court advised of its
intention to instruct the jury in accordance with the standard Modern Federal
Jury Instruction 89-18, which provided that the jury could find the defendant
railroad negligent if “it instructed its employees to perform tasks or
procedures or methods which it knew in the exercise of reasonable care
should have known would result in injuries.” N.T. Trial, 7/11/2013, at 53.
That charge led into plaintiffs’ proposed charge regarding NORAC 958 and
the duty of the railroad to enforce its own operating rules. New Jersey
Transit duly noted an exception to both instructions. The court expressly
declined to give a binding instruction on negligence per se, finding that the
testimony created a jury issue on NORAC Rule 958. It did, however, advise
of its intention to instruct the jury that if it found that New Jersey Transit
violated NORAC Rule 958, it must determine that the railroad was negligent
per se.
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The jury subsequently returned with a verdict. As the jury foreperson
read the amount of the award for Ms. Ferguson, Mr. Larkin’s co-plaintiff,
there was a reaction from the jury. Counsel for Ms. Ferguson, realizing that
the amount of the award reflected only the stipulated damages for wage loss
and did not include damages for pain and suffering, suggested to the court
in the presence of the jury that the jury misunderstood the instructions. The
jury foreperson verbally confirmed counsel’s suspicions. Counsel then added
that the jury did not award any damages for pain and suffering. In light of
the confusion, the trial court refused to accept Ms. Ferguson’s verdict; the
verdict as to Mr. Larkin was not revealed. Instead, the court re-instructed
the jury regarding damages and directed it to resume its deliberations. New
Jersey Transit sought a mistrial based on counsel’s remarks. The mistrial
was denied, and the jury ultimately returned a verdict of $679,334 verdict in
favor of Mr. Larkin and $400,000 for Ms. Ferguson.
New Jersey Transit filed a post-trial motion seeking a new trial, which
was denied by the court on November 6, 2013. That same day, the court
granted Mr. Larkin’s motion for counsel fees and costs incurred as a result of
the June 17, 2013 mistrial, and ordered defense counsel’s law firm to pay
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$16,689.45 to the law firm representing Mr. Larkin. Order, 11/6/13, at 1.2
New Jersey Transit appealed, complied with the trial court’s order to file a
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, and
the trial court authored its Rule 1925(a) opinion. New Jersey Transit
presents three issues for our review:
1. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit counsel for
New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Inc., to cross-examine
Plaintiff’s vocational–economic expert regarding the failure of
Plaintiff to mitigate his damages.
2. Whether the trial court erred in charging the jury that New
Jersey Transit Rail Operation, Inc., was negligent per se for
failing to train/enforce NORAC Operating Rule 958 under the
Code of Federal Regulations because such claim is precluded
by the Federal Railroad Safety Act.
3. Whether the trial court erred in awarding costs and attorney’s
fees to Larkin after declaring a mistrial.
Appellant’s brief at 4.
Mr. Larkin’s first issue herein is whether a new trial is warranted as a
result of the trial court’s ruling precluding New Jersey Transit from cross-
examining Dr. Robert Wolf about Mr. Larkin’s statement to him regarding
disability benefits. In reviewing such a ruling,
Our Court will not reverse an order granting or denying a motion
for a new trial absent a gross abuse of discretion or error of law
by the trial court. Indeed, if there is any support in the record
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2
A similar order was entered that same day ordering counsel for New
Jersey Transit to pay counsel for Ms. Ferguson’s attorney’s fees and costs in
the amount of $25,961.32.
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for a trial court's decision to deny the motion, we must affirm. In
addition, this Court may affirm on any basis and need not rely
upon the reasoning supplied by the trial court.
Simmons v. Cobb, 906 A.2d 582, 584 (Pa.Super. 2006) (internal citations
omitted). Where the issue involves the admission or exclusion of evidence,
“we must acknowledge that decisions on admissibility are within the sound
discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned absent an abuse of
discretion or misapplication of law. “ Id.; see also Jacobs v. Chatwani,
922 A.2d 950, 965 (Pa.Super. 2007) (scope of cross-examination is within
sound discretion of trial court). In addition, for a ruling on evidence to
constitute reversible error, it must have been harmful or prejudicial to the
complaining party.” Simmons, supra at 584-85.
