Vista Medical Center Hospital v. Texas Mutual Insurance Company

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NOS. 03-11-00641-CV through 03-11-00643-CV
NOS. 03-11-00742-CV through 03-11-00785-CV

Vista Medical Center Hospital, Appellant

v.

Texas Mutual Insurance Company, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
HONORABLE STEPHEN YELENOSKY, JUDGE PRESIDING1

OPINION

In these appeals, we again consider the scope of the exclusive jurisdiction that the

Legislature has vested in the Texas Department of Insurance’s Division of Workers’ Compensation

1
As detailed herein, the underlying causes were filed in multiple Travis County district courts
but were ultimately decided in consolidated proceedings in the 261st judicial district court before
Judge Yelenosky. The trial court cause numbers corresponding to appellate cause numbers 03-11-
00641-CV through 03-11-00643-CV are: D-1-GN-08-002851, D-1-GN-07-004383, D-1-GN-07-
004381, and for 03-11-00742-CV through 03-11-00785-CV: D-1-GN-08-002597, D-1-GN-08-
000107, D-1-GN-08-002877, D-1-GN-08-002700, D-1-GN-08-001604, D-1-GN-08-002878, D-1-
GN-08-001309, D-1-GN-08-002594, D-1-GN-07-003908, D-1-GN-08-001698, D-1-GN-07-004215,
D-1-GN-07-003912, D-1-GN-07-004379, D-1-GN-08-001697, D-1-GN-08-000109, D-1-GN-08-
000108, D-1-GN-08-002850, D-1-GN-07-004137, D-1-GN-08-000111, D-1-GN-08-001603, D-1-
GN-08-001764, D-1-GN-07-004135, D-1-GN-08-000105, D-1-GN-08-002848, D-1-GN-08-002879,
D-1-GN-08-000110, D-1-GN-08-001763, D-1-GN-08-000465, D-1-GN-07-004373, D-1-GN-08-
002595, D-1-GN-08-001517, D-1-GN-07-004380, D-1-GN-08-001765, D-1-GN-08-002699, D-1-
GN-08-001762, D-1-GN-07-004378, D-1-GN-08-000467, D-1-GN-08-002849, D-1-GN-08-002593,
D-1-GN-08-002880, D-1-GN-08-000104, D-1-GN-08-000468, D-1-GN-08-000466, and D-1-GN-
08-002876.
(the Division)2 to initially determine certain disputes under the workers’ compensation act.3 The

appeals emanate from 47 “medical-fee disputes” that each arose when appellee Texas Mutual

Insurance Company paid appellant Vista Medical Center Hospital, L.L.P., less reimbursement than

Vista contended it was owed for providing injured workers “medical benefits” under the act. Such

disputes are within the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction to initially determine,4 and Vista accordingly

initiated proceedings before that agency in an attempt to recover the additional reimbursement it

claimed. The administrative proceedings culminated in final orders compelling Texas Mutual to pay

Vista additional reimbursement on each of its claims. In response to each final administrative order,

Texas Mutual paid the additional reimbursement as the order required, filed a suit for judicial review,

and ultimately obtained a district court judgment reversing the order and remanding Vista’s

reimbursement claims to the Division. But within each judgment, and of central importance in these

appeals, the district court also ordered Vista to pay back the additional reimbursement it had received

from Texas Mutual under the now-invalidated administrative order.

2
The Division has been vested with this jurisdiction and primary responsibility for administering
the workers’ compensation act since September 1, 2005, when it succeeded to the statutory
responsibilities and rules of the former Texas Workers’ Compensation Commission. See Act of
May 29, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 265, §§ 8.001(b), .004(a), 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 607, 608.
Although some of the underlying events date back to the period in which the Commission was still
in operation, we will use “the Division” to refer to both incarnations of the agency for clarity and
because the distinction is immaterial to our analysis.
3
See, e.g., Apollo Enters., Inc. v. ScripNet, Inc., 301 S.W.3d 848, 858–71 (Tex. App.—Austin
2009, no pet.); Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Eckerd Corp., 162 S.W.3d 261, 263–67 (Tex. App.—Austin
2005, pet. denied); Howell v. Texas Workers’ Comp. Comm’n, 143 S.W.3d 416, 428–29, 434–38
(Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied).
4
See Howell, 143 S.W.3d at 434–38.

2
 In its principal contention on appeal, Vista asserts that the district court lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction to award this monetary relief unless and until there is a final

administrative determination that Vista is not entitled to the additional reimbursement it seeks. We

agree, and will reverse the district court’s judgments and remand these causes.

BACKGROUND

Statutory context

Because the parties’ contentions on appeal arise from, and center on, the workers’

compensation act’s system of regulating medical reimbursement paid to health-care providers and

resolving disputes about such payments, it is helpful to begin by noting some pertinent features

of that system.

The workers’ compensation act establishes a “comprehensive scheme whereby

employees who are covered by workers’ compensation insurance and incur ‘compensable’ injuries

are provided the exclusive remedy of ‘workers’ compensation benefits,’” including “medical

benefits” (i.e., “all health care reasonably required by the nature of the injury as and when needed”),

to be paid by the insurance carrier that covers each worker. Apollo Enters., Inc. v. ScripNet, Inc.,

301 S.W.3d 848, 852, 860 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.); see Tex. Lab. Code §§ 401.011(10),

(31), 406.031, 408.001, 408.021.5 In turn, the act “gives a health care provider who provides

medical benefits . . . the right to reimbursement from the workers’ compensation carrier that covers

the employee.” Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 860; see Tex. Lab. Code § 408.027(a).

5
In the absence of material intervening substantive changes, we will cite to the current versions
of statutes for convenience.

3
 To obtain such reimbursement, the act requires a health-care provider to submit

a claim for payment to the appropriate workers’ compensation insurance carrier not later than

the 95th day after the date on which the health-care services were provided. See Tex. Lab. Code

§ 408.027(a). Applicable Division rules6 further specify that the provider is to bill the carrier

its usual and customary charges for the services. See 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.1(a)(3) (2005)

(Tex. Dep’t of Ins., Definitions);7 Texas Workers’ Comp. Comm’n v. Patient Advocates, 136 S.W.3d

643, 656 (Tex. 2004). In response, the act requires the carrier to take one or more of the following

actions (termed “final actions” by the Division’s rules) within 45 days after receipt of the bill:

(1) make a payment on the charges, (2) deny one or more charges because, e.g., the health-care

services are not covered by the workers’ compensation insurance policy, or (3) determine to audit

the “relationship of the health care services provided to the compensable injury, the extent of the

injury, and the medical necessity of the services provided,” in which case it must make partial

payment of the charges pending the outcome of the audit. See Tex. Lab. Code § 408.027(b)–(c);

28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.304(b) (2005) (Tex. Dep’t Ins., Medical Payments and Denial); see also

28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.301 (2005) (Tex. Dep’t Ins., Retrospective Review of Medical Bills)

(describing “retrospective review” of medical bills by carriers and noting that it may include

examination for compliance with treatment guidelines established by the Division, duplicate billing,

6
See Tex. Lab. Code § 402.061 (charging the Division with adopting rules as necessary for
implementation and enforcement of the act).
7
Unless otherwise indicated, we cite to the versions of Division rules that were in effect during
the time frame relevant to the underlying medical-fee disputes. Each of the 47 medical-fee disputes
at issue were in the dispute-resolution process between 2002 and 2005, and the relevant rules did not
change materially during that time.

4
billing for treatment or services unrelated to the compensable injury, and provision of unnecessary

or unreasonable services). The Division’s applicable rules further provide that a carrier may

also respond to a provider’s bill by “requesting reimbursement for an overpayment” by the 45-day

“final action” deadline. See 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.304(b). When making or denying payment

on a bill, the carrier is required to generate an “explanation of benefits” (EOB) that “provide[s]

sufficient explanation to allow the sender to understand the reason(s) for the insurance carrier’s

actions.” Id. § 133.304(c); see Tex. Lab. Code § 408.027(e).

The act comprehensively regulates the amount of reimbursement that workers’

compensation insurance carriers are to pay health-care providers and delegates expansive rulemaking

powers to the Division for that purpose. These delegations include the power and duty to promulgate

“fee guidelines” that are “fair and reasonable and designed to ensure the quality of medical care and

to achieve effective medical cost control.” See Tex. Lab. Code § 413.011–.012. Once adopted, such

guidelines generally govern the amount of medical reimbursement that a carrier must pay and a

health-care provider can receive for providing particular medical benefits. See id. § 408.027(f) (as

general rule, “[a]ny payment made by an insurance carrier under this section shall be in accordance

with the fee guidelines authorized under” the act); see also 28 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 133.1(8)

(defining “fair and reasonable reimbursement” as the lesser of the provider’s usual and customary

charge and, in the absence of a contract rate, “the maximum allowable reimbursement, when one has

been established in an applicable [Division] fee guideline”), 133.301(a)(1) (noting that retrospective

review may examine provider bill for “compliance with the fee guidelines established by the

[Division]”), 133.304(b)(1) (payment shall “make[] the total reimbursement for th[e] bill a fair and

reasonable reimbursement in accordance with § 133.1(8) of this title”). In fact, the act requires that

5
if the Division “determines that an insurance carrier has paid medical charges that are inconsistent

with the medical policies or fee guidelines,” the Division “shall investigate the potential violation”

and, if it turns out that the carrier reduced a charge that was within the guidelines, direct the carrier to

submit the difference to the provider unless the reduction was authorized by contract. See Tex. Lab.

Code § 413.016(b). Section 413.016 likewise mandates that “[t]he Division shall order a refund

of charges paid to a health care provider in excess of those allowed by the medical policies or

fee guidelines.” Id. § 413.016(a).

In instances where a carrier denies or reduces payment on a provider’s bill, the

workers’ compensation act entitles either the carrier or the provider to obtain administrative “review”

of the claim before the Division, known as “medical dispute resolution.” See id. §§ 408.027(e),

413.031(a)(1); see also 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.305 (2005) (Tex. Dep’t Ins., Medical Dispute

Resolution-General).8 Medical dispute resolution is also available to providers who are “ordered

by the [Division] to refund a payment received” and to carriers who have made refund requests

of providers and been refused. See Tex. Lab. Code § 413.031(a)(3); 28 Tex. Admin. Code

§§ 133.304(p), .305. In cases where the dispute is solely “over the amount of payment due for

services determined to be medically necessary and appropriate for treatment of compensable injury”

as opposed to disputes about, e.g., medical necessity, the Division “is to adjudicate the payment

given the relevant statutory provisions and commission rules.” Tex. Lab. Code § 413.031(c); see

28 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 133.305(a)(2), .307(a) (2005) (Tex. Dep’t Ins., Medical Dispute Resolution

8
The Division’s applicable rules require the provider to first submit a request for reconsideration
to the carrier. See 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.304(k)–(n) (2005) (Tex. Dep’t Ins., Medical
Payments and Denials).

