TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-14-00236-CR
Kevin Todd Hardin, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BURNET COUNTY, 424TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 41725, HONORABLE DANIEL H. MILLS, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found appellant Kevin Todd Hardin guilty of evading arrest with a vehicle, a
third-degree felony. See Tex. Penal Code § 38.04(b)(2)(A). After finding that Hardin had previously
been convicted of two other felonies, the jury assessed punishment at 99 years’ imprisonment, and
the trial court rendered judgment on the jury’s verdict. See id. § 12.42(d). In his sole point of error
on appeal, Hardin argues that the trial court erred by overruling his objections to comments the
prosecutor made during closing argument. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.
BACKGROUND
During the punishment phase of trial, Hardin pleaded not true to two enhancement
allegations. The State presented testimony and evidence of Hardin’s prior convictions, and Hardin
called two character witnesses. During the State’s closing argument, the following exchange occurred:
[State:] Now, of some interest in this is this offense is a quarter-time offense, which
means that when your actual time served—
[Defense:] Objection, Your Honor. He’s going into parole.
[The Court:] He’s just arguing what the instructions say, Mr. Watson, I think.
[State:] Yes. It’s a quarter-time offense, which means—and I’m just using 40 because
it make its [sic] really easy for me to do the math. If you sentence him for forty—
[Defense:] I’ll just object that it’s not proper. It’s in the instruction. The jury just
doesn’t need—they can read the instructions themselves. They don’t need him talking
about it. We just believe it’s an improper closing argument.
[The Court:] I’ll overrule your objection.
[State:] Take 40 years. Since it’s a quarter-time offense he is eligible for parole
when he has served ten years, but that’s not ten years. That’s actual time and good
time. And if he gets one-for-one that would be five years actual time, five years
good time, so he could be eligible for parole on 40 years in five. If you give him 60
it’s 15 and it becomes seven-and-a-half. So when we’re talking about the various
punishments it’s a quarter-time offense. He was on parole when this happened. As
you tell by looking at, I think it’s State’s 11, he got a seven-year sentence and he
was actually out on the street within, what, three, and two-and-a-half. Now, also
everything over 60 years is treated as 60, so it’s all 15.
The prosecutor went on to discuss Hardin’s prior convictions and told the jury, “[T]he
State is asking for the max.” The jury found the enhancement allegations true and assessed punishment
at 99 years. The trial court rendered judgment on the jury’s verdict, and Hardin now appeals.
DISCUSSION
Standard of review
We review a trial court’s ruling on an objection to improper jury argument for an
abuse of discretion. Nzewi v. State, 359 S.W.3d 829, 841 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012,
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pet. ref’d) (citing Davis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 825 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). A trial court abuses
its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably, without reference to any guiding rules
and principles. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App.1990). “[P]roper
jury argument generally falls within one of four general areas: (1) summation of the evidence;
(2) reasonable deduction from the evidence; (3) answer to argument of opposing counsel; and
(4) plea for law enforcement.” Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Analysis
In his sole point of error, Hardin argues that the prosecutor’s comments were
improper because the comments encouraged the jury to consider parole law in calculating
Hardin’s sentence.
As required by statute, the trial court instructed the jury that it could “consider the
existence of the parole law and good conduct time” but could not “consider the manner in which
the parole law may be applied to this particular [d]efendant.” See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07,
§ 4(b).1 We have interpreted these instructions to allow the jury to consider the defendant’s eligibility
for parole but not whether or when the defendant will actually be released on parole. Branch v.
State, 335 S.W.3d 893, 907 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d) (“Branch contends that the
prosecutor’s statements were improper. We agree . . . . Here, the prosecutor did not state that
Branch would be eligible for parole in a certain number of years, but rather stated that Branch would
1
Article 37.07, section 4(b) governed the jury charge in this case because the offense was
punishable as a first-degree felony and a prior conviction was alleged for enhancement under Texas
Penal Code section 12.42(d).
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be out of prison in that amount of time.”); see Taylor v. State, 233 S.W.3d 356, 360 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007) (Womack, J., concurring) (quoting Byrd v. State, 192 S.W.3d 69, 77 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d) (Frost, J., concurring)) (“[T]he jury may base its assessment of
punishment in part on consideration of a sentenced defendant’s parole eligibility under the formula
contained in the instruction; however, a jury may not base its assessment of punishment on speculation
as to when, if ever, the defendant may be released on parole after becoming eligible for parole.”);
Waters v. State, 330 S.W.3d 368, 373–74 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref’d) (adopting Judge
Womack’s concurrence). A prosecutor may properly discuss parole eligibility during jury argument
because in doing so a prosecutor is merely explaining and clarifying the jury charge. See Taylor,
233 S.W.3d at 359; Branch, 335 S.W.3d at 907 (noting that “the State may attempt to clarify the
meaning of the jury instructions pertaining to parole law and good-conduct time”).