The deposition of Robert Wolf was taken for use at trial. Dr. Wolf had
prepared an expert report, a copy of which had been provided to the
defense, in which the expert mentioned that Mr. Larkin said he did not want
to look for work because he would lose certain disability benefits he was
receiving. On cross-examination, counsel for New Jersey Transit asked Dr.
Wolf to confirm that Mr. Larkin had made such a statement. Counsel for Mr.
Larkin objected to this line of inquiry based on the collateral source rule.
The witness, who was permitted to answer, confirmed that conversation.
Deposition, Robert Wolf, Ed.D., 6/3/13, at 55. The trial court subsequently
sustained Mr. Larkin’s objection to this line of inquiry and that testimony was
not placed before the jury.
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On appeal, New Jersey Transit contends that this cross-examination
did not violate the collateral source rule and that its exclusion was reversible
error. It claims that Mr. Larkin’s testimony that he had to work to support
his family and that he was unable to continue working for New Jersey
Transit, as well as Dr. Wolf’s testimony on direct examination, opened the
door to cross-examination about Mr. Larkin’s failure to mitigate damages
because he was receiving disability. New Jersey Transit cites Santa Maria
v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 81 F.3d 265, 273 (2d Cir. 1996), for the
proposition that evidence of collateral sources is admissible if the plaintiff
puts his financial status at issue. Furthermore, it alleges that the trial
court’s ruling precluded the jury from learning that Dr. Wolf’s damage
estimate rested on a faulty premise.3 Appellant’s brief at 22.
Mr. Larkin counters that Griesser v. National Railroad Passenger
Corp., 761 A.2d 606 (Pa.Super. 2000), and Eichel v. New York Central
Railroad, 375 U.S. 253 (1963) inform our review. In Griesser, this Court
acknowledged that a state court handling a FELA claim applies federal
substantive law and that the collateral source rule is a "substantive precept
of federal common law," and not a rule of evidence. Id. at 609. Mr. Larkin
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3
New Jersey Transit failed to develop any argument in support of this
averment.
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relies upon this language in Griesser in urging us to review the trial court's
decision for an error of law and not for an abuse of discretion.
Eichel was a FELA action by a railroad employee against his employer.
The employer contended that the trial court erroneously excluded evidence
of the employee’s receipt of disability pension benefits under the Railroad
Retirement Act of 1937, maintaining that such evidence was relevant for the
express "purpose of impeaching the testimony of [the employee] as to his
motive for not returning to work and as to the permanency of his injuries."
Eichel, supra at 254. In upholding the exclusion of such evidence, the
United States Supreme Court noted that, in the context of FELA, evidence of
receipt of collateral source benefits involves “a substantial likelihood of
prejudicial impact.” Id. at 255. Furthermore, it found that the potential for
misuse by a jury “clearly outweighs the value of this evidence.” Id. The
Court added, “it would violate the spirit of the federal statutes if the receipt
of disability benefits under the . . . Act . . . were considered as evidence of
malingering by an employee asserting a claim under the Federal Employers'
Liability Act.” Id. Mr. Larkin cites Eichel for the proposition that evidence
of collateral source benefits is not admissible to show failure to mitigate. 4
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4
In Quintero v. United States, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 128874, 14-15 n.3
(E.D. Cal. 2010), the district court noted that Eichel involved case-specific
risk versus probative value analysis and that the case predated the Federal
Rules of Evidence. Thus, it concluded that Eichel did not prohibit collateral
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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See also Lee v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 1995 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 18199
(E.D. Pa. 1995) (excluding evidence that plaintiff had incentive to retire
early even if he had not been injured).
Mr. Larkin also rejects New Jersey Transit’s contention that evidence of
his economic status opened the door to such evidence. He relies upon
Finley v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 1 F.Supp. 2d 440 (E.D. Pa.
1998), for the proposition that to “open the door,” a plaintiff must introduce
the subject of collateral source benefits. Neither Mr. Larkin’s testimony that
he was unable to work as an engineer and that he had five children to
support nor Dr. Wolf’s testimony on direct examination implicated benefits
from collateral sources. Moreover, Mr. Larkin maintains that the fact that
the statement was contained in the expert’s report does not open the door.