6
of a Medical Fee Dispute); Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 861. This category of medical disputes are known

as “medical-fee” disputes. See 28 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 133.305(a)(2), .307(a); Apollo, 301 S.W.3d

at 861. Procedurally, the Division determines medical-fee disputes on papers submitted by each

party; it is not a contested-case proceeding. See Patient Advocates, 136 S.W.3d at 656. In addition

to deciding the amount of reimbursement the carrier is obligated to pay under the act and Division

rules and has either underpaid or overpaid, the Division is to award interest on that amount that

begins accruing on the 60th day after the date the provider submits the bill to the carrier, in the case

of an underpayment, or the 60th day after the date the provider receives notice of the “alleged

overpayment” in the event of an overpayment. See Tex. Lab. Code § 413.019.

Although a carrier or provider may elect to pay in compliance with the Division’s

order in a medical-fee dispute, at relevant times the workers’ compensation act has provided

the aggrieved party a right to a de novo contested-case hearing on the reimbursement or refund

claim, in the manner prescribed under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA),9 before

an administrative law judge (ALJ) of the State Office of Administrative Hearings (SOAH). See

Tex. Lab. Code § 413.031(k).10 Following the contested-case hearing (colloquially termed an

“appeal”), the ALJ renders the final administrative order on the claim. See id. § 402.073(b). A party

9
See Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 2001.051–.014 (rights to and procedures for contested cases); see
generally id. §§ 2001.001–.902 (provisions of APA).
10
Cf. Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Vista Cmty. Med. Ctr., LLP, 275 S.W.3d 538, 543–46 & nn. 4 & 5
(Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied) (Vista I) (explaining that the Legislature repealed the right
to a SOAH hearing in medical-fee disputes during a period between 2005 and 2007, thereby leaving
the Division’s order as the final administrative order subject to judicial review). Each of the
medical-fee disputes at issue here were governed by a version of the act providing the right to the
SOAH contested-case hearing.

7
that has exhausted these administrative remedies and is aggrieved by the final administrative order

may then seek judicial review under the APA substantial-evidence standard in Travis County

District Court. See id. § 413.027(k-1); Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 2001.171, 2001.174–.176.

As with various other disputes that arise under the workers’ compensation act, it is

established that this statutory scheme impliedly delegates to the Division (and, in turn, SOAH)

exclusive jurisdiction to determine the amount of medical reimbursement that is owed by a carrier

to a health-care provider under the act and Division rules, subject to judicial review under the APA

substantial-evidence standard. See Patient Advocates, 136 S.W.3d at 656–57; Apollo, 301 S.W.3d

at 858–71; Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Eckerd Corp., 162 S.W.3d 261, 263–67 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005,

pet. denied); Howell v. Texas Workers’ Comp. Comm’n, 143 S.W.3d 416, 434–38

(Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied).

The stop-loss controversy

The present medical-fee disputes and ensuing litigation originated from a larger

controversy concerning a fee guideline that the Division promulgated in 1997 to govern the amount

of medical reimbursement that workers’ compensation carriers must pay for inpatient hospital

admissions of covered workers. See 22 Tex. Reg. 6305 (1997) (originally codified at 28 Tex.

Admin. Code § 134.401) (hereinafter “Former Rule 134.401” or “1997 hospital fee guideline”).11

The 1997 hospital fee guideline generally prescribes reimbursement according to a standard per-diem

methodology based on specified categories of admissions. See Former Rule 134.401(c)(1)–(2).

11
Former Rule 134.401 was repealed effective March 1, 2008, but remains in effect for hospital
admissions that, like those at issue here, occurred before that effective date. See Tex. Reg. 5319
(July 4, 2008).

8
However, in the event of “an unusually costly or lengthy stay,” the guideline provides an important

exception or alternative to the per-diem rates, known as the “stop-loss exception” or “stop-loss

method.” See Former Rule 134.401(b)(1)(F)–(H), (c)(6). When applicable, the stop-loss exception

requires the carrier to pay the hospital 75% of the hospital’s total “audited” charges (defined as billed

charges that remain after the carrier excludes charges for personal items, services that are not

documented as having been provided, and services determined to be unrelated to the compensable

injury) for the entire hospital stay. See Former Rule 134.401(c)(6). Application of the stop-loss

exception tends to yield hospitals reimbursement for a given hospital admission that is substantially

more generous—indeed, potentially several times larger—than the amounts prescribed under the

standard per-diem methodology.

The 1997 hospital fee guideline states that a hospital’s total audited charges from

an admission must meet a “minimum stop-loss threshold” of $40,000 in order for the stop-loss

exception to apply. See Former Rule 134.401(c)(6)(A). Various operators of hospitals, including

Vista, interpreted the guideline to mean that their charges from an admission need only meet the

$40,000 threshold in order to recover stop-loss reimbursement. In contrast, insurance carriers,

including Texas Mutual, maintained that the guideline required providers not only to meet the

$40,000 threshold, but also to demonstrate, through a case-by-case analysis, that the admission

entailed “unusually costly and unusually extensive” services in order to qualify for stop-loss

reimbursement. This underlying disagreement between hospitals and carriers regarding the

proper construction of the stop-loss exception—what we will term the “threshold-only” versus

9
“threshold-plus” views, respectively12—gave rise to hundreds of medical-fee-dispute-resolution

proceedings before the Division as Vista and other hospitals sought to recover stop-loss

reimbursement essentially whenever total audited charges from an admission exceeded the $40,000

threshold and Texas Mutual and other carriers paid only per-diem rates absent proof of what

they deemed “unusually costly and unusually extensive” services. The Division reached somewhat

divergent results in these proceedings, and the losing party “appealed” many of the orders to SOAH

for contested-case hearings.

In response to a torrent of such filings, SOAH consolidated many of the

proceedings and assigned them to an en banc panel of ALJs to decide several common issues of

construction under the 1997 hospital fee guideline. These issues included the threshold-only versus

threshold-plus controversy regarding the stop-loss exception. In January 2007, the en banc panel

issued a decision that, in relevant part, agreed with the hospitals’ threshold-only view and held

that such providers were required only to show that their total audited expenses from an admission

met the $40,000 threshold in order to receive stop-loss reimbursement. Thereafter, ALJs began

conducting contested-case hearings in the individual medical-fee disputes pending there and

consistently rendered final orders awarding stop-loss reimbursement to providers based solely on

12
This Court has previously described these divergent constructions of the stop-loss exception
in terms of a “one-prong” test (i.e., merely satisfy the $40,000 threshold) versus a “two-prong”
test (satisfy the $40,000 threshold + have “unusually costly and unusually extensive” services). See
Vista I, 275 S.W.3d at 544–45. In this appeal, however, Vista has suggested that the “unusually
costly and unusually extensive” services requirement actually imposes two “prongs” in addition to
the $40,000 threshold “prong” so as to create a “three-pronged” test. To avoid unnecessary comment
regarding the precise requirements for proving “unusually costly and unusually extensive” services,
we have instead opted for the shorthand descriptions above.

10
findings that the total audited charges from the admission exceeded the $40,000 threshold. In many

of these cases, the carrier perfected suits for judicial review from the ALJ’s final order.13

Large numbers of these administrative proceedings and ensuing suits for judicial

review pitted Vista against Texas Mutual. Those parties, along with several intervenors, eventually

presented the threshold-only versus threshold-plus controversy for judicial resolution through

competing declaratory claims under APA section 2001.038.14 Although the hospital’s threshold-only

view prevailed at the trial level, on appeal this Court agreed with the carriers’ threshold-plus view.

We reversed and rendered judgment declaring that hospitals were required to show not only that

charges from an admission met the $40,000 stop-loss threshold, but also that “the admission

involved unusually costly and unusually extensive services to receive reimbursement under the

stop-loss method.” See Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Vista Cmty. Med. Ctr., LLP, 275 S.W.3d 538, 548–51

(Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied) (Vista I). The Texas Supreme Court denied review.

The present litigation

Among the medical-fee disputes emanating from the stop-loss controversy and pitting

Vista against Texas Mutual were the 47 that gave rise to the present appeals. Each arose when Vista

submitted a reimbursement claim to Texas Mutual, the carrier paid only per-diem reimbursement

on the claim (and issued an EOB reflecting that action), and Vista pursued medical-fee-dispute

13
Likewise, in a number of similar medical-fee disputes that were adjudicated by the Division
during the period in which the Legislature had repealed the “appeal” to SOAH, the aggrieved party
perfected a suit for judicial review of the Division’s final order in district court. See Vista I,
275 S.W.3d at 545 n.4.
14
See Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.038(a)–(d) (providing that validity or applicability of agency rule
may be determined in suit for declaratory judgment).

11
resolution before the Division to recover the full amount of stop-loss reimbursement to which

it claimed entitlement. The Division issued an order in each proceeding—in some cases favoring

Vista, in others Texas Mutual—and the losing party in each proceeding “appealed” the order

to SOAH for a contested-case hearing. The 47 proceedings (like many similar ones) remained

pending at SOAH until after the en banc panel’s decision and the district court’s subsequent

judgment in Vista I favoring the hospitals. Following the district court’s ruling, ALJs began

conducting contested-case hearings in the pending medical-fee disputes. The ALJs disposed of these

proceedings with largely parallel orders holding that “[t]he Stop-Loss Methodology applies to this

case” and ordering Texas Mutual to pay Vista additional reimbursement accordingly, less the

amounts Texas Mutual had already paid under the per diem rates, plus interest on the difference. See

Tex. Lab. Code § 413.019(a) (providing interest on unpaid fees or charges). Underlying the ALJs’

ultimate conclusion that the stop-loss exception applied were a series of legal conclusions that were

incorporated from the SOAH en banc panel’s decision. These included a conclusion adopting the

threshold-only view of the stop-loss exception: “A hospital . . . establishes eligibility for applying

the Stop-Loss Methodology . . . when total eligible charges exceed the Stop-Loss Threshold of

$40,000 [and] [t]here is no additional requirement for a hospital to separately establish that any or

all of the services were unusually costly or unusually extensive.” The ALJ further made underlying

fact findings regarding the amount of Vista’s total audited charges from the admission, which in each

instance exceeded the $40,000 stop-loss threshold. Consistent with its legal conclusions adopting

the threshold-only view, the ALJ did not make findings as to whether the charges stemmed from

“unusually costly and unusually extensive” services, see State Banking Bd. v. Valley Nat’l Bank,

604 S.W.2d 415, 419 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1980, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (holding that APA does not

12
require findings on matter on which agency did not rely in support of its ultimate determinations),

but instead found that the amount of Vista’s charges alone “allows [Vista] to obtain reimbursement

under the Division’s Stop-Loss Methodology.”

In response to each of the 47 final administrative orders, Texas Mutual

paid the additional reimbursement as ordered and timely perfected a suit for judicial review.

See Tex. Lab. Code § 413.031(k-1); Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.176(a)–(b); see also id.

§ 2001.176(b)(3) (providing that “the filing of the petition [for judicial review] vacates a state agency

decision for which trial de novo is the manner of review authorized by law but does not affect the

enforcement of an agency decision for which another manner of review is authorized”). When

making each payment, Texas Mutual also issued a new EOB in which it emphasized its position,

consistent with its threshold-plus view of the stop-loss exception, that it did not properly owe

the payment to Vista and that it was “reserv[ing] all rights afforded it by law to recover

this overpayment with interest.” It subsequently sent Vista “negative” EOBs purporting to request

“refunds” “for payments in excess of fee guidelines,” further specifying that “the admission did not

require unusually costly or unusually extensive services.” Vista refused to return the payments.