Much of the prosecutor’s argument in this case was proper because it referred to
Hardin’s parole eligibility and was in accordance with the court’s instructions. “It was not improper
for the prosecutor to accurately restate the law given in the jury charge nor was it improper for the
prosecutor to ask the jury to take the existence of that law into account when assessing punishment.”
Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 84 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). It was also not improper for the
prosecutor to discuss the lengths of hypothetical sentences and to refer to Hardin specifically by
using the pronouns “he” and “him” instead of referring to a hypothetical defendant. See Taylor,
233 S.W.3d at 360.
Hardin, however, also contends that it was improper for the prosecutor to argue that
Hardin “was on parole when this happened” and that Hardin “got a seven-year sentence and he was
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actually out on the street within, what, three, and two-and-a-half.” According to Hardin, these
comments imply that the length of time Hardin actually served for a previous offense was relevant
to determining the length of time Hardin may actually serve for the current offense. We agree.
Although the State had properly introduced evidence of prior convictions, the
prosecutor was not entitled to use that evidence to argue that Hardin would actually be paroled
before he had served the entire sentence assessed by the jury. See Clark v. State, 643 S.W.2d 723,
725 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (“Although the State is correct in noting that the prison records were
in evidence, the records were introduced solely for the purpose of establishing appellant’s prior
record. The records were not and could not be introduced for the purpose of showing the jury how
the parole laws operate . . . .”); see also Henderson v. State, No. 11-10-00182-CR, 2012 WL
2151483, at *3 (Tex. App.—Eastland June 14, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (“The State’s references to how long Appellant had served for his previous sentence
were an invitation for the jury to consider parole in its calculation of appropriate punishment.”).
Here, the prosecutor implicitly asked the jury to consider not only when Hardin would become
eligible for parole but also when Hardin might actually be released on parole. See Branch, 335 S.W.3d
at 907. By implying that the jury should increase Hardin’s sentence because Hardin would soon be
“actually out on the street,” the prosecutor was impermissibly asking the jury to consider how parole
law would be applied to Hardin in particular. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07, § 4(b) (“You
are not to consider the manner in which the parole law may be applied to this particular defendant.”);
Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 84 (“[T]he jury is simply prohibited from considering how parole law and
good time would be applied to a particular defendant.”).
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Having concluded that the prosecutor’s comments were improper, we now consider
whether these comments constitute reversible error. The improper use of parole law during jury
argument is non-constitutional error that “must be disregarded” if it “does not affect substantial
rights.” Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Perez v. State, 994 S.W.2d 233, 237 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, no
pet.); see Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (“[M]ost comments that
fall outside the areas of permissible argument will be considered to be error of the nonconstitutional
variety.”). To determine whether Hardin’s substantial rights were affected, “[w]e balance three
factors: (1) the severity of the misconduct (prejudicial effect), (2) curative measures, and (3) the
certainty of the punishment assessed absent the misconduct (likelihood of the same punishment
being assessed).” Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 77; see also Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998) (listing three harm-analysis factors); Perez, 994 S.W.2d at 237–38 (applying
Mosley factors).
Under the first factor, the severity of the misconduct, we note that the improper
comments were not offhand and isolated; they were part of the prosecutor’s overall argument that
the jury should impose the maximum sentence possible. The prosecutor mentioned parole again
twice in his rebuttal argument: “He’s on parole for burglary and what’s he doing out there? He runs
from the cops.” “I know even if you put 99 on there . . . [h]e will [be] eligible for parole potentially
in eight years, but he’s out there at 4:00 in the morning scouting, scoping out for another burglary.”
On the other hand, most of the prosecutor’s parole argument focused on when Hardin would become
eligible; his improper comments concerning when Hardin might actually be released were brief.
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Under the second factor, curative measures, the trial court overruled Hardin’s
objections and gave no limiting instruction to the jury. The only curative measure appearing in the
record was the trial court’s instructions to the jury on punishment, which accurately quoted the
language on parole law mandated by Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 37.07, section 4(b).
We generally presume that a jury will follow the trial court’s instructions. Gamboa v. State,
296 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
Under the third factor, the certainty of the punishment assessed, we conclude that the
jury would likely have given Hardin the same punishment even if the prosecutor had not made the
improper comments. The State introduced evidence of more than ten prior convictions and argued
that Hardin had a “career” of crime. In addition, the jury viewed a video showing part of the lengthy
and dangerous vehicle chase that Hardin initiated and heard evidence that one of the officers
sustained minor injuries while pursuing Hardin on foot. Finally, even if the prosecutor had not made
the improper comments, the jury would still have been able to consider parole law in its deliberations
based on the trial court’s instructions and the proper portions of the prosecutor’s argument.
Balancing these three factors, we conclude that the prosecutor’s improper comments
were harmless and did not affect Hardin’s substantial rights. We therefore overrule Hardin’s sole
point of error.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled Hardin’s sole point of error, we affirm the judgment of conviction.
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__________________________________________
Scott K. Field, Justice
Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Field
Affirmed
Filed: March 25, 2015
Do Not Publish
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