The trial court herein relied heavily upon Eichel, Finley, and Griesser
in concluding that introduction of disability benefits in order to prove a
failure to mitigate damages constituted error where, as here, Mr. Larkin did
not open the door to such testimony. We agree. The collateral source rule
is intended to protect tort victims by providing that “payments from a
collateral source shall not diminish the damages otherwise recoverable from
the wrongdoer.” Simmons, supra at 585. Thus, “the rule prohibits a
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
source evidence in every instance. Accord McGrath v. Consolidated Rail
Corp. 136 F.3d 838, 841 (1st Cir. 1998) ("We do not read Eichel as
requiring the per se exclusion of collateral source evidence in FELA cases").
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defendant in a personal injury action from introducing evidence of the
plaintiff’s receipt of benefits from a collateral source for the same injuries
which are alleged to have been caused by the defendant.” Id. (quoting
Collins v. Cement Express, Inc., 447 A.2d 987, 988 (Pa.Super. 1982)). It
is only where a plaintiff offers such evidence that cross-examination
regarding the collateral source is proper.
Mr. Larkin did not offer any evidence of receipt of disability benefits
and, thus, he did not open the door to collateral source evidence. New
Jersey Transit’s citation to Santa Maria, supra, for the proposition that the
door is opened when a plaintiff merely introduces evidence of his economic
status is a blatant misrepresentation of that holding. Santa Maria argued on
appeal that the trial court erroneously denied him a new trial where it had
permitted opposing counsel to inquire regarding his receipt of benefits under
the Railroad Retirement Act. The court of appeals did not reach the issue
since it awarded a new trial to Santa Maria on other grounds.
We agree with the trial court that Finley is particularly instructive.
Finley sued his employer seeking damages for injuries that allegedly
included mental impairment. Defense counsel told the jury in opening
statements that Finley informed an examining psychologist that he intended
to apply for a disability pension. Counsel pointed out that Finley had retired
and was receiving a disability pension, the implication being that the pension
was Finley’s motivation for establishing the disability for which he was
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seeking compensation against his employer. Finley’s statement was
contained in the psychologist’s report that the railroad sought to introduce.
When Finley moved for a mistrial based on counsel’s comments, the defense
maintained that the reference to Finley’s statement was not offered as proof
of failure to mitigate damages or malingering, but as an admission of
Finley’s state of mind in making a claim of mental impairment. The trial
court disagreed and granted the mistrial, relying upon Eichel, Tipton v.
Socony Mobil Oil Co., 375 U.S. 34, 37 (1963), and Lee v. Consolidated
Rail Corporation, 1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18199 (E.D.Pa. 1995).
In Griesser, supra, this Court found persuasive the reasoning of
Eichel, Finley, Lee, Tipton, and language in Mahon v. Reading Co., 367
F.2d 25, 30 (3rd Cir. 1966) ("any benefits paid by the Railroad Retirement
Board . . . cannot be taken advantage of by defendant to mitigate the
damage or otherwise"), for the exclusion of collateral source evidence. We
find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling precluding the cross-
examination.
Next, New Jersey Transit objects to the court’s charge that it “was
negligent per se for failing to train/enforce NORAC Operating Rule 958 under
the Code of Federal Regulations because such claim is precluded by the
Federal Railroad Safety Act.” Appellant’s brief at 4 (italics added). In
essence, New Jersey Transit is asserting that the Federal Railroad Safety Act
(“FRSA”) preempted Mr. Larkin’s claim.
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Preliminarily, we note that the trial court did not give a binding
instruction regarding negligence per se. The court charged the jury that if it
found that New Jersey Transit failed to train its engineers in NORAC Rule
958, it must find New Jersey Transit negligent per se. N.T. Trial, 7/12/13, at
56 (emphasis added). This instruction was consistent with federal
substantive law. See CSX Transp., Inc. v. McBride, 131 S. Ct. 2630 n.12
(U.S. 2011) (“A railroad's violation of a safety statute, however, is
negligence per se”) (citing Kernan v. American Dredging Co., 355 U.S.
426, 438 (1958)). Thus, the issue of whether New Jersey Transit failed to
train its engineers was placed squarely before the factfinder.