Texas Mutual did not attempt to seek remedies before the Division in response to Vista’s refusal.

Texas Mutual’s judicial-review claims were similarly founded on its threshold-plus

view of the stop-loss exception. The carrier asserted that the ALJs’ reliance on the threshold-only

view in awarding Vista stop-loss reimbursement necessitated reversal of the orders and remand of

Vista’s claims to the Division for redetermination under a proper, threshold-plus, construction of the

13
exception. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174(2).15 Texas Mutual’s position was eventually validated

when, during the pendency of its suits, this Court decided Vista I, holding that the stop-loss

exception required proof of both expenses exceeding the $40,000 threshold and “unusually costly

and unusually extensive” services. See Vista I, 275 S.W.3d at 548–51.

Thereafter, Vista acknowledged that the administrative orders awarding it stop-loss

reimbursement could not survive judicial review to the extent they rested solely on the legal

conclusion that the stop-loss exception applied to all claims meeting the $40,000 threshold and

did not additionally require proof of “unusually costly and unusually extensive” services. See id.

at 550–51. However, Vista urged that the administrative records in 20 of the 47 cases established

an alternative legal basis for applying the stop-loss exception there. Specifically, Vista maintained

that Texas Mutual had waived its right to contest whether the hospital services at issue in

those proceedings were “unusually costly and unusually extensive,” which in Vista’s view had the

effect of conceding that the stop-loss exception applied by virtue of the ALJ’s findings that

the charges at issue met the $40,000 threshold. Based on that premise, Vista filed in each of

these 20 cases a motion for summary judgment seeking to affirm the administrative order. Both

15
Specifically, Texas Mutual sought reversal of each administrative order under the APA on the
grounds that its substantial rights had been prejudiced by findings, conclusions, and decisions that
were based upon an error of law (the ALJ relied on the threshold-only view of the stop-loss
exception), made upon unlawful procedure (the ALJ did not require Vista to prove that its services
were “unusually costly and unusually extensive”), not supported by substantial evidence (there was
no evidence that Vista’s services in the admission were “unusually costly and unusually extensive”),
and arbitrary or capricious (the ALJ awarded Vista reimbursement under the stop-loss exception
without considering relevant factors, whether Vista’s services were “unusually costly and unusually
extensive”). See Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174(2)(C)–(F).

14
Texas Mutual and the Division, which was also a defendant, filed responses in opposition to Vista’s

summary-judgment motions.

However, as Texas Mutual observed in its briefing below, “the real fight” in the

district court “[was] about refunds”—specifically whether Texas Mutual (1) could immediately

recover in the district court’s judgment the additional reimbursement it had paid Vista under the

now-invalidated administrative orders, in essence returning the parties to their status quo before

Vista had sought medical-fee-dispute resolution on its claims for stop-loss reimbursement, or

(2) could recover the “overpayments” only if and after administrative proceedings on remand yielded

a final determination that Vista was not entitled to the disputed funds under a correct, threshold-plus

application of the stop-loss exception. In seeking an immediate “refund” of the disputed funds in

the judgment, Texas Mutual relied on two basic theories of recovery. First, in addition to seeking

reversal and remand of each administrative order under the APA, Texas Mutual contended that the

APA empowered the district court also to “order [Vista] to refund to Texas Mutual” the additional

reimbursement amount “Texas Mutual paid to [Vista] pursuant to the invalid SOAH order,

plus interest.” Alternatively, Texas Mutual asserted a claim for “refund” or recoupment of the

additional reimbursement under an equitable money-had-and-received theory. In the further

alternative, Texas Mutual sought declaratory judgments that the Division (or SOAH, in an “appeal”

from the Division) had the authority and duty under Labor Code section 413.016(a) to order Vista

to “refund” all funds paid by Texas Mutual pursuant to the invalidated administrative orders and that

if the Division’s rules precluded such relief, they were invalid and unconstitutional.16 Moreover, in

16
See Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.038 (providing that validity or applicability of a rule may be
determined in suit for declaratory judgment); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §§ 37.001–.011

15
a final alternative, Texas Mutual sought a declaratory judgment that, if it “is unable to collect from

Vista the overpayment made to Vista, whether because there is no legal mechanism for doing so or

Vista is insolvent,” it is entitled to collect the “overpayment,” plus interest, from the subsequent

injury fund.17

Texas Mutual filed in each case a brief on the merits of its APA judicial-review

claims in which it emphasized its request for monetary relief under that statute. It combined

with that brief a motion for summary judgment on its equitable money-had-and-received claim.

Texas Mutual insisted that this “refund relief” was urgently necessary to protect the carrier’s interests

in the disputed funds during the interim before a final administrative determination of Vista’s claims

for stop-loss reimbursement. Texas Mutual emphasized filings by Vista’s parent company, Dynacq

Healthcare, Inc., before the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission indicating that Dynacq was

in the process of selling the Vista hospitals due to continued operating losses, that Dynacq classified

the hospitals as “discontinued operation[s],” and that the company’s continuing operations

and business plans were focused exclusively on investments in China. Texas Mutual urged the

district court that if it “does not order refunds now, in its judgments,” there would be a substantial

risk that any payments it made to Vista in excess of the amounts it properly owed “may become

uncollectible, as Vista’s parent company moves all operations and assets to China.”

(provisions of the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act) (UDJA). Texas Mutual also sought
attorney’s fees as the UDJA authorizes. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.009.
17
The subsequent injury fund is a dedicated account in the general revenue fund used only for
purposes specified by statute, including reimbursement to an insurance carrier for overpayment or
benefits made under an interlocutory order of the Division. See Tex. Lab. Code § 403.006.

16
 Vista filed responses in opposition to Texas Mutual’s summary-judgment motions

in which it objected to an affidavit the carrier had presented. But Vista’s primary resistance to

Texas Mutual’s monetary claims came in the form of a plea to the jurisdiction it interposed in each

case. Vista asserted that the district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims because

the Legislature had vested exclusive jurisdiction in the Division (and, in turn, SOAH) to determine

carriers’ entitlement to “refunds” of “overpayments” of medical reimbursement, subject to judicial

review, and the relief Texas Mutual sought fell squarely within the scope of this delegation. In

essence, Vista urged that Texas Mutual’s monetary claims presented a type of medical-fee dispute.

In response to Vista’s jurisdictional challenges, Texas Mutual acknowledged that the

“ultimate” question of whether Vista was entitled to reimbursement under the stop-loss exception

was within the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction to determine on remand and that the agency “could

order such refunds” at the conclusion of that process. Nonetheless, Texas Mutual insisted that its

“refund” claims presented a conceptually distinct issue that lay beyond the Division’s exclusive

jurisdiction over medical-fee disputes—whether it or Vista should be entitled to hold the disputed

stop-loss reimbursement amounts at the present time, pending determination of Vista’s “ultimate”

entitlement to stop-loss reimbursement. The Division echoed Texas Mutual in drawing “a sharp

distinction ‘between’ a ‘medical fee dispute’ (which includes a determination of the ultimate amount

due in the context of a refund demand) and a dispute as to the court’s authority to award equitable

recovery to [Texas Mutual] at this stage of the contested claims process.” It posited that “if the

court’s exercise of its powers in equity does not involve a determination that there has been an

‘overpayment’ or determining [] the payment ultimately due for hospital services, then adjudication

17
of [Texas Mutual’s] pending refund claims do not seem to compromise the Division’s original

jurisdiction to adjudicate medical fee disputes.”

The 47 suits proceeded to a consolidated hearing on Texas Mutual’s APA claims,

the parties’ summary-judgment motions, and Vista’s pleas to the jurisdiction. Thereafter, the

district court rendered the following judgments:

• In each of the 20 cases in which Vista had filed a motion for summary judgment seeking
affirmance of the final administrative order, the district court denied the motion.

• In each of the 47 cases, the district court

• rendered judgment reversing and remanding the administrative order to the Division
for further proceedings consistent with Vista I;

• denied Vista’s plea to the jurisdiction;

• overruled Vista’s evidentiary objection, granted Texas Mutual’s summary-judgment
motion on its money-had-and-received claim, and rendered judgment awarding the
carrier the additional reimbursement it had paid Vista under the now-invalidated
administrative order, plus interest. The district court emphasized that “[t]his
monetary award is without prejudice to the exclusive jurisdiction of [the Division]
to determine on remand in proceedings consistent with [Vista I] the hospital fee
dispute . . . and to order additional payments that may be due, if any, in accordance
with the Texas Labor Code and applicable medical fee guidelines”;

• in light of these holdings, dismissed “the other actions pled by Plaintiff Texas
Mutual” without prejudice; and

• ordered that “[a]ll claims for relief not expressly addressed above are DENIED.”

Vista paid the disputed funds into the court’s registry and perfected appeals to this

Court from each of the 47 judgments. On Vista’s motion, we consolidated the appeals for purposes

of briefing and argument.

18
 ANALYSIS

Vista brings four issues on appeal. Its first, second, and fourth issues seek relief

from the district court’s judgment awarding Texas Mutual monetary relief under an equitable

money-had-and-received theory. In its first issue, Vista urges that the district court erred in

denying its pleas to the jurisdiction as to Texas Mutual’s money-had-and-received claims. In its

second issue, Vista argues that the district court abused its discretion in granting Texas Mutual’s

summary-judgment motions because it was an abuse of discretion to award relief under a

money-had-and-received theory under the circumstances presented here. In its fourth issue, Vista

complains that the district court abused its discretion in overruling its objection to Texas Mutual’s

summary-judgment evidence. In its remaining issue, its third, Vista asserts that the district court

erred in denying its motions for summary judgment in the 20 cases in which it filed one.

In addition to responding to Vista’s issues, Texas Mutual brings a cross-point

urging that the district court possessed subject-matter jurisdiction to award the monetary relief

under the APA, as the carrier had argued below, and that the judgment awards can be affirmed

on that alternative theory. Vista disputes that Texas Mutual’s cross-point sufficed to preserve this

contention for appeal and suggests that the APA claims for monetary relief would fall within the

Division’s exclusive jurisdiction in any event.

The Division, as appellee, has also filed a brief joining with Texas Mutual in

opposition to Vista’s third issue addressing Vista’s cross-motions for summary judgment. The

Division takes no position with respect to Vista’s remaining issues in the view that these concern

equitable monetary claims that fall outside the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction. But in the event

this Court determines that the district court could not properly grant such relief without reaching

19
Vista’s ultimate entitlement to stop-loss reimbursement, the Division conditionally asserts that the

courts would lack jurisdiction to adjudicate those issues until administrative remedies are exhausted.

Vista’s motions for summary judgment

Because Vista’s third issue seeks summary judgments affirming some of the

administrative orders, it logically precedes Vista’s other appellate issues in the 20 cases to which it

applies. Accordingly, we will address it first. We review the district court’s summary- judgment

rulings de novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005); Provident

Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). Summary judgment is proper

when there are no disputed issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). Where, as here, both parties move for summary judgment and the

district court grants one motion and denies the other, we review the summary-judgment evidence

presented by both sides, determine all questions presented, and render the judgment that the

district court should have rendered. Patient Advocates, 136 S.W.3d at 648. We must affirm the

summary judgment if any of the grounds asserted in the motion are meritorious. Id.