Secondly, as Mr. Larkin correctly observes, New Jersey Transit did not
raise the issue of preemption by the FRSA in its post-trial motions. See
Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(b)(2) (“post-trial relief may not be granted unless the
grounds therefor. . . are specified in the motion.”). Nor did it identify this
issue in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of issues complained of on
appeal, and consequently, the trial court did not address this issue in its
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion. The issue is waived.5
In somewhat of a non-sequitur, New Jersey Transit suggests that, if
this Court rejects its preemption argument, then the trial court abused its
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5
As Ms. Ferguson pointed out, neither the FRSA nor preemption was ever
mentioned in the trial court.
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discretion in refusing to permit Al Zahn to testify that New Jersey Transit
enforced NORAC Rule 958 and to interpret the black box data from the
accident. Mr. Larkin counters that this issue also is waived since it was not
explicitly raised in the railroad’s statement of questions. While there is merit
in Mr. Larkin’s contention that this argument is not suggested by the
statement of the issue nor reasonably contemplated within it, we will
address it. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a). Nonetheless, no relief is due.
This issue implicates an evidentiary ruling. “The admissibility of
evidence is a matter addressed to the discretion of the trial court and may
be reversed on appeal only upon a showing that the court abused its
discretion.” Buchhalter v. Buchhalter, 959 A.2d 1260, 1262 (Pa.Super.
2008). In addition, for a ruling on evidence to constitute reversible error, it
must have been harmful or prejudicial to the complaining party.”
Simmons, supra at 584-85.
New Jersey Transit called Al Zahn, its chief road foreman, to testify.
In response to plaintiffs’ request for an offer of proof, the railroad proffered
as follows. Mr. Zahn would testify “about the duties of an engineer while
operating the train” and the Major Incident Event Recorder, the so-called
“black box” data regarding this incident. N.T. Trial, 7/10/13, at 18.
Additionally, he would discuss the information contained on the data
recorder, namely speeds and braking, for the last thirty seconds prior to the
stopping of the train. He would also testify regarding the enforcement of
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NORAC rules generally, and in particular, as to Mr. Larkin during the relevant
time period.
Contrary to New Jersey Transit’s representation, the court permitted
Mr. Zahn to testify that he reviewed data from the black box to “monitor
engineers for compliance [with] all kinds of NORAC rules,” from 2005 until
2011. Id. at 11. Mr. Zahn testified further that New Jersey Transit enforces
NORAC rules and trains its engineers to comply with those rules. He
testified that he personally observed train operations to ensure that the rules
were followed and would reprimand engineers who took their eyes off the
track to read bulletins or timetables. Mr. Zahn also took issue with Mr.
Byrnes’ conclusion that an engineer briefly looking down and reading
bulletins constituted multitasking or that it was conduct violative of NORAC
rules. Although Mr. Zahn did not specifically reference NORAC Rule 958, the
trial court did not preclude him from doing so.6 Hence, the record does not
provide factual support for this assignment of error.
Next, the railroad alleges that the court committed reversible error in
precluding Mr. Zahn from interpreting data from the black box and providing
a second-by-second account of the speed of the train for the thirty-two
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6
Mr. Zahn was not permitted to testify that he reprimanded Mr. Larkin on
two prior occasions for distractions while driving the train. The court found
such evidence to be unfairly prejudicial in light of New Jersey Transit’s
position that Mr. Larkin was in compliance with all operating rules on the day
in question. New Jersey Transit does not challenge that ruling on appeal.
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seconds prior to the collision based on the absence of an expert report. See
Pa.R.C.P. 4003.5(b). It contends that the plaintiffs cannot claim unfair
surprise or lack of notice since they had the data and provided Mr. Byrnes
with a copy of the download for his review. Appellee’s brief at 34.
We find no merit in the railroad’s position. Absent an expert report,
the plaintiffs were not apprised of the scope of Mr. Zahn’s testimony and the
need for their own expert. While Mr. Byrnes was given a copy of the
download, there is nothing in the record to suggest that his expertise
extended to black box data interpretation. Additionally, the plaintiffs
objected at trial that the proffered testimony was irrelevant and cumulative.
Although the trial court did not exclude it on that basis, our review of the
record and briefs reveals that the railroad has yet to explain the significance
of the proffered data interpretation to its case. Failing that, we find no basis
for concluding that its exclusion constituted reversible error that warrants a
new trial.
New Jersey Transit’s final challenge is to the trial court’s November 6,
2013 award of $16,689.45 in costs and attorney’s fees to Mr. Larkin. The
law is well settled that, “[t]he trial court has great latitude and discretion
with respect to an award of attorney's fees pursuant to a statute.” Scalia v.
Erie Ins. Exchange, 878 A.2d 114, 116-117 (Pa.Super. 2005) (citing
Cummins v. Atlas R.R. Construction Co., 814 A.2d 742, 746 (Pa.Super.
2002)). Our review of a trial court's order awarding attorney's fees to a
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litigant is limited solely to determining whether the trial court palpably
abused its discretion in making a fee award. Lucchino v. Commonwealth,
809 A.2d 264 (Pa. 2002); Miller v. Nelson, 768 A.2d 858 (Pa.Super. 2001).
If the record supports a trial court's finding of fact that a litigant violated the
conduct provisions of the relevant statute providing for the award of
attorney's fees, such award should not be disturbed on appeal. Thunberg
v. Strause, 682 A.2d 295, 299-300 (Pa. 1996).
We examine in detail the events at the first trial that culminated in the
mistrial and the subsequent award of counsel fees and costs. On June 10,
2013, the trial court met with counsel to resolve some of the motions in
limine that would likely be implicated in counsel’s opening statements in the
case. Defense counsel took the lead in identifying those motions that
required immediate rulings. He did not mention a motion in limine filed by
Mr. Larkin seeking to preclude the defense from referencing the fact that Mr.
Larkin was on disability or a similar motion by Ms. Ferguson to preclude
reference to her prior claims.
Nonetheless, during New Jersey Transit’s opening statement, counsel
told the jury that although Mr. Larkin’s counsel provided a “big number” for
his client’s wage loss, “Mr. Larkin’s own expert will say the reason he’s not
looking for work is because he’s receiving disability.” N.T. Trial Vol I.,
6/10/13, at 57. Counsel for Ms. Ferguson promptly objected to the
reference to disability and the trial court sustained the objection and ordered
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the comment stricken. She did not request a curative instruction or seek a
mistrial. Mr. Larkin did not object.
A moment later, in reference to Ms. Ferguson, defense counsel told the
jury that she complained of pain in the same shoulder in several prior claims
against the railroad. He added, “In fact her own doctor will look at her
report and say, I wasn’t aware of the fact that her doctor from the last claim
permanently disabled her because of that shoulder.” Id. at 59. Ms.
Ferguson’s counsel objected and the trial court cautioned defense counsel
“We’re going to move on, counsel.” Id.
Mr. Larkin was the first witness called to testify by the plaintiffs. At
4:02 p.m., after considerable direct examination, the court advised the jury
that there would be a short break and the jury was excused. Ms. Ferguson’s
counsel placed on the record an objection to defense counsel’s reference to
prior claims and asked the court to rule on her outstanding motion in limine.
At this point, counsel for Mr. Larkin registered an objection to defense
counsel’s reference in opening statement to Mr. Larkin’s receipt of disability
benefits and pointed out that this, too, was the subject of a motion in limine
that had not been ruled upon. Counsel for Mr. Larkin argued that defense
counsel’s reference to this collateral source was so prejudicial as to be
incurable and only then requested a mistrial.
The trial court admonished defense counsel for failing to highlight the
motion in limine regarding disability benefits “as one that needed to be
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resolved prior to openings.” Id. at 106. The court stated that it would
review the motion in limine and “[f]or now, we’re not going to have any
reference to claims as it relates to the injury.” Id. at 108.
Defense counsel, in an attempt to justify his reference to disability
benefits, advised the court that he “clearly would never raise that unless I
thought they had opened the door.” Id. He maintained that Mr. Larkin’s
expert opened the door when he opined in his deposition that it made no
financial sense for Mr. Larkin to find work since he was receiving disability
payments. Id. at 108. The trial court rejected counsel’s excuse, noting that
the door could not have been opened because no evidence had been
presented to the jury, and added that it might preclude the jury from
hearing such testimony. However, the court declined to grant a mistrial.