In each of its motions for summary judgment, Vista asserted that the administrative

order being challenged by Texas Mutual must be affirmed as a matter of law, notwithstanding the

ALJ’s reliance on the erroneous threshold-only view of the stop-loss exception, because substantial

evidence in the administrative record (itself a question of law18) supports a theory that, in Vista’s

view, effectively rendered the ALJ’s error harmless or immaterial. Specifically, Vista urged that

18
See Texas Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Alford, 209 S.W.3d 101, 103 (Tex. 2006) (noting that
whether there is substantial evidence to support an administrative decision is a question of law).

20
there was substantial evidence that Texas Mutual administratively waived its right to contest whether

the hospital services were “unusually costly and unusually extensive.” Vista has reasoned that this

asserted waiver by Texas Mutual amounted to a concession that the hospital services were

“unusually costly and unusually extensive,” making the ALJ’s unchallenged findings that the

expenses met the $40,000 stop-loss threshold singularly sufficient to support the order even under

a correct interpretation of the stop-loss exception.

In urging that the district court could disregard the ALJ’s erroneous legal conclusions

and findings predicated on the threshold-only view of the stop-loss exception, Vista invokes the

longstanding principle—one that predates APA substantial-evidence review on the administrative

record—that a reviewing court generally must affirm an administrative order “if it is correct on any

theory of law applicable to the case,” regardless of whether the agency purported to rely on that legal

theory or even relied on an erroneous one. See Gulf Land Co. v. Atlantic Ref. Co., 131 S.W.2d 73,

77 (Tex. 1939). However, as Vista acknowledges, this principle does not permit a reviewing court

to affirm an administrative order on a factual theory on which the agency did not rely. See id. at

77–78; Public Util. Comm’n v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 960 S.W.2d 116, 121 n.7

(Tex. App.—Austin 1997, no pet.). And this limitation gives rise to a threshold difficulty with

Vista’s third issue: each administrative order is devoid of any fact findings or legal conclusions

indicating that the ALJ relied on any factual theory of waiver, nor does any order contain the

underlying findings that would be necessary to support such a theory under a substantial-evidence

analysis.

The closest Vista can come to such support is to refer us to the following legal

conclusion contained in each administrative order:

21
 Pursuant to 28 TAC § 133.307(j)(2), any defense or reason for a denial of a claim not
asserted by a carrier before a request for medical dispute resolution may not be
considered at the hearing before SOAH, whether or not it arises out of an audit.

The cited rule, section 133.307(j)(2) of Texas Administrative Code title 28, limits the “defenses” or

“denial reasons” that a carrier may raise in a medical-fee-dispute-resolution proceeding before the

Division solely to those the carrier “presented to the requestor prior to the date the request for

medical dispute resolution was filed with the [D]ivision and the other party.” See 28 Tex. Admin.

Code § 133.307(j)(2). Consequently, Vista is correct to suggest that rule 133.307(j)(2) is a rule

that could conceivably give rise to a waiver of rights by a workers’ compensation insurance carrier in

a medical-fee-dispute-resolution proceeding before the Division. Furthermore, as Vista emphasizes,

Texas Mutual did not challenge this legal conclusion in its judicial-review claim. But this

legal conclusion, as Texas Mutual urges, does no more than state an abstract legal proposition

relating to waiver—and there are no further findings or conclusions in the order purporting to apply

rule 133.307(j)(2) to specific facts and actually find a waiver, nor any findings of the underlying facts

(e.g., the defenses of denial reasons Texas Mutual did or did not raise, and when) that would be

required to support such a finding or conclusion. See Texas Health Facilities Comm’n v. Charter

Med.-Dallas, Inc., 665 S.W.2d 446, 453 (Tex. 1984) (explaining that substantial-evidence review

entails consideration of (1) whether agency made findings of underlying facts that logically support

the ultimate facts and legal conclusions that are the ultimate basis for the order and, in turn,

(2) whether the findings of underlying fact are reasonably supported by evidence).19 Nor was the

19
We also observe that the legal conclusion Vista cites is among the several that were
incorporated into each order essentially verbatim from the SOAH en banc panel’s order. Further,
the legal conclusion Vista cites is immediately preceded by another conclusion from the en banc

22
district court allowed to infer or presume those facts. See Morgan Drive Away, Inc. v. Railroad

Comm’n, 498 S.W.2d 147, 152 (Tex. 1973) (“We may consider only what was written by the

[agency] in its order, and we must measure its statutory sufficiency by what it says,” and “findings

of basic [underlying] facts cannot be presumed from findings of a conclusional nature.”).

There is, in short, no indication in the respective administrative orders that the ALJ

relied on any finding or conclusion that Texas Mutual had waived rights in regard to reimbursement

payments, and the district court was not permitted to supply that rationale to support each order. See

Gulf Land, 131 S.W.2d at 77–78; see also Yeary v. Board of Nurse Exam’rs, 855 S.W.2d 236,

240–41(Tex. App.—Austin 1993, no writ) (“In our review, we are limited to the factual grounds the

[agency] actually gave as the basis for its conclusion of law, although we may affirm the order on

a legal ground not mentioned by the [agency] in its final order,” and “[a]s to the factual grounds

stated by the [agency] as the basis for its conclusion of law, . . . we must judge the validity of

the [agency’s] order ‘by what it says.’”) (citing Gulf Land, 131 S.W.2d at 84; Morgan, 498 S.W.2d

at 152). And even if the legal conclusion Vista cites could be construed as an ultimate finding or

conclusion adopting Vista’s waiver theory, substantial evidence to support that finding would still

be lacking because there are none of the underlying fact findings that would be necessary to

panel order stating that carriers’ audit rights are not limited by the stop-loss exception’s application.
Read in context, the thrust of these two conclusions is to emphasize that while carriers may audit
reimbursement claims that are subject to the stop-loss exception, any grounds for denying payment
that are ultimately uncovered through the audit (a process that may delay a carrier’s disposition of
a reimbursement claim beyond the normal 45-day deadline for acting on a reimbursement claim, see
Tex. Lab. Code § 408.027(a), (b)), nonetheless must be raised in accordance with rule 133.307(j)(2)
in order to preserve them for purposes of medical dispute resolution. Vista has not suggested that
the underlying medical-fee disputes have anything in particular to do with audits. This tends to
further confirm that the ALJ’s legal conclusion regarding rule 133.307(j)(2) does not reflect or
support Vista’s waiver theory as a basis for affirming the administrative order.

23
demonstrate a reasonable basis for that ultimate finding or conclusion. See Charter Med.-Dallas,

665 S.W.2d at 453.

Vista insists, however, that the absence of underlying fact findings supporting

its waiver theory is immaterial because the administrative record establishes the necessary facts as

a matter of law. See Gulf Land, 131 S.W.2d at 77–78 (stating that reviewing court could affirm

administrative order based on alternative factual theory not addressed by the agency if the theory

was established by conclusive evidence). Specifically, Vista argues that the EOB forms that

Texas Mutual generated when initially processing the 20 reimbursement claims at issue failed to

comply with the following Division rule applicable at the time:

At the time an insurance carrier makes payment or denies payment on a medical bill,
the insurance carrier shall send, in the form and manner prescribed by the [Division],
the explanation of benefits to the appropriate parties. The explanation of benefits
[EOB] shall include the correct payment exception codes required by the [Division’s]
instructions, and shall provide sufficient explanation to allow the sender to
understand the reason(s) for the insurance carrier’s actions. A generic statement that
simply states a conclusion such as “not sufficiently documented” or other similar
phrases with no further description of the reason for the reduction or denial does not
satisfy the requirements of this section.

Former Rule 133.304(c). As Vista urges, the EOBs at issue are contained in the administrative

record from each respective proceeding and their contents are uncontroverted. Vista reasons that the

face of each EOB demonstrates that, as a matter of law, Texas Mutual failed to provide “sufficient

explanation to allow [Vista] to understand the reason(s) for the insurance carrier’s actions,” as

Former Rule 133.304(c) requires, with respect to Texas Mutual’s contention that the hospital

services at issue were not “unusually costly and unusually extensive.” Leaving aside whether such

24
a determination could in itself supply the necessary factual underpinnings for Vista’s waiver theory,20

Vista fails to demonstrate that Texas Mutual’s EOBs violated Former Rule 133.304(c).

Each EOB was printed on a Division-approved form and listed itemized charges that

Vista had billed Texas Mutual in connection with a hospital admission. Beside each itemized charge

was indicated Texas Mutual’s payment on the charge, which in each instance was either zero or

an amount reduced below the amount charged. Accompanying each charge and payment reference

was indicated “exception code F.” Vista’s summary-judgment evidence established that the Division

had adopted 22 “exception codes” and directed that exception code F—which the Division titled or

described as “Fee guideline MAR [Maximum Allowable Reimbursement] reduction”—was to be

used “when the [carrier] is reducing payment from the billed amount in accordance with the

appropriate [Division] fee guideline’s MAR . . . [and] NOT to be used for reductions based on lack

of documentation or for charges for which [the Division] has not established an MAR.” A complete

listing or glossary of the 22 exception codes and their brief descriptions was also incorporated into

the EOB form. Consequently, a reader of the form can discern that Texas Mutual’s references

to exception code F meant “Fee guideline MAR.” Alongside each reference to exception code F in

the itemized charges in the EOB was printed a “rationale” of “01,” which was identified elsewhere

in the document as: “01 THE CHARGE FOR THE PROCEDURE EXCEEDS THE AMOUNT

INDICATED IN THE FEE SCHEDULE.”

20
We note, for example, that Vista relies on asserted violations of Former Rule 133.304(c) to
show waiver under a different rule, rule 133.307(j)(2), yet the administrative orders contain no
findings or conclusions explaining why or how the latter would follow from the former.

25
 Although Vista does not appear to quarrel with whether “F” was the appropriate

exception code for Texas Mutual to use under the circumstances here, see Former Rule 133.304(c),

it urges that Texas Mutual’s references to “Fee guideline MAR reduction” and “THE CHARGE

FOR THE PROCEDURE EXCEEDS THE AMOUNT INDICATED IN THE FEE SCHEDULE”

amounted only to the sort of “generic statement[s] that simply state a conclusion” that Former

Rule 133.304(c) prohibits, and did not satisfy the rule’s requirement of a “sufficient explanation to

allow the sender to understand the reason(s) for the insurance carrier’s actions.” See id. Vista also

contrasts these references with more specific explanations that Texas Mutual included in the

“negative” EOBs it generated in connection with its refund requests,21 suggesting this is tantamount

to an admission by Texas Mutual that its earlier EOBs were deficient. However, the Division has

adopted a construction of Former Rule 133.304(c)’s requirements that is less exacting than the

standard Vista advocates, and we conclude that we should defer to it.

The Division refers us to several of its medical-fee dispute decisions involving

stop-loss issues—some of which have involved Vista—that have addressed whether EOBs materially

identical to Texas Mutual’s here satisfy Former Rule 133.304(c)’s requirement. In these decisions,

the Division uniformly held that EOBs citing explanation code “F” (“Fee Guideline MAR

reduction”) coupled with a reference to “fee schedules” or similar shorthand “support an explanation

for the reduction of reimbursement” from the stop-loss amount to the per diem rates and

21
In the negative EOBs, as previously noted, Texas Mutual elaborated that it was requesting a
“refund . . . for payments in excess of fee guidelines because the admission did not require unusually
extensive and costly services.”