Instead, it prohibited any further reference to disability benefits and advised
the parties that it would give very explicit instructions to the jury not to
consider “any kind of collateral source of benefit” at the close of the case.
Id. at 109. The reference was improper, but the trial court stated that it
intended to cure it.
Trial continued on June 11, 2013, was in recess on June 12, 2013, and
on June 13, 2013, the court entertained additional argument on the
remaining motions in limine. At the conclusion of argument, counsel for Mr.
Larkin introduced the fact that a juror was overheard by Attorney Robert
Goggin making comments about worker’s compensation on June 11, 2013,
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and that Mr. Goggin reported the situation to the court. N.T., 6/13/13, at
38. Counsel for Mr. Larkin advised the court that he believed defense
counsel’s comment regarding Mr. Larkin’s receipt of disability benefits and
the juror’s reference to worker’s compensation were “tied together,” and
renewed his motion for mistrial. Id. at 39. The court announced that it
would entertain the motion for mistrial, but prior to suspending trial, it
permitted plaintiffs’ expert witnesses Dr. Carl Berkowitz and Mr. Paul Byrnes
to present live testimony.
Both plaintiffs filed motions for mistrial and a hearing on the motions
was held on June 17, 2013. Attorney Goggin reported the following. Mr.
Larkin was on the stand. The court and counsel were at sidebar discussing
an objection. Mr. Goggin, located five to six feet from the jury box, was
leafing through a trial binder to find an exhibit. From that location, he
“distinctly heard one of the jurors say he’s on worker’s comp, assuming
talking about Mr. Larkin.” N.T. Mistrial Motion, 6/17/13, at 9. He was
unable to pinpoint the juror, but identified a male voice. Id. at 8. Mr.
Goggin added that, after he sat down, he observed about half of the jurors
turned toward each other engaged in conversation and comparing notes.
Anthony DiGiulio, an associate of counsel for Ms. Ferguson, testified that he
did not hear the substance of any conversation but he did hear talking,
particularly during Mr. Larkin’s direct testimony. Juror No. 6, a male, was
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talking to Jurors Nos. 5 and 7, “showing notes and pretty animated in his
conversation.” Id. at 11.
Following argument of counsel, the trial court concluded that it would
constitute reversible error to proceed with the trial under the circumstances,
and it granted the motion for mistrial. It stated on the record that “mere
mention” of collateral sources is “a fatal blow to the trial.” Id. at 28. That,
coupled with the fact that the juror’s discussion was a violation of the court’s
prohibition against sharing thought processes prior to deliberation, led to the
court’s conclusion that “to go further with this case would amount to
reversible error.” Id. at 29. The trial court held under advisement the
matter of plaintiffs’ costs and attorney’s fees. It later awarded counsel fees
and costs pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7), which permits such an award if
a participant’s conduct during the pendency of the matter is “dilatory,
obdurate or vexatious,”7 and its own inherent power to control the
proceedings.
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7
That statute provides in pertinent part:
The following participants shall be entitled to a reasonable
counsel fee as part of the taxable costs of the matter:
(7) Any participant who is awarded counsel fees as a sanction
against another participant for dilatory, obdurate or vexatious
conduct during the pendency of a matter.
42 Pa.C.S. § 2503.
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New Jersey Transit contends first that the trial court did not make the
requisite finding that its counsel’s conduct was “obdurate, vexatious or
acting in bad faith” to support an award of attorney’s fees under § 2503(7).
It maintains that the trial court merely characterized counsel’s reference to
Mr. Larkin’s receipt of disability benefits as error.
The court first noted that “[i]t is well-settled law that collateral source
benefits should not be introduced absent a plaintiff offering information on
such a subject[.]” Trial Court Opinion, 6/17/14, at 8. Despite that fact, and
although a motion in limine had been filed to preclude reference to collateral
source benefits, defense counsel “told the jury that ‘Mr. Larkin’s own expert
will say the reason he’s not looking for work is because he’s receiving
disability.’” Id. at 9 (quoting N.T. Trial Vol I, 6/10/13, at 57) (emphasis in
original). The court went on to find that “the grant of a mistrial was
warranted when counsel for Appellee overheard the jury speaking about
worker’s compensation.” Id. Since the mistrial “was granted as a direct
result of the remarks of Appellant’s counsel, the court held it was clearly
proper” to award attorney’s fees and costs. Id. at 10.