26
“provide sufficient explanation to allow the provider to understand the reason(s) for the insurance

carrier’s action(s).”22

The Division has requested that we take judicial notice of these administrative

decisions. Vista has not objected. We will do so. See Office of Pub. Util. Counsel v. Public Util.

Comm’n, 878 S.W.2d 598, 600 (Tex. 1994) (holding that court of appeals must take judicial notice

of agency’s published order if asked to do so) (citing Tex. R. Civ. Evid. 201(b)(2)); Hendee

v. Dewhurst, 228 S.W.3d 354, 377 n.30 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. denied) (likening agency

decisions to court decisions with regard to judicial notice). The Division has likewise urged us to

give deference to its rule construction reflected in these decisions. Vista has not disputed that these

decisions authoritatively represent the Division’s construction of Former Rule 133.304(c) and are

the sort of agency pronouncements regarding the construction of statutes and rules to which courts

could potentially give deference. Cf. Fiess v. State Farm Lloyds, 202 S.W.3d 744, 747 (Tex. 2006)

(discussing analogous principles of judicial deference to agency statutory construction that apply

to “formal opinions adopted after formal proceedings”). And assuming an authoritative agency

interpretation like this, “[i]f there is vagueness, ambiguity, or room for policy interpretation in [the]

statute or regulation,” we normally defer to the agency’s interpretation if it is “reasonable” and

22
See Texas Dep’t of Ins., Div. of Workers’ Comp., Vista Hosp. of Dallas v. Texas Mut. Ins. Co.,
M4-08-1759-01 (Sept. 17, 2012); Texas Dep’t of Ins., Div. of Workers’ Comp., Vista Med. Ctr.
Hosp. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., M4-03-8005-01 (Aug. 23, 2012); Texas Dep’t of Ins., Div. of
Workers’ Comp., Vista Med. Ctr. Hosp. v. State Office of Risk Mgmt., M4-05-4763-01 (Aug. 14,
2012); Texas Dep’t of Ins., Div. of Workers’ Comp., Vista Med. Ctr. Hosp. v. Commerce & Indus.
Ins., M4-06-6004-01 (Aug. [sic] 2012); Texas Dep’t of Ins., Div. of Workers’ Comp., Vista Hosp.
of Dallas v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., M4-09-3488-01 (June 22, 2012); Texas Dep’t of Ins., Div. of
Workers’ Comp., Vista Med. Ctr. Hosp. v. Facility Ins. Corp., M4-06-6080-01 (June 6, 2012).

27
not “plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the language of the statute, regulation, or rule.” See

TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 438 (Tex. 2011).

We conclude that former Rule 133.304(c) is sufficiently vague, ambiguous, and open

to policy interpretation with respect to the precise parameters of a “sufficient explanation to allow

the sender to understand the reason(s) for the insurance carrier’s actions,” as distinguished from

a “generic statement,” that we should defer to the Division’s construction of these terms if it

is reasonable and not plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the rule’s text. See id. We further

conclude that the Division’s construction is reasonable, not plainly erroneous, and not inconsistent

with the rule’s text, but is instead within the range of reasonable constructions permitted by that

language. See id. Accordingly, we give deference to the Division’s construction. See id.

Texas Mutual’s EOBs plainly pass muster under the Division’s construction of

Former Rule 133.304(c). Again, Texas Mutual’s EOBs are materially identical to those addressed

in the administrative decisions to which the Division refers us. Consequently, the Texas Mutual

EOBs that Vista cites as conclusive proof of its waiver theory instead only further demonstrate

the absence of substantial evidence to support it. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174(2); Charter

Med.-Dallas, 665 S.W.2d at 453.

Absent administrative findings, conclusions, and substantial evidence to support

Vista’s waiver theory, the district court did not err in denying Vista’s motions for summary

judgment. We overrule Vista’s third issue.

Vista’s challenges to monetary relief

Having overruled Vista’s sole issue that would support affirming any of the

administrative orders, we now turn to Vista’s issues challenging the monetary relief the district court

28
awarded upon reversing those orders. Vista’s principal contention, advanced chiefly within its first

issue, is that the district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to award the monetary relief because

it amounted to the sort of “refund” of an “overpayment” of medical reimbursement to which the

Division (and, in turn, SOAH) have been vested with exclusive jurisdiction to determine entitlement,

subject to judicial review. Because Vista’s arguments and Texas Mutual’s responses are grounded

in the principles that govern analysis of administrative-agency jurisdiction, and that of the Division

in particular, it is helpful to first summarize those principles before turning to the parties’ specific

assertions regarding them.

Our “analytical starting point” with such issues is Article V, section 8 of the

Texas Constitution, which provides that a district court’s jurisdiction “consists of exclusive,

appellate, and original jurisdiction of all actions, proceedings, and remedies, except in cases where

exclusive, appellate, or original jurisdiction may be conferred by this Constitution or other law on

some other court, tribunal, or administrative body.” Tex. Const. art. V, § 8; see Apollo, 301 S.W.3d

at 859. The Legislature has generally conferred on district courts “the jurisdiction provided by

Article V, Section 8, of the Texas Constitution” and jurisdiction to “hear and determine any cause

that is cognizable by courts of law or equity and . . . grant any relief that could be granted by either

courts of law or equity.” Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 24.007–.008. Consequently, “[c]ourts of general

jurisdiction presumably have subject matter jurisdiction unless a contrary showing is made.” Subaru

of Am., Inc. v. David McDavid Nissan, Inc., 84 S.W.3d 212, 220 (Tex. 2002); see Apollo,

301 S.W.3d at 859.

In contrast, “there is no presumption that administrative agencies are authorized to

resolve disputes. Rather, they may exercise only those powers the law, in clear and express statutory

29
language, confers upon them.” Subaru, 84 S.W.3d at 220. “Courts will not imply additional

authority to agencies, nor may agencies create for themselves any excess powers.” Id. The courts

are not divested by an agency of the subject-matter jurisdiction they would otherwise possess to

adjudicate a cause except if and to the extent the Legislature has granted the agency exclusive

jurisdiction, or the sole power to make an initial determination of a claim or issue. See id. at 221;

Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 859. Whether the Legislature has done so is determined by examination and

construction of the relevant statutory scheme, and is thus a question of law that we review de novo.

See Thomas v. Long, 207 S.W.3d 334, 340 (Tex. 2006) (citing Subaru, 84 S.W.3d at 221); Apollo,

301 S.W.3d at 859.23 We look to whether the Legislature has enacted express statutory language

indicating that the agency has exclusive jurisdiction, or if not, whether a “pervasive regulatory

scheme” nonetheless reflects legislative intent that an agency have the sole power to make the initial

determination in the dispute. See Thomas, 207 S.W.3d at 340 (citing Subaru, 84 S.W.3d at 223);

Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 859. Moreover, “because ‘abrogating common-law claims is disfavored’ in

light of open courts implications, we are not to construe a statute creating an administrative

remedy to deprive a person of an established common-law remedy unless the statute ‘clearly or

plainly’ reflects the [L]egislature’s intent to supplant the common-law remedy with the statutory

23
Our primary objective in statutory construction is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent.
State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006). We seek that intent “first and foremost” in the
statutory text. Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex. 2006). “Where text is clear,
text is determinative of that intent.” Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437
(Tex. 2009) (op. on reh’g) (citing Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 284; Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs.
v. Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 651–52 (Tex. 2006)). We give such statutes their plain meaning
without resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids. Texas Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank
of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635, 637 (Tex. 2010).

30
one.” Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 859–60 (quoting Cash Am. Int’l, Inc. v. Bennett, 35 S.W.3d 12, 15–17

(Tex. 2000)).

As previously noted, and as all parties acknowledge, the Legislature has impliedly

delegated exclusive jurisdiction to the Division (and, in turn, SOAH) to determine, subject to judicial

review, medical-fee disputes—i.e., “disputes over the amount of payment due for services

determined to be medically necessary and appropriate for treatment of a compensable injury” that

must be paid by workers’ compensation insurance carriers to reimburse health-care providers for

“medical benefits” provided to injured workers. See Tex. Lab. Code §§ 408.027, 413.031(a), (c);

Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 858–71; Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d at 263–67; Howell, 143 S.W.3d at 435–36. This

jurisdiction has been held to be implicated by any claim, even if couched in common-law or

equitable theories of recovery, through which a health-care provider seeks relief predicated on an

asserted entitlement to medical reimbursement under the workers’ compensation act and Division

rules. See Howell, 143 S.W.3d at 438. In essence, this holding is an application of the rationale

underlying the Texas Supreme Court’s Fodge decision, which held that common-law claims by

injured workers that would have the effect of establishing a right to workers’ compensation benefits

implicate the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction to award such benefits, and thus cannot be litigated

unless and until those administrative remedies are first exhausted. See American Motorists Ins. Co.

v. Fodge, 63 S.W.3d 801, 803 (Tex. 2001).

In Apollo, we held that this jurisdiction was similarly implicated by tort claims

asserted against a benefits management company (an entity that assists carriers in processing and

paying reimbursement claims) by an assignee of a health-care provider’s reimbursement rights, to

the extent the claims required determination of the amount of reimbursement that was properly owed

31
by the carrier to the provider under the act and Division rules. See Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 862–71.

And in Eckerd, we held that the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction over medical-fee disputes was

likewise implicated by a workers’ compensation carrier’s claims seeking to recover “overpayments”

of reimbursement to a provider beyond the amounts the carrier is obligated to pay under the workers’

compensation act and rules. See Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d at 263–67. The specific claims we addressed

in Eckerd, it so happens, were asserted by Texas Mutual, and sought to recover alleged past

“overpayments” under legal theories that included money had and received, one of the same theories

of recovery on which Texas Mutual relies here. See id.

In concluding that the Legislature intended for the Division’s medical-fee

dispute-resolution processes to serve as the sole means of obtaining the determination—necessary

for recovery in each of these cases—as to the proper amount of reimbursement the carrier owed the

provider under the act and Division rules, we cited three basic features of the workers’ compensation

act. First, we emphasized that a health-care provider’s entitlement to any particular amount of

reimbursement payment and a carrier’s corresponding obligation to pay that amount derive from the

workers’ compensation act rather than the common law. See Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 866–67; Eckerd,

162 S.W.3d at 266; cf. Cash Am., 35 S.W.3d at 15–17. Second, we noted the “pervasive” and

“comprehensive” nature of the workers’ compensation act’s regulatory scheme, and its governance

of medical reimbursement in particular. See Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 860; Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d

at 264–66; Howell, 143 S.W.3d at 435–38. Third, we emphasized that the Legislature has provided

specific adjudicatory mechanisms and remedies by which the Division could determine and enforce

the respective rights of providers and carriers regarding medical reimbursement. See Apollo,

301 S.W.3d at 860–61; Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d at 265, 266 n.12; Howell, 143 S.W.3d at 435–38. In

32
Eckerd, for example, we observed that the act and Division rules provided mechanisms for resolving

disputes between providers and carriers regarding the proper amount of reimbursement due,

162 S.W.3d at 265 & n.9, empowered the Division to grant administrative remedies that we deemed

equivalent to the common-law remedies Texas Mutual was pursuing—including ordering “refunds”

under Labor Code section 413.016 and awarding interest on them, see id. at 266 n.12 (citing

Tex. Lab. Code §§ 413.016, .019)—and likewise authorized the Division to impose administrative

sanctions that included reducing fees or revoking or suspending a provider’s right to receive them,

see id. (citing Tex. Lab. Code § 415.023(b)(1), (4)). The Legislature’s provision of such procedures

and remedies in the context of the act’s “comprehensive” regulatory scheme, we reasoned, evidenced

intent that they serve as the sole means of initially determining and enforcing the statutory rights and

duties at issue, to the exclusion of the jurisdiction the courts would otherwise possess. See Apollo,

301 S.W.3d at 860–63.

On the other hand, we have also recognized that not every claim related to medical

reimbursement presents a medical-fee dispute and falls within the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction.

As we explained in Apollo, “[w]hat matters” with regard to the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction over

medical-fee disputes “is whether the claims are based on the alleged failure of carriers to pay . . . in

compliance with the statutes and rules governing . . . fee reimbursement,” whether by underpayment

or overpayment, such that adjudication would require determination of the specific amount due under

those standards and thereby infringe the Division’s sole power to initially determine those issues.

See id. at 865; cf. Fodge, 63 S.W.3d at 803. Although we concluded that two of the claims at issue

in Apollo were predicated on alleged entitlements to particular amounts of reimbursement due from

a carrier, thereby presenting medical-fee disputes, we held that two other claims did not because they

33
presumed the carrier had paid the correct amount of reimbursement due under the act and rules and

complained only that the defendant had acted wrongfully in depriving the plaintiff the opportunity

to establish an entitlement to greater reimbursement. See Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 867–69. A parallel

distinction is recognized in the progeny of Fodge, which have distinguished between claims by

injured workers that would have the effect of establishing a right to workers’ compensation benefits,

thereby infringing the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction to award such benefits, and claims that did

not seek such benefits or presumed the absence of workers’ compensation coverage, which have

been held to be beyond the Division’s jurisdiction to decide.24

In Apollo, we further held that those two claims did not present a medical-fee dispute

or otherwise fall within the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction merely because the plaintiff sought

damages predicated on the reimbursement amounts that a carrier hypothetically would have been

required to pay it absent the defendant’s conduct, observing “[t]hat is not the same issue that is

presented in a medical-fee dispute.” See id. at 870. We additionally observed that the Legislature

had not provided any procedural mechanisms through which the Division could adjudicate this

24
Cf. In re Texas Mut. Ins. Co., 157 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, orig. proceeding)
(breach-of-contract claim against carrier for damages allegedly caused by denial of benefits
“presuppose[d] the existence of a workers’ compensation policy and quite plainly seeks benefits due
under that policy,” thereby implicating the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction) with id. at 81–82
(contrasting claim for damages based on negligence in causing gap in coverage, which did not seek
benefits or damages based on arising from wrongful deprivation of benefits the carrier owed)
and Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Texas Dep’t of Ins., Div. of Workers’ Comp., 214 S.W.3d 613, 619
(Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.) (holding that negligence claim requiring determination of
effective date of employers’ liability policy did not implicate Division’s exclusive jurisdiction, even
while policy was contained in same form as workers’ compensation policy and shared a common
effective date, because the plaintiffs were not asserting a claim to workers’ compensation benefits
or based on their deprivation; “[t]he foundation of our analysis in Texas Mutual and the supreme
court’s analysis in Fodge was a pending claim whose resolution required a determination of a
claimant’s entitlement to workers’ compensation benefits”).

34
“what-might-have-been inquiry” or decide the various subsidiary issues that might bear upon it. Id.

Apollo thus reminds us of a more basic prerequisite for exclusive agency jurisdiction to make the

initial determination regarding a claim or issue: the Legislature must have provided the agency a

procedural mechanism for making that determination in the first place. See id. (citing Butnaru

v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 207–08 (Tex. 2002); Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Texas Dep’t of Ins.,

Div of Workers’ Comp., 214 S.W.3d 613, 619 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.). More generally,

the scope of the administrative remedy (if any) as it compares to a common-law or equitable one is

one indicator of whether the Legislature intended to supplant the latter with the former. See Eckerd,

162 S.W.3d at 266 n.12 (reasoning that “[t]he ability of the [Division] to fully compensate

the injured party, to sanction parties that violate the Act, and to establish and enforce the Act’s

provisions further demonstrates the [L]egislature’s intent to grant the [Division] exclusive

jurisdiction over these claims,” and contrasting these remedies with the like-kind-replacement

remedy at issue in Cash America).

The parties’ competing contentions regarding the district court’s jurisdiction here

distill down essentially to whether Texas Mutual’s claims for monetary relief are materially identical

to its claims in Eckerd, as Vista suggests, or are more closely akin to the two claims in Apollo that

were held not to present medical-fee disputes, as Texas Mutual insists. In support of its view, Vista

urges that Texas Mutual’s monetary claims fall squarely within the scope of act provisions and

Division rules that authorize carriers to obtain “refunds” of reimbursement paid in excess of amounts

properly owed under the act and Division rules. Vista emphasizes Labor Code section 413.016(a),

which mandates that the Division “shall order a refund of charges paid to a health care provider in

excess of those allowed by the medical policies or fee guidelines.” See Tex. Lab. Code § 413.016(a);

35
Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d at 266 n.12. Whether a carrier is entitled to a refund under section 413.016(a),

as Vista observes, presents a medical-fee dispute, as it turns on whether the carrier has paid “charges

. . . in excess of those allowed by the medical policies or fee guidelines.” Consequently, as

Vista suggests, section 413.016(a) contemplates that a carrier can (or must) obtain the refund

remedy through the Division’s medical-fee-dispute-resolution process. In fact, Vista emphasizes,

the Division’s rules prescribe procedures for adjudicating carrier “refund” claims and explicitly

include such disputes in its definition of “medical-fee dispute.” See 28 Tex. Admin. Code

§§ 133.304(a), (o), (p) (carrier may “request[] reimbursement for an overpayment” in response to

a provider’s bill and seek medical-dispute resolution if the provider does not timely pay the

amount of refund requested); .305(a)(2) (defining “medical-fee disputes” to include a “refund

request dispute”—“a carrier dispute of a health care provider reduction or denial of the carrier

request for refund of payment for health care previously paid by the carrier”). Assuming the

medical-dispute-resolution process yields a final determination that the amount of charges “allowed

by the medical policies or fee guidelines” is less than the amount the carrier paid, section 413.016(a)

requires that the Division “shall order a refund” of those excessive payments. See Tex. Lab. Code

§ 413.016(a).25

25
Vista additionally asserts that Texas Mutual’s monetary claims fall within another provision
of the workers’ compensation act, Labor Code section 408.0271, which states that “[i]f the
health care services provided to an injured employee are determined to be inappropriate,” the carrier
“shall . . . demand a refund by the health care provider of the portion of the payment on the
claim that was received by the health care provider for the inappropriate services.” See Tex. Lab.
Code § 408.0271(a). Although Texas Mutual originally cited section 408.0271 as authority for its
“negative” EOBs and refund requests, it has subsequently contended that the provision is not
applicable to the entitlement it claims here. Conversely, Vista has previously asserted that
section 408.0271 was inapplicable to Texas Mutual’s claims, but suggests otherwise now. We agree

36
 Drawing on our reasoning in Eckerd, Apollo, and Howell, Vista adds that the

Legislature’s provision of these administrative remedies, viewed in the context of the workers’

compensation act’s “pervasive regulatory scheme,” reflects its intent that the remedies serve as the

sole means by which Texas Mutual can recover any excess payment of medical reimbursement it

made to Vista. See Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 860; Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d at 264–66; Howell, 143 S.W.3d

at 435–38. In other words, according to Vista, Texas Mutual can obtain recovery or “refunds” of

additional reimbursement it paid under the now-invalidated administrative orders only if it litigates,

and ultimately defeats, Vista’s claim for stop-loss reimbursement—now remanded to the Division,

and yet to be resolved—through the Division’s medical-dispute-resolution process. This statutory

scheme, Vista insists, divests the district court of any subject-matter jurisdiction to award

Texas Mutual the monetary relief challenged here.

with Texas Mutual’s current position that the “refund” claim contemplated by section 408.0271 is
not directly relevant here.

The refund claim provided by section 408.0271 arises “[i]f the health care services provided
to an injured employee are determined to be inappropriate.” See id. The meaning of “inappropriate”
health-care services or charges under section 408.0271 is informed by the section that immediately
precedes it, 408.027, which authorizes carriers to respond to medical-reimbursement claims by
auditing the “relationship of the health care services provided to the compensable injury, the extent
of the injury, and the medical necessity of the services provided.” See id. § 408.027(b). However,
if a carrier exercises its audit rights, section 408.027 requires it to make partial payment of a defined
percentage of the charges pending the audit’s outcome. See id. In the event “the health care services
provided are determined to be appropriate” by the audit, the carrier must then pay the remaining
portion due. See id. § 408.027(c). Read in this context, section 408.0271’s “refund” claim appears
to be addressed to the converse situation—the audit determines that some portion of the charges that
the carrier previously was required to pay turn out not to have been “appropriate,” in terms of
compensability, extent-of-injury, or medical necessity—in which case the carrier is authorized to
recover the partial payment it had previously made. See id. § 408.027(b), (c). The present medical-
fee disputes do not involve the circumstances to which section 408.0271 is addressed.

37
 In response, Texas Mutual acknowledges that Labor Code section 413.016(a) and the

Division rules provide a “refund” remedy to carriers who pay providers medical reimbursement “in

excess of those allowed by the medical policies or fee guidelines.” It likewise admits that its claims

here can be said to seek a type of “refund” of reimbursement it contends it does not properly owe

Vista under the 1997 hospital fee guidelines—indeed, it has used the term “refund” throughout this

litigation to describe the relief it seeks. Also, as previously noted, Texas Mutual seemed to accept

below that the Division “could order such refunds,” at least after the administrative proceedings on

remand had yielded a final determination that Vista was not entitled to stop-loss reimbursement. On

appeal, however, Texas Mutual questions whether the “refund” remedy under section 413.016(a)

encompasses claims arising, as do its claims here, from the payment of additional reimbursement

in compliance with an administrative order in a medical-fee dispute that is later reversed. According

to Texas Mutual, section 413.016(a) contemplates only carrier “refund” claims that arise from

overpayments of reimbursement occurring during a carrier’s initial processing of a provider’s

reimbursement claim. Relatedly, Texas Mutual disputes whether the workers’ compensation act or

Division rules provide any procedural mechanism through which carriers in Texas Mutual’s

situation, as opposed to carriers who have made overpayments during initial claims processing, can

invoke the Division’s medical-fee-dispute-resolution process to obtain the necessary determinations

for refund relief under section 413.016(a). In support, Texas Mutual cites Division rules imposing

a deadline of 45 days after date of service for a carrier to request a “refund” or take other “final

action” on a bill, see 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.304, and a deadline of one year from the date of

the services at issue for a carrier to request medical-dispute resolution in a refund-request dispute,

see id. § 133.307(d)(2).