We find support for New Jersey Transit’s position that an award of
counsel fees pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7) must be based on a specific
finding by the trial court that the conduct is vexatious, obdurate, or dilatory.
Township of South Strabane v. Piecknick, 686 A.2d 1297, 1299 (Pa.
1996); Kulp v. Hrivnak, 765 A.2d 796 (Pa.Super. 2000). Dilatory conduct
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occurs "where the record demonstrates that counsel displayed a lack of
diligence that delayed proceedings unnecessarily and caused additional legal
work." In re Estate of Burger, 852 A.2d 385, 391 (Pa.Super. 2004).
Arguably, causing a mistrial and the delay associated with a new trial may
be considered dilatory conduct.
The trial court also predicated its award on “its inherent power to
conduct its business . . . in an orderly manner, taking such action against
an Attorney, who after all is an officer of the court, as may be reasonably
necessary[.]” Trial Court Opinion, 6/17/14, at 11 (citing Coburn v.
Domanosky, 390 A.2d 1335, 1338 (Pa.Super. 1978)). In Coburn, we
vacated a compulsory nonsuit against a party, reasoning that if unnecessary
expenses were incurred due to counsel’s scheduling conflict, perhaps costs
should be assessed against counsel instead.
We are troubled by the sequence of events leading up to the
declaration of the mistrial. We observe that a mistrial would likely have
been avoided if the trial court had ruled on all of the motions in limine prior
to trial. That said, defense counsel’s reference in opening statement to Mr.
Larkin’s receipt of disability benefits was undoubtedly improper and so
prejudicial as to warrant a mistrial at that time. However, no one moved for
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a mistrial at the time.8 Ms. Ferguson objected but apparently acquiesced in
the court’s decision to sustain her objection and strike the comment. She
did not request a curative instruction; Mr. Larkin did not even object. We
find incongruous Mr. Larkin’s subsequent argument that the damage was
incurable and that a mistrial was necessary when he did not even timely
object. Furthermore, given the plaintiffs’ apparent lack of concern over
defense counsel’s improper comment, one can hardly fault the trial court for
believing that it could cure any prejudice.
Trial continued. Additional attorney’s fees were incurred, as well as
substantial expenses attendant to two expert witnesses. Neither the trial
court nor the plaintiffs point to any further objectionable conduct on the part
of defense counsel. However, upon substantiating that a male juror
referenced worker’s compensation, the trial court declared a mistrial. Later,
counsel fees and costs were assessed against defense counsel based on the
court’s apparent finding that the juror’s reference to worker’s compensation
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8
The railroad contends that Ms. Ferguson did not have standing to object
and move for a mistrial as the reference pertained only to Mr. Larkin
although it cites no authority in support of that position. Actually, neither
plaintiff sought a mistrial immediately after defense counsel’s objectionable
comments. It was only later, well into Mr. Larkin’s direct testimony, that Mr.
Larkin objected and sought a mistrial. The court denied the motion due to
its belief that it could cure any prejudice with a proper jury instruction. N.T.
Trial, 6/10/13, at 110.
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was triggered by counsel’s reference to disability benefits in his opening
statement.
We cannot discern from the record whether the male juror’s remark
about worker’s compensation was made in reference to Mr. Larkin or
whether it was connected in any way with defense counsel’s objectionable
reference to disability benefits. The trial court held a hearing but did not
question any of the jurors. Additionally, we note that the trial court
expressed frustration at the jurors’ disregard of its instruction not to discuss
the case or share notes and this conduct seemed to factor heavily into its
decision to grant the mistrial. Thus, we find no basis for the court’s
conclusion that Mr. Larkin “incurred costs associated with litigating a case
that had to be cut short due solely to error attributable to Appellant’s
counsel[.]” Trial Court Opinion, 6/17/14, at 10. Counsel’s conduct was not
dilatory within the meaning of § 2503(7), nor did it interfere with the trial
court’s inherent power to conduct its business in an orderly manner. For
that reason, we vacate the order awarding attorney’s fees and costs.
In light of the foregoing, we affirm the liability and damage award in
favor of Mr. Larkin and vacate the award of attorney’s fees and costs.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 9/16/2015
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