38
 But even assuming that the “refund” remedy contemplated by section 413.016(a)

would otherwise permit it to recoup the additional reimbursement payments upon a final

determination, through the Division’s medical-fee-dispute-resolution process, that Vista is not

entitled to stop-loss reimbursement, Texas Mutual insists that the mere existence of this remedy does

not in itself suffice to establish legislative intent to supplant the district court’s jurisdiction to

grant the monetary relief it awarded here. Why this is so, Texas Mutual reasons, begins with a

conceptual distinction between an “ultimate” determination of Vista’s entitlement to stop-loss

reimbursement, which is the focus of the Division’s medical-fee-dispute-resolution processes and

the section 413.016(a) “refund” remedy, and what the carrier views as the focus of the theory of

recovery on which the judgment awards were based—money had and received.

An action for money had and received is equitable in nature and belongs conceptually

to the doctrine of unjust enrichment. See Best Buy Co. v. Barrera, 248 S.W.3d 160, 162 (Tex. 2007)

(per curiam); Edwards v. Mid-Continent Office Dist., L.P., 252 S.W.3d 833, 837 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2008, pet. denied) (quoting Amoco Prod. Co. v. Smith, 946 S.W.2d 162, 164 (Tex. App.—El Paso

1997, no writ)). The doctrine of unjust enrichment characterizes the result of a failure to make

restitution under circumstances that give rise to an implied or quasi-contractual obligation to return

those benefits. See Edwards, 252 S.W.3d at 837 (citing Amoco, 946 S.W.2d at 164). An action for

restitution via money had and received is said to lie whenever the defendant holds money that “in

equity and good conscience” “belongs” to the plaintiff “under the particular circumstances of each

case.” Best Buy, 248 S.W.3d at 162; Staats v. Miller, 243 S.W.2d 686, 687 (Tex. 1951); see also

id. (also describing the standard as “to which party does the money, in equity, justice, and law,

belong”). The action is not premised on wrongdoing, but rather “aims at the abstract justice of the

39
case, and looks solely to the inquiry whether the defendant holds money, which . . . belongs to the

plaintiff.” Staats, 243 S.W.2d at 687–88 (quoting United States v. Jefferson Elec. Mfg. Co., 291 U.S.

386, 403 (1934)). It has also been said that “a cause of action for money had and received is ‘less

restricted and fettered by technical rules and formalities than any other form of action.’” Id. at 687

(quoting Jefferson, 291 U.S. at 402–03).

In support of summary judgment on its money-had-and-received claims,

Texas Mutual has asserted that the disputed funds “belong” to it in “equity and good conscience”

because the 1997 hospital fee guideline presumes per-diem reimbursement and that, as of the time

of the district court judgments below, Vista has no valid order entitling it to the higher stop-loss

payments. In essence, Texas Mutual has argued that unless and until Vista can show itself entitled

to stop-loss reimbursement on remand, the equities weigh in favor of returning the disputed

additional reimbursement to the carrier, thereby returning it to the same economic position in which

it would have been had the funds never been awarded or paid to Vista in the first place. Relatedly,

Texas Mutual has relied on longstanding precedent holding that these equitable principles generally

require that a party who had received payment under a judgment that is subsequently reversed

must make restitution to the party who paid the judgment. See Miga v. Jensen, 299 S.W.3d 98, 101

(Tex. 2009) (citing Bank of U.S. v. Bank of Wash., 31 U.S. 17 (1832); Cleveland v. Tufts, 7 S.W. 72,

74 (Tex. 1888)).

Whether it is entitled to recover the disputed funds in “equity and good conscience,”

in Texas Mutual’s view, does not require a determination of Vista’s entitlement to stop-loss

reimbursement, the sine qua non of medical-fee disputes. See Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 865.

Texas Mutual similarly distinguishes its money-had-and-received theory on the basis that it goes

40
only to whether it or Vista should be entitled to hold the disputed funds now, in the interim pending

the “ultimate” determination of Vista’s entitlement to stop-loss reimbursement, and does not

implicate the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction to initially determine that ultimate issue. Further,

because its money-had-and-received claims are rooted in equitable and common-law principles

rather than the workers’ compensation act, Texas Mutual reasons, we should not construe

the workers’ compensation act to deprive them of this remedy absent “clear expression” of

such legislative intent. See Cash America, 35 S.W.3d at 16. That required “clear expression”

of legislative intent is lacking, Texas Mutual suggests, because the workers’ compensation act does

not address or purport to supplant judicial power to award interim relief like the district court

fashioned here, if indeed the act addresses “refunds” or other relief for carriers in Texas Mutual’s

situation at all.

The substance of the parties’ contentions join issue with respect to two basic sets

of considerations in our analysis of the Division’s jurisdiction. The first is whether the workers’

compensation act provides any administrative remedy through which an insurance carrier in

Texas Mutual’s position, one that has paid additional reimbursement to comply with an

administrative order in a medical-fee dispute that is ultimately reversed on judicial review,

can potentially recoup those funds. See Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 870. Vista urges that the “refund”

remedy of section 413.016(a) is such a remedy, while Texas Mutual disputes whether that

remedy would lie where, as here, the allegedly excessive reimbursement payment stems

from an administrative order in a medical-fee dispute that is ultimately reversed. Assuming Vista

is correct that section 413.016(a) would provide Texas Mutual a remedy through which it could

recover the disputed funds (assuming the carrier ultimately prevails, through the Division’s

41
medical-fee-dispute-resolution process, on Vista’s ultimate or underlying claim for stop-loss

reimbursement on remand), the next question is whether the Legislature intended that remedy to

serve as the sole and exclusive means for Texas Mutual to recover the additional reimbursement,

to the extent of divesting the district courts of any jurisdiction they might otherwise possess

to award the monetary relief at issue here. We conclude that both questions must be answered in

the affirmative.

Turning first to whether the section 413.016(a) refund remedy would lie for a carrier

in Texas Mutual’s situation, we find it significant that the Legislature did not place any limitations

or qualifications on the circumstance under which a carrier would come to pay “charges . . . to a

health care provider in excess of those allowed by the medical policies or fee guidelines,” so

as to require the Division to order a “refund.” See Tex. Lab. Code § 413.016(a). The text of

section 413.016(a) does not, in other words, draw the distinction Texas Mutual advocates between

excessive reimbursement occurring due to a subsequently reversed administrative order in a

medical-fee dispute, as here; or because of allegedly improper billing practices, the situation in

Eckerd; or because of accidents or errors in processing claims, as Texas Mutual suggests; or

any other reason. And the absence of any such distinction in the statute is especially telling in the

context of other statutory provisions that contemplate that section 413.016(a) “refunds” will arise

from circumstances like those here.

The Legislature has crafted a medical-fee-dispute-resolution regime under which

(1) the Division initially determines the amount of reimbursement owed by a carrier to a provider;

(2) a party aggrieved by the Division’s decision (which can include a carrier or provider) may

“appeal” to a SOAH contested-case hearing under the APA, see id. § 413.031(k); (3) the ALJ renders

42
the final administrative order, see id. § 402.073(b), subject to judicial review, see id. § 413.027(k-1);

but (4) the administrative order remains effective unless and until the court reverses the order and

remands the proceedings required by the APA, see Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 2001.174(2), .176(b)(3).

Collectively, this regime anticipates that (1) a carrier can be compelled to pay reimbursement to a

provider under an administrative order that is later reversed and that (2) further administrative

proceedings on remand may determine that the carrier does not owe the additional reimbursement

after all, (3) requiring that the Division “shall order a refund of charges paid to a health care

provider in excess of those allowed by the medical policies or fee guidelines.” See Tex. Lab. Code

§ 413.016(a).26 We must presume that the Legislature crafted this statutory scheme deliberately and

with awareness of these consequences. See Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ruttiger, 381 S.W.3d 430, 452

(Tex. 2012) (presuming that “the Legislature deliberately and purposefully selects words and phrases

it enacts, as well as deliberately and purposefully omits words and phrases it does not enact”) (citing

Texas Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex. 2010)); City of

DeSoto v. White, 288 S.W.3d 389, 395 (Tex. 2009) (noting that Legislature is aware of consequences

of its enactments). Moreover, in the context of the workers’ compensation act, this is not only a

presumption but an established fact: as we have frequently observed, the act creates a “pervasive”

and “comprehensive” regulatory scheme in which the Legislature has carefully balanced the interests

of injured workers, employers, insurance carriers, and other system participants to achieve a viable

compensation system. See, e.g., Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 860; Mid-Century Ins. Co. v. Texas Workers’

26
This analysis might be different if, as Texas Mutual urges in its cross-point, the APA
authorized the district court to award it recoupment of the disputed funds incident to its reversals of
the administrative orders. But we reject that contention below.

43
Comp. Comm’n, 187 S.W.3d 754, 758 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.); Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d

at 264–66; Howell, 143 S.W.3d at 435–38. We must conclude that the Legislature intended

section 413.016(a) to serve as a remedy for carriers in Texas Mutual’s situation.

While Texas Mutual suggests otherwise, this statutory regime anticipates and

provides a procedural mechanism for determining whether “charges [were] paid to a health care

provider in excess of those allowed by the medical policies or fee guidelines,” as a predicate to

refund relief under section 413.016(a). Namely, upon reversal of the administrative orders, the APA

required the district court to remand Vista’s claims for stop-loss reimbursement for redetermination,

through the medical-fee-dispute-resolution process before the Division (and possibly SOAH, and

then judicial review in district court), under a correct, threshold-plus construction of the stop-loss

exception. See Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 2001.174(2). If these proceedings yield a final determination

that Vista is entitled to stop-loss reimbursement, Texas Mutual would have no right to those funds.

If, on the other hand, the proceedings yield a final determination that Vista is not entitled to stop-loss

reimbursement, section 413.016(a) would require the disputed funds to be refunded to Texas Mutual.

See Tex. Lab. Code § 413.016(a). Texas Mutual insists, however, that the most likely outcome on

remand if it is not awarded the disputed funds immediately is that Vista will simply dismiss or fail

to prosecute its pending reimbursement claims because it already possesses the funds and stands

only to lose or keep them in any further administrative proceedings. Were Vista to do so, it would

amount to an abandonment or concession of any claim to stop-loss reimbursement, leaving the

standard per-diem rates as the governing standard, and again requiring the Division to order Vista

to refund any reimbursement that Texas Mutual paid beyond those amounts. See id.

44
 Assuming the existence of this refund remedy under section 413.016(a),

Texas Mutual seems to acknowledge that if it were to pursue “refunds” or recovery of the

additional reimbursement it paid Vista predicated on a determination that Vista did not satisfy

the requirements of the stop-loss exception, those claims would be medical-fee disputes within

the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction. See Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d at 263–67. In insisting that its

money-had-and-received claims do not implicate the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction, Texas Mutual

ultimately relies on asserted conceptual distinctions between the timing of the relief sought (interim

immediate relief versus relief whenever Vista’s claims to stop-loss reimbursement are finally

determined) and the legal theories presented (who in “equity and good conscience” should be

deemed to “own” the funds now versus whether Vista qualifies for stop-loss reimbursement under

a correct application of the stop-loss exception).27 We conclude that these conceptual distinctions

were of no moment to the Legislature when enacting the workers’ compensation act, and that it

instead intended the medical-fee-dispute-resolution process to supplant judicial jurisdiction to award

relief like the district court provided here. We reach this conclusion for three basic reasons.

First, although Texas Mutual strives to portray its money-had-and-received claims

as being rooted solely in equity or the common law, the claims instead seek redress for alleged

27
As previously noted, the Division has joined with Texas Mutual in distinguishing between
medical-fee disputes and “interim” equitable relief between parties to such disputes, although
the agency has not briefed the issue extensively. In contrast to the Division’s litigation position
regarding the sufficiency of Texas Mutual’s EOBs, which rested upon the agency’s authoritative
constructions of statutes and rules in past medical-fee-dispute decisions, the Division does not assert
that we should give any heightened deference to its litigation position regarding jurisdiction. Cf.
Fiess v. State Farm Lloyds, 202 S.W.3d 744, 747 (Tex. 2006) (distinguishing between “formal
opinions adopted after formal proceedings” and “opinions in documents like the . . . amicus brief
here”). Neither does Texas Mutual.

45
injury that derives from the workers’ compensation act—medical reimbursement Texas Mutual paid

to Vista in excess of the amounts to which the carrier claims the provider is properly

entitled under the act and Division rules. While Texas Mutual attempts to distinguish between an

“ultimate” determination of Vista’s entitlement to stop-loss reimbursement versus a determination

of whether Vista should get to keep the stop-loss reimbursement it was paid under the

now-invalidated administrative orders in the meantime, in either case Texas Mutual seeks relief

based on contentions that Vista has not shown itself entitled under the workers’ compensation act

and rules to a particular amount of medical reimbursement—a claim that, as we observed in Eckerd,

is “‘common law’ in name only.” Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d at 266. Texas Mutual’s asserted distinctions

between the claims, in other words, boil down ultimately to mere differences in their temporal

focus—one asks whether Vista has failed to establish an entitlement to stop-loss reimbursement

upon final adjudication of that issue, the other asks whether Vista has established such an entitlement

yet. In both, the nature of the claimed injury is identical, deriving from rights and duties rooted

solely in the workers’ compensation act’s provisions governing medical reimbursement and not the

common law. See Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 867 (“As we explained in Eckerd, the right to recover any

particular amount of reimbursement from a workers’ compensation insurance carrier for [health care]

services provided . . . to an injured worker is entirely a function of the workers’ compensation act

and Division rules.”). This is the sort of injury at issue in cases like Eckerd and Howell rather than

in Cash America.

The second reason, to which we have already alluded, is that the Legislature intended

the workers’ compensation act to serve as a “pervasive” and “comprehensive” scheme governing

the provision of benefits to injured workers, including the manner in which health-care providers

46
are compensated for providing services within that system. See, e.g., Apollo, 301 S.W.3d at 860;

Eckerd, 162 S.W.3d at 264–66; Howell, 143 S.W.3d at 435–38. Each feature of that scheme

reflects painstaking Legislative economic and policy judgments as to the appropriate means of

balancing the often-competing interests of participants to achieve a viable compensation system

within constitutional limitations. See, e.g., Mid-Century, 187 S.W.3d at 758. In the context of this

comprehensive statutory framework, it seems doubtful that the Legislature intended to leave the

courts free to fashion “interim” monetary relief between parties to pending medical-fee disputes, so

long as the relief purported to avoid the “ultimate” question of the proper amount of reimbursement

that is owed.

This observation brings us to the third reason why we conclude the Legislature

intended the section 413.016(a) refund remedy to supplant such “interim” relief, which is closely

related to the second: Texas Mutual’s view would invite disruptions to the workers’ compensation

act’s careful balancing of interests that the Legislature could not possibly have intended. See Great-

West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Texas Attorney Gen. Child Support Div., 331 S.W.3d 884, 899

(Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. denied); see also Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.023(5) (permitting

consideration of consequences of a particular statutory construction). Texas Mutual’s view would

imply that there is no impediment, as far as the act is concerned, to a court ordering a workers’

compensation insurance carrier to make advance payment of the entirety of a provider’s bill because

this is merely “interim” relief that does not address the provider’s “ultimate” entitlement to payment

under the act and Division rules. Even if the carrier might “ultimately” prevail in the underlying

medical-fee dispute and recover the funds, the compulsory interim payments, as Texas Mutual’s own

arguments tacitly recognize, would nonetheless risk substantial disruptions of the economic

47
relationship of the parties and the viability of the workers’ compensation regime. Cf. Cities of

Corpus Christi v. Public Util. Comm’n, 188 S.W.3d 681, 690–91 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005,

pet. denied) (making an analogous observation regarding interim awards of “stranded costs”).

Indeed, if courts were left free to fashion interim relief based on such malleable and idiosyncratic

guideposts as “equity and good conscience,” there would soon be little left of the Legislature’s

careful balancing of interests. Rather than leaving such a gap or hole in the act’s “comprehensive”

and “pervasive” regulatory scheme, we conclude that the Legislature instead addressed the issue with

the section 413.016(a) refund remedy and other features of the medical-fee-dispute-resolution

process. Cf. Ruttiger, 381 S.W.3d at 443 (relying on its notion that “‘it is conceptually untenable

that the Legislature would have enacted two alternative statutory remedies, one that enacts a

structured scheme . . . and carefully constructs rights, remedies, and procedures . . . and one that

would significantly undermine that scheme’” to hold that workers’ compensation claimants may not

assert claims under the Insurance Code) (quoting City of Waco v. Lopez, 259 S.W.3d 147, 155–56

(Tex. 2008)).

We hold that Texas Mutual’s sole remedy for recovering medical reimbursement

it paid to Vista under the administrative orders reversed by the district court is to pursue refunds

under Labor Code section 413.016(a) in the further medical-fee-dispute-resolution proceedings

on Vista’s claims to stop-loss reimbursement. Because this determination is vested solely in the

Division (and, in turn, SOAH), subject only to judicial review under the APA, the district court

lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to award those funds to Texas Mutual in the judgments.

Accordingly, we sustain Vista’s first issue, reverse the judgment awards of monetary relief, and

render judgment dismissing Texas Mutual’s money-had-and-received claims for want of jurisdiction.

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 Our disposition of Vista’s first issue makes it unnecessary for us to reach its second

and fourth issues, which present other challenges to the district court’s judgment awarding monetary

relief on Texas Mutual’s money-had-and-received claims. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.28 This leaves

only Texas Mutual’s cross-point, in which it argues that the district court possessed subject-matter

jurisdiction to award the disputed funds under the APA as relief incidental to reversal of the

administrative orders and remanding of Vista’s stop-loss claims for further proceedings. The

APA provisions governing substantial-evidence review do not explicitly mention monetary

relief—they state only that a reviewing court, upon finding legal error that prejudiced a petitioner’s

“substantial rights,” “shall reverse or remand the case for further proceedings.” See Tex. Gov’t

28
However, we emphasize that we are expressing no opinion as to whether, apart from the
jurisdictional defects we have identified, the district court had discretion under the circumstances
here to award the relief under a money-had-and-received theory. Within its second issue, Vista
asserts that Texas Mutual’s money-had-and-received claims inherently presented issues within the
Division’s exclusive jurisdiction over medical-fee disputes, such that the district court’s purported
avoidance of those issues when granting summary judgment amounted to an abuse of discretion
under the equitable principles that govern such claims. Vista emphasizes the Texas Supreme Court’s
recent recognition that defendants in money-had-and-received claims are entitled to “present any
facts and raise any defenses that would deny the claimant’s right or show that the claimant should
not recover,” including particular circumstances showing that “in equity and good conscience”
the disputed funds should belong to the defendant rather than the claimant. Best Buy Co.
v. Barrera, 248 S.W.3d 160, 162 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam); Stonebridge Life Ins. Co. v. Pitts,
236 S.W.3d 201, 205–06 (Tex. 2007). Such “facts” and “defenses,” Vista suggests, would
necessarily include whether Vista was entitled to stop-loss reimbursement under a proper threshold-
plus view of the exception—i.e., that the original administrative order compelling payment in each
case, while founded on reversible error, ultimately reached the right result. Relatedly, Vista asserts
that Texas cases awarding equitable restitution of debts previously paid under subsequently reversed
judgments have uniformly turned on appellate judgments that not only reverse the lower-court
judgments imposing the debt, but render judgment definitively negating the debt’s existence—not
situations where, as here, the existence of the potential judgment debt remains an unresolved issue
on remand. From either perspective, Vista urges, the issue of its ultimate entitlement to stop-loss
reimbursement is inseparable from the “equity and good conscience” inquiry, properly applied. This
is a close question, but one that we need not reach here.

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Code § 2001.174(2). Nor does Texas Mutual refer us to any case in which a court has awarded

monetary relief incident to reversing and remanding an administrative order. However, it relies on

Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Public Utility Commission, 615 S.W.2d 947 (Tex. App.—Austin

1981), aff’d, 622 S.W.2d 82 (Tex. 1981), in which we held that “meaningful and effective” judicial

review in a utility rate case allowed error correction on remand made effective back to the date of

the agency’s original order. See id. at 955–56. Emphasizing Southwestern Bell’s notion that the

APA is intended to provide “effective” relief via judicial review, Texas Mutual extrapolates that it

authorized the district court to award it recoupment of the disputed funds to ensure that its remand

of Vista’s stop-loss reimbursement would be fully “effective” and Vista would not simply move its

assets to China and potentially make the funds uncollectible.

In response, Vista asserts that Texas Mutual is seeking relief more favorable than

that afforded it in the judgment and, consequently, was required to perfect its own appeal in order

to raise its complaint. See Tex. R. App. P. 25.1(c) (“A party who seeks to alter the trial court’s

judgment . . . must file a notice of appeal). Because Texas Mutual did not file a notice of appeal,

Vista insists, we lack jurisdiction to consider the complaint. See id.; Texas Bd. of Chiropractic

Exam’rs v. Texas Med. Ass’n, 375 S.W.3d 464, 491–92 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, pet. filed)

(holding that appellate court lacked jurisdiction to consider appellee’s cross-point seeking to alter

trial court’s judgment because appellee had failed to file separate notice of appeal). Alternatively,

Vista insists that the APA does not authorize the monetary relief and that, in any event, the

claims would implicate the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction in the same manner that the

money-had-and-received claims did.

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 Assuming without deciding that Texas Mutual preserved this complaint for appellate

review, we would hold that, in the absence of further support in the APA’s text or Texas Supreme

Court precedent telling us otherwise, the APA does not authorize the monetary relief Texas Mutual

seeks. We overrule Texas Mutual’s cross-point.

CONCLUSION

In light of our disposition of the parties’ issues, we affirm the district court’s

judgments reversing the administrative orders and remanding Vista’s claims for stop-loss

reimbursement to the Division for further proceedings. We reverse the district court’s judgments

awarding Texas Mutual monetary relief and render judgments dismissing those claims for want of

jurisdiction. However, because Texas Mutual has asserted alternative constitutional and statutory

claims that may not be directly impacted by these holdings, we remand these causes to the

district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We express no opinion as to the

district court’s jurisdiction to award relief based on Texas Mutual’s surviving claims or theories.

__________________________________________

Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Rose

Affirmed in part; Reversed and Rendered in part; Reversed and Remanded in part

Filed: June 6, 2013